Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
Prince Philip | |
---|---|
Consort of the British monarch | |
Tenure | 6 February 1952 – 9 April 2021 |
Born | Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark 10 June 1921[fn 1] Mon Repos, Corfu, Greece |
Died | 9 April 2021 Windsor Castle, Windsor, England | (aged 99)
Burial | 17 April 2021 Royal Vault, St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle 19 September 2022, St George's Chapel |
Spouse | |
Issue Detail | |
House |
|
Father | Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark |
Mother | Princess Alice of Battenberg |
Signature | |
Education |
|
Military career | |
Allegiance | United Kingdom |
Service/ | |
Years of active service | 1939–1952 |
Rank | Full list |
Commands held | HMS Magpie |
Battles/wars | |
Awards |
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (born Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark,
Philip was born in
In the summer of 1946, the King granted Philip permission to marry Elizabeth, then aged 20. Before the official announcement of their engagement in July 1947, Philip stopped using his Greek and Danish
A sports enthusiast, Philip helped develop the
Early life and education
Family, infancy and exile from Greece
Prince Philip (
Shortly after Philip's birth, Lord Milford Haven, died in London. Milford Haven was a naturalised
Greece suffered significant losses in the war and the Turks made substantial gains. Philip's uncle and high commander of the Greek
Upbringing in France, Britain and Germany
Philip's family settled in a house in the Paris suburb of
In 1933 Philip was sent to
Philip did not speak Greek because he had left Greece as an infant. In 1992 he said that he "could understand a certain amount".[24] He stated that he thought of himself as Danish and spoke mostly English, while his family was multilingual.[24] Known for his charm in his youth, Philip was linked to several women, including Osla Benning.[25]
After leaving Gordonstoun in early 1939, Philip completed a term as a
Philip was commissioned as a
Promotion to lieutenant followed on 16 July 1942.[34] In October of the same year, aged 21, Philip became first lieutenant of HMS Wallace. He was one of the youngest first lieutenants in the Royal Navy. During the invasion of Sicily, in July 1943, as second-in-command of Wallace, he saved his ship from a night bomber attack. He devised a plan to launch a raft with smoke floats that successfully distracted the bombers, allowing the ship to slip away unnoticed.[33] In 1944, he moved on to the new destroyer, HMS Whelp, where he saw service with the British Pacific Fleet in the 27th Destroyer Flotilla.[35][36] He was present in Tokyo Bay when the Japanese Instrument of Surrender was signed. Philip returned to the United Kingdom on the Whelp in January 1946 and was posted as an instructor at HMS Royal Arthur, the Petty Officers' School in Corsham, Wiltshire.[37]
Marriage
In 1939
Eventually, in the summer of 1946, Philip asked George VI for his daughter's hand in marriage. The King granted his request, provided that any formal engagement be delayed until Elizabeth's 21st birthday the following April.[40] By March 1947, Philip had adopted the surname Mountbatten from his mother's family and had stopped using his Greek and Danish royal titles upon becoming a naturalised British subject. The engagement was announced to the public on 9 July 1947.[41]
The engagement attracted some controversy; Philip had no financial standing, was foreign-born, and had sisters who had married German noblemen with Nazi links.
Though Philip appeared "always to have regarded himself as an
Philip and Elizabeth were married in a ceremony at
Philip was
Early duties
After his honeymoon at the Mountbatten family home,
With the King in ill health, Elizabeth and Philip were both appointed to the
In December 1952, Philip was initiated into
Consort of the Queen
Royal house
Elizabeth's accession to the throne brought up the question of the name of the
In February 1960, the Queen issued an
Six months after she acceded to the throne, Elizabeth announced that Philip was to have "place, pre-eminence and precedence" next to her "on all occasions and in all meetings, except where otherwise provided by
Philip received a Parliamentary annuity (of £359,000 since 1990[fn 3]) that served to meet official expenses in carrying out public duties. The annuity was unaffected by the reform of royal finances under the Sovereign Grant Act 2011.[77][78] Any part of the allowance that was not used to meet official expenditure was liable for tax. In practice, the entire allowance was used to fund his official duties.[79]
Supporting the Queen
As consort, Philip supported his wife in her duties as
In the early 1950s, Philip's sister-in-law, Princess Margaret, considered marrying a divorced older man,
In 1956 Philip and Kurt Hahn founded
Further press reports claimed that the royal couple were drifting apart, which enraged Philip and dismayed Elizabeth, who issued a strongly worded denial.
It is a complete misconception to imagine that the monarchy exists in the interests of the monarch. It doesn't. It exists in the interests of the people. If at any time any nation decides that the system is unacceptable, then it is up to them to change it.[92]
In 1960, Philip attended the
Charities and patronages
Philip was patron of some 800 organisations, particularly focused on
Charles and Diana
At the beginning of 1981, Philip wrote to his son Charles, counselling him to make up his mind to either propose to
A year after the divorce, Diana was killed in a car crash in Paris on 31 August 1997. At the time, Philip was on holiday at Balmoral with the extended royal family. In their grief, Diana's sons, Princes William and Harry, wanted to attend church, so Elizabeth and Philip took them that morning.[126] For five days, the royal couple shielded their grandsons from the ensuing press interest by keeping them at Balmoral, where they could grieve in private.[126] The royal family's seclusion caused public dismay,[126] but the public mood changed after a live broadcast made by Elizabeth on 5 September.[127] Uncertain as to whether they should walk behind her coffin during the funeral procession, Diana's sons hesitated.[127] Philip told William: "If you don't walk, I think you'll regret it later. If I walk, will you walk with me?"[127] On the day of the funeral, Philip, William, Harry, Charles, and Diana's brother, Earl Spencer, walked through London behind her bier.[127] Over the next few years, Mohamed Al-Fayed, whose son Dodi Fayed was also killed in the crash, claimed that Philip had ordered the death of Diana and that the accident was staged. The inquest into Diana's death concluded in 2008 that there was no evidence of a conspiracy.[128]
Longevity
In April 2009, Philip became the longest-serving British royal consort, surpassing Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, wife of George III.[129] He became the oldest-ever male British royal in February 2013 and the third-longest-lived member of the British royal family (following Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester, and Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother) in April 2019.[130] Personally, he was not enthused about living an extremely long life, remarking in a 2000 interview (when he was 79) that he could not "imagine anything worse" and had "no desire whatsoever" to become a centenarian, saying "bits of me are falling off already".[131]
In 2008, Philip was admitted to King Edward VII's Hospital, London, for a chest infection; he walked into the hospital unaided, recovered quickly,[132] and was discharged three days later.[133] After the Evening Standard reported that Philip had prostate cancer, Buckingham Palace—which usually refuses to comment on health rumours—denied the story[134] and the paper retracted it.[135][136]
In June 2011, in an interview marking his 90th birthday, Philip said that he would now slow down and reduce his duties, stating that he had "done [his] bit".
In June 2012, during the celebrations in honour of his wife's
Final years and retirement
Philip retired from his royal duties on 2 August 2017, meeting Royal Marines in his final solo public engagement, aged 96. Since 1952, he had completed 22,219 solo engagements. Theresa May thanked him for "a remarkable lifetime of service".[152][153] On 20 November 2017, he celebrated his 70th wedding anniversary with Elizabeth, which made her the first British monarch to celebrate a platinum wedding anniversary.[154]
In April 2018, Philip was admitted to King Edward VII's Hospital for a planned
In January 2019, Philip was involved in a car crash as he drove out onto a main road near the
In December 2019, Philip stayed at King Edward VII's Hospital and received treatment for a "pre-existing condition" in a visit described by Buckingham Palace as a "precautionary measure".
In January 2021, Philip and Elizabeth were vaccinated against
Death
Philip died of "old age"[180][fn 4] on the morning of 9 April 2021 at Windsor Castle, at the age of 99. He was the longest-serving royal consort in world history.[182] Elizabeth, who was reportedly at her husband's bedside when he died,[183] described his death as "having left a huge void in her life".[184]
The palace said Philip died peacefully,
As is precedent for senior members of the royal family, Philip's last
Legacy
Interests
Philip played polo until 1971 when he started to compete in carriage driving, a sport which he helped to expand; the sport's early rule book was drafted under his supervision.[199] He was also a keen yachtsman and struck up a friendship in 1949 with boat designer and sailing enthusiast Uffa Fox in Cowes.[200]
Philip's first airborne flying lesson took place in 1952, and by his 70th birthday, he had accrued 5,150 pilot hours.
Philip painted with oils and collected artworks, including contemporary cartoons, which hang at Buckingham Palace, Windsor Castle, Sandringham House, and Balmoral Castle. Hugh Casson described Philip's own artwork as "exactly what you'd expect ... totally direct, no hanging about. Strong colours, vigorous brushstrokes."[205] He was patron of the Royal Society of Arts from 1952 until 2011.[206] He was "fascinated" by cartoons about the monarchy and the royal family and was a patron of The Cartoon Museum.[207]
Personality and image
Philip's down-to-earth manner was attested to by a
In a private conversation with British students from
In 2011 historian David Starkey described Philip as a kind of "HRH Victor Meldrew".[223] For example, in May 1999, British newspapers accused Philip of insulting deaf children at a pop concert in Wales by saying: "No wonder you are deaf listening to this row."[224] Later, Philip wrote: "The story is largely invention. It so happens that my mother was quite seriously deaf and I have been Patron of the Royal National Institute for the Deaf for ages, so it's hardly likely that I would do any such thing."[225] When he and Elizabeth met Stephen Menary, an army cadet blinded by a Real IRA bomb, and Elizabeth enquired how much sight he retained, Philip quipped: "Not a lot, judging by the tie he's wearing." Menary later said: "I think he just tries to put people at ease by trying to make a joke. I certainly didn't take any offence."[226] Philip's comparison of prostitutes and wives was also perceived as offensive after he reportedly stated: "I don't think a prostitute is more moral than a wife, but they are doing the same thing."[221]
Centenary
To mark Philip's centenary, the
The Royal Horticultural Society also marked Philip's centenary by breeding a new rose in his honour, christened "The Duke of Edinburgh Rose", created by British rose breeder Harkness Roses. Elizabeth, as patron of the society, was given the deep pink commemorative rose in honour of her husband, and she remarked that "It looks lovely". A Duke of Edinburgh Rose has since been planted in the mixed rose border of Windsor Castle's East Terrace Garden. Philip played a major role in the garden's design.[229][230]
In September 2021, the
Portrayals
Philip has been portrayed by several actors, including Stewart Granger (The Royal Romance of Charles and Diana, 1982), Christopher Lee (Charles & Diana: A Royal Love Story, 1982), David Threlfall (The Queen's Sister, 2005), James Cromwell (The Queen, 2006), and Finn Elliot, Matt Smith, Tobias Menzies, and Jonathan Pryce (The Crown, 2016 onwards).[233][234] He also appears as a fictional character in Nevil Shute's novel In the Wet (1952), Paul Gallico's novel Mrs. 'Arris Goes to Moscow (1974), Tom Clancy's novel Patriot Games (1987), and Sue Townsend's novel The Queen and I (1992).[235]
Books
Philip authored:
- Selected Speeches – 1948–55 (1957; revised paperback edition published by ISBN 978-1-245-67133-0
- Selected Speeches – 1956–59 (1960)
- Birds from Britannia (1962; published in the United States as Seabirds from Southern Waters), ISBN 978-1-163-69929-4
- Wildlife Crisis with ISBN 978-0-402-12511-2
- The Environmental Revolution: Speeches on Conservation, 1962–1977 (1978), ISBN 978-0-8464-1453-7
- Competition Carriage Driving (1982; published in France, 1984; second edition, 1984; revised edition, 1994), ISBN 978-0-85131-594-2
- A Question of Balance (1982), ISBN 978-0-85955-087-1
- ISBN 978-0-241-11174-1
- A Windsor Correspondence with ISBN 978-0-85955-108-3
- Down to Earth: Collected Writings and Speeches on Man and the Natural World 1961–87 (1988; paperback edition, 1989; Japanese edition, 1992), ISBN 978-0-8289-0711-8
- Survival or Extinction: A Christian Attitude to the Environment with Michael Mann (1989), ISBN 978-0-85955-158-8
- Driving and Judging Dressage (1996), ISBN 978-0-85131-666-6
- 30 Years On, and Off, the Box Seat (2004), ISBN 978-0-85131-898-1
Forewords to:
- Royal Australian Navy 1911–1961 Jubilee Souvenir issued by authority of the Department of the Navy, Canberra (1961)
- The Concise British Flora in Colour by William Keble Martin, Ebury Press / Michael Joseph (1965)
- Birds of Town and Village by William Donald Campbell and Basil Ede (1965)
- Kurt Hahn by Hermann Röhrs and Hilary Tunstall-Behrens (1970)
- The Doomsday Book of Animals by David Day (1981)
- Saving the Animals: The World Wildlife Fund Book of Conservation by Bernard Stonehouse (1981)
- The Art of Driving by Max Pape (1982), ISBN 978-0-85131-339-9
- Yachting and the Royal Prince Alfred Yacht Club by Graeme Norman (1988), ISBN 978-0-86777-067-4
- National Maritime Museum Guide to Maritime Britain by Keith Wheatley (2000)
- The Royal Yacht Britannia: The Official History by Richard Johnstone-Bryden, ISBN 978-0-85177-937-9
- 1953: The Crowning Year of Sport by Jonathan Rice (2003)
- British Flags and Emblems by ISBN 978-1-86232-297-4
- Chariots of War by Robert Hobson, Ulric Publication (2004), ISBN 978-0-9541997-1-5
- RMS Queen Mary 2 Manual: An Insight into the Design, Construction and Operation of the World's Largest Ocean Liner by Stephen Payne, Haynes Publishing (2014)
- The Triumph of a Great Tradition: The Story of Cunard's 175 Years by Eric Flounders and Michael Gallagher, Lily Publications (2014), ISBN 978-1-906608-85-9
Titles, styles, honours, and arms
Philip held many titles throughout his life. Originally holding the title and style of a
Honours and honorary military appointments
Philip was awarded medals from Britain, France, and Greece for his service during World War II, as well as ones commemorating the coronations of George VI and Elizabeth II and the silver, gold and diamond jubilees of Elizabeth.
Upon his wife's accession to the throne in 1952 Philip was appointed
To celebrate Philip's 90th birthday, Elizabeth appointed him Lord High Admiral,
Arms
|
Issue
Name | Birth | Marriage | Children | Grandchildren | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Date | Spouse | ||||
Charles III | 14 November 1948 | 29 July 1981 Divorced 28 August 1996 |
Lady Diana Spencer
|
William, Prince of Wales | |
Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex | |||||
9 April 2005 | Camilla Parker Bowles
|
None | |||
Anne, Princess Royal | 15 August 1950 | 14 November 1973 Divorced 23 April 1992 |
Mark Phillips | Peter Phillips |
|
Zara Tindall |
| ||||
12 December 1992 | Timothy Laurence | None | |||
Prince Andrew, Duke of York | 19 February 1960 | 23 July 1986 Divorced 30 May 1996 |
Sarah Ferguson
|
Princess Beatrice, Mrs Edoardo Mapelli Mozzi
|
Sienna Mapelli Mozzi |
Princess Eugenie, Mrs Jack Brooksbank
|
| ||||
Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh | 10 March 1964 | 19 June 1999 | Sophie Rhys-Jones
|
Lady Louise Mountbatten-Windsor
|
None |
James Mountbatten-Windsor, Earl of Wessex
|
None |
Ancestry
Both Philip and Elizabeth were great-great-grandchildren of
Philip was also related to the
In 1993 scientists were able to confirm the identity of the remains of several members of the Romanov family, more than seventy years after
Ancestors of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
7. Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine | |||||||||||||
15. Princess Alice of the United Kingdom | |||||||||||||
Notes
- ^ a b Philip was born on 10 June 1921 according to the Gregorian calendar. Until March 1923, Greece used the Julian calendar, in which his birth date was 28 May 1921.
- ^ The Danish Act of Succession 1953 removed the succession rights of his branch of the family in Denmark.[8]
- Civil List Act 1972, and raised to £165,000 by the Civil List (Increase of Financial Provision) Order 1984.
- ^ In England and Wales, "old age" may be given as a cause of death for a decedent aged 80 or older by a physician who has "cared for the deceased over a long period" and "observed a gradual decline in [the] patient's general health" if there is no known "identifiable disease or injury that contributed to the death".[181]
- President Carter.[209]
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Bibliography
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External links
- The Duke of Edinburgh at the Royal Family website
- Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh at the website of the Royal Collection Trust
- The Duke of Edinburgh's Award
- Obituary at BBC News Online
- Newspaper clippings about Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW
- Portraits of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh at the National Portrait Gallery, London
- Prince Philip at IMDb
- Appearances on C-SPAN