Princess Helena of the United Kingdom

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For her daughter with the same name, see Princess Helena Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein.

Princess Helena
Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein
Photograph, c. 1882
Born(1846-05-25)25 May 1846
Buckingham Palace, London, England
Died9 June 1923(1923-06-09) (aged 77)
Schomberg House, London, England
Burial15 June 1923
28 October 1928
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1866; died 1917)​
Issue
more...
Names
Helena Augusta Victoria
House
FatherPrince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
MotherQueen Victoria
SignaturePrincess Helena's signature

Princess Helena

Prince Albert
.

Helena was educated by private tutors chosen by her father and his close friend and adviser,

Queen Victoria's death
on 22 January 1901, Helena saw relatively little of her surviving siblings.

Helena was the most active member of the royal family, carrying out an extensive programme of royal engagements. She was also an active patron of charities, and was one of the founding members of the

nurse registration against the advice of Florence Nightingale.[2] In 1916 she became the first member of her family to celebrate her 50th wedding anniversary
, but her husband died a year later. Helena outlived him by six years, dying aged 77 in 1923.

Early life

Princess Helena (right) with her brother Prince Alfred. Helena was Alfred's favourite sister. Portrait by Franz Xaver Winterhalter.

Helena was born at

Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, that Helena "came into this world quite blue, but she is quite well now".[4] He added that the queen "suffered longer and more than the other times and she will have to remain very quiet to recover."[5] Albert and Victoria chose the names Helena Augusta Victoria. The German nickname for Helena was Helenchen, later shortened to Lenchen, the name by which members of the royal family invariably referred to Helena.[6] As the daughter of the sovereign, Helena was styled Her Royal Highness The Princess Helena from birth. Helena was baptised on 25 July 1846 at the private chapel at Buckingham Palace.[7] Her godparents were the Hereditary Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (the husband of Queen Victoria's cousin); the Duchess of Orléans (for whom the queen's mother, the Duchess of Kent, stood proxy); and the Duchess of Cambridge (the queen's aunt).[8]

Helena was a lively and outspoken child, and reacted against brotherly teasing by punching the bully on the nose.[9] Her early talents included drawing. Lady Augusta Stanley, a lady-in-waiting to the queen, commented favourably on the three-year-old Helena's artwork.[6]

Like her sisters, she could play the piano to a high standard at an early age. Other interests included science and technology, shared by her father Prince Albert, and horse riding and boating, two of her favourite childhood occupations.[10] However, Helena became a middle daughter following the birth of Princess Louise in 1848, and her abilities were overshadowed by her more artistic sisters.[11]

Death of Prince Albert

Helena's father, Prince Albert, died on 14 December 1861. The queen was devastated, and ordered her household, along with her daughters, to move from Windsor to Osborne House, the queen's Isle of Wight residence. Helena's grief was also profound, and she wrote to a friend a month later: "What we have lost nothing can ever replace, and our grief is most, most bitter ... I adored Papa, I loved him more than anything on earth, his word was a most sacred law, and he was my help and adviser ... These hours were the happiest of my life, and now it is all, all over."[12]

Princess Helena, a few months before the death of her father, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Princess Helena, a few months before the death of her father, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, 1861

The queen relied on her second eldest daughter Princess Alice as an unofficial secretary, but Alice needed an assistant of her own. Though Helena was the next eldest, she was considered unreliable by Victoria because of her inability to go long without bursting into tears.[13] Therefore, Louise was selected to assume the role in her place.[14] Alice was married to Prince Louis of Hesse in 1862, after which Helena assumed the role—described as the "crutch" of her mother's old age by one biographer—at her mother's side.[15] In this role, she carried out minor secretarial tasks, such as writing the queen's letters, helping her with political correspondence, and providing her with company.[16]

Marriage

Controversy

Portrait by Franz Xaver Winterhalter (1865). Currently at the Royal Collection.

Princess Helena began an early flirtation with her father's former librarian,

Royal Household on the recommendation of Baron Stockmar in 1859. He was trusted enough to teach German to Helena's brother, the young Prince of Wales, and was described by the Queen as "useful and able".[17] When the Queen discovered that Helena had grown romantically attached to a royal servant, he was promptly dismissed back to his native Germany, and he never lost the Queen's hostility.[18]

Princess Helena and Prince Christian, part of a series of photographs following their engagement in 1865

Following Ruland's departure in 1863, the Queen looked for a husband for Helena. However, as a middle child, the prospect of a powerful alliance with a European royal house was low.[19] Her appearance was also a concern, as by the age of fifteen she was described by her biographer as chunky, dowdy and double-chinned.[20] Furthermore, Victoria insisted that Helena's future husband had to be prepared to live near the Queen, thus keeping her daughter nearby.[21] Her choice eventually fell on Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein; however, the match was politically awkward, and caused a severe breach within the royal family.

Duke of Schleswig-Holstein was still claimed by Prince Christian's family.[22]

The marriage, therefore, horrified King

Alexandra, Princess of Wales, who exclaimed: "The Duchies belong to Papa."[23] Alexandra found support in her husband, his brother Prince Alfred, and his second sister, Princess Alice, who openly accused her mother of sacrificing Helena's happiness for the Queen's convenience.[24] Alice also argued that it would reduce the already low popularity of her sister, the Crown Princess of Prussia, at the court in Berlin.[25] However, and unexpectedly, the Crown Princess, who had been a personal friend of Christian's family for many years, ardently supported the proposed alliance.[23]

Despite the political controversies and their age difference—he was fifteen years her senior—Helena was happy with Christian and was determined to marry him.[26] As a younger son of a non-reigning duke, the absence of any foreign commitments allowed him to remain permanently in Britain—the Queen's primary concern—and she declared the marriage would go ahead.[27] Helena and Christian were actually third cousins in descent from Frederick, Prince of Wales. Relations between Helena and Alexandra remained strained, and Alexandra was unprepared to accept Christian (who was also a third cousin to Alexandra in descent from King Frederick V of Denmark) as either a cousin or brother-in-law.[28] The Queen never forgave the Princess of Wales for accusations of possessiveness, and wrote of the Waleses shortly afterwards: "Bertie is most affectionate and kind but Alix [pet name for Alexandra] is by no means what she ought to be. It will be long, if ever, before she regains my confidence."[29]

Engagement and wedding

See also:
Wedding dress of Princess Helena

The engagement was declared on 5 December 1865, and despite the Prince of Wales's initial refusal to attend, Princess Alice intervened, and the wedding was a happy occasion.

Beethoven's Triumphal March, creating a spectacle only marred by the abrupt disappearance of Prince George, Duke of Cambridge, who had a sudden gout attack. Christian filed into the chapel with his two supporters, Prince Edward of Saxe-Weimar and Prince Frederic of Schleswig-Holstein, and Helena was given away by her mother, who escorted her up the aisle with the Prince of Wales and eight bridesmaids.[32] Christian looked older than he was, and one guest commented that Helena looked as if she was marrying an aged uncle. Indeed, when he was first summoned to Britain, he assumed that the widowed Queen was inspecting him as a new husband for herself rather than as a candidate for one of her daughters.[33] The couple spent the first night of their married life at Osborne House, before honeymooning in Paris, Interlaken and Genoa.[34]

Married life

Princess Helena in her wedding dress, 5 July 1866

Helena and Christian were devoted to each other, and led a quiet life in comparison to Helena's sisters.

Helena Victoria and Marie Louise in 1870 and 1872, respectively. Their last two sons died early; Harald died eight days after his birth in 1876, and an unnamed son was stillborn in 1877. Princess Louise, Helena's sister, commissioned the French sculptor Jules Dalou to sculpt a memorial to Helena's dead infants.[37]

The Christians were granted a parliamentary annuity of £6,000 a year, which the Queen requested in person.

pigeons, and embarking on hunting excursions.[40]

Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein, her husband

Helena, as promised, lived close to the Queen, and both she and Beatrice performed duties for her. Beatrice, whom Victoria had groomed for the main role at her side, carried out the more important duties, and Helena took on the more minor matters that Beatrice did not have time to do.

incomplete short citation
]

Helena's health was not robust, and she was addicted to the drugs

oculist.[47]

Activities

Nursing

Helena had a firm interest in nursing, and was the founding chair of the Ladies' Committee of the

Privy Council allowed it to maintain a list rather than a formal register of nurses.[49]

Florence Nightingale, against whom Helena promoted nurse registration

Following the death of Queen Victoria in 1901, the new queen, Alexandra, insisted on replacing Helena as President of the Army Nursing Service.[50] This gave rise to a further breach between the royal ladies, with King Edward VII caught in the middle between his sister and his wife.[51] Lady Roberts, a courtier, wrote to a friend: "matters were sometimes very difficult and not always pleasant." However, in accordance with rank, Helena agreed to resign in Alexandra's favour, and she retained presidency of the Army Nursing Reserve.[50] Though thought to be merely an artefact created by society ladies,[52] Helena exercised an efficient and autocratic regime—"if anyone ventures to disagree with Her Royal Highness she has simply said, 'It is my wish, that is sufficient.'"[53]

The RBNA gradually went into decline following the

British parliament passed the bill allowing formal nurse registration.[54] What resulted was the Royal College of Nursing (RCN), and the RBNA lost membership and dominance. Helena supported the proposed amalgamation of the RBNA with the new RCN, but that proved unsuccessful when the RBNA pulled out of the negotiations.[52] However, she remained active in other nursing organisations, and was president of the Isle of Wight, Windsor and Great Western Railway branches of the Order of St. John. In this position, she personally signed and presented many thousands of certificates of proficiency in nursing.[55]

Needlework

Helena was also active in the promotion of

Royal Commissioners requesting money; for example, in 1895, she requested and acquired £30,000 for erecting a building for the school in South Kensington.[56] Her royal status helped its promotion, and she held Thursday afternoon tea parties at the school for society ladies, who wanted to be seen in the presence of royal personages such as Princess Helena. When the Christmas Bazaar was held, she acted as chief saleswoman, generating long queues of people anxious to be served personally by her.[57]

Helena was anxious to help children and the unemployed, and began hosting free dinners for their benefit at the Windsor Guildhall. She presided over two of these dinners, in February and March 1886, and over 3,000 meals were served to children and unemployed men during the harsh winter that year.[57] Through her charitable activities, she became popular with the people; a contemporary author, C. W. Cooper, wrote that "the poor of Windsor worshipped her".[58]

Writing

Among Helena's other interests was writing, especially

Prince Consort was written, the author, Sir Charles Grey, notes that the Prince's letters were translated (from German to English) by Helena "with surprising fidelity".[59] Other translations followed, and in 1887 she published a translation of The Memoirs of Wilhelmine, Margravine of Bayreuth. It was noted by the Saturday Review that Helena wrote an English version that was thoroughly alive, with a sound dictionary translation and a high accuracy in spirit.[60] Her final translation was undertaken in 1882, on a German booklet called First Aid to the Injured, originally published by Christian's brother-in-law. It was republished several times until 1906.[61]

Bergsträsser affair

A copyright issue arose after the publication of letters written by Helena's sister, Princess Alice. In Germany, an edition of Alice's letters was published in 1883, by a Darmstadt clergyman called Carl Sell, who chose a selection of her letters made available to him by the Queen. When it was done, Helena wrote to Sell and requested permission to publish an English translation of the German text. It was granted, but without the knowledge of the publisher Dr Bergsträsser. In December 1883 Helena wrote to Sir Theodore Martin, a favoured royal biographer, informing him that Bergsträsser was claiming copyright of Alice's letters, and on that basis was demanding a delay in the publication of the English edition. Martin acted as an intermediary between Helena and Bergsträsser, who claimed to have received many offers from English publishers, and that the chosen one would expect a high honorarium.[62]

Bergsträsser was persuaded to drop his demand for a delay in publishing, and modify his copyright claims in return for a lump sum. However, the Queen and Helena refused, claiming that the copyright belonged to the Queen, and that only Sell's original preface was open to negotiation. The royal ladies considered Bergsträsser's claims "unjustified if not impertinent", and would not communicate with him directly.[63] Eventually, Bergsträsser came to Britain in January 1884, willing to accept £100 for the first 3,000 copies and a further £40 for each subsequent thousand copies sold.[63] Martin chose the publisher John Murray, who after further negotiations with Bergsträsser, printed the first copies in mid-1884. It sold out almost immediately; but for the second edition, Murray replaced Sell's biographical sketch of Princess Alice with the 53-page memoir written by Helena. The problem of royalties to Sell was thus avoided, and that Helena gave her name to the memoir to her sister attracted greater interest in the book.[64]

After Queen Victoria

Princess Helena of the United Kingdom, ca. 1910

Edwardian period

Helena's favourite son, Prince Christian Victor, died in 1900, followed three months later by her mother Queen Victoria, who died at Osborne House on 22 January 1901. The new King, Edward VII, did not have close ties with his surviving sisters, with the exception of Princess Louise. Helena's nephew, Prince Alexander of Battenberg (later Marquess of Carisbrooke) recorded that Queen Alexandra was jealous of the royal family, and would not invite her sisters-in-law to Sandringham.[65] Moreover, Alexandra never fully reconciled herself to Helena and Christian following their marriage controversy in the 1860s.[66]

Helena saw relatively little of her surviving siblings, and continued her role as a support to the monarchy and a campaigner for the many charities she represented.

Edwardian period, Helena visited the grave of her son, Prince Christian Victor, who died in 1900 following a bout with malaria while serving in the Second Boer War. She was met by South African Prime Minister Louis Botha, but Jan Smuts refused to meet her, partly because he was bitter that South Africa had lost the war and partly because his son had died in a British concentration camp.[68]

In 1902, Prince and Princess Christian moved to Schomberg House, 77–78 Pall Mall, London, half of which is now part of the Oxford and Cambridge Club.[69]

Before the

child, he went against Prussian tradition by asking Helena, not his mother, to assign a nurse for his son, causing a family scandal.[70]

Later years

King Edward died in 1910, and the

King George V and Queen Mary were present when the telegram was received, and the King remarked to Helena's daughter, Marie Louise, that her former husband, Prince Aribert of Anhalt, did her a service when he turned her out. When Marie Louise said she would have run away to Britain if she was still married, the King said, "with a twinkle in his eye", that he would have had to intern her.[72]

Princess Helena's grave at Frogmore (second from left) in the Schleswig-Holstein burial plot

In 1917, in response to the wave of anti-German feeling that surrounded the war, George V changed the family name from Saxe-Coburg and Gotha to Windsor. He also disposed of his family's German titles and styles, so Helena and her daughters simply became Princess Christian, Princess Helena Victoria and Princess Marie Louise with no territorial designation. Helena's surviving son, Albert, fought on the side of the Prussians, though he made it clear that he would not fight against his mother's country.[73] In the same year, on 28 October, Prince Christian died at Schomberg House. Helena's last years were spent arguing with Commissioners, who tried to turn her out of Schomberg House and Cumberland Lodge because of the expense of running her households. They failed, as clear evidence of her right to live in those residences for life was shown.[74]

Death

Princess Helena died at Schomberg House on 9 June 1923 at the age of 77.

St. George's Chapel at Windsor Castle. Although originally interred in the Royal Vault at St George's on 15 June 1923, her body was reburied at the Royal Burial Ground, Frogmore, a few miles from Windsor, after its consecration on 23 October 1928.[76]

Legacy

Helena was devoted to nursing, and took the lead at the charitable organisations she represented. She was also an active campaigner, and wrote letters to newspapers and magazines promoting the interests of

nurse registration. Her royal status helped to promote the publicity and society interest that surrounded organisations such as the Royal British Nurses' Association. The RBNA still survives today with Aubrey Rose as president.[77] Emily Williamson founded the Gentlewomen's Employment Association in Manchester; one of the projects which came out of this group was the Princess Christian Training College for Nurses, in Fallowfield
, Manchester.

In appearance, Helena was described by John Van der Kiste as plump and dowdy; and in temperament, as placid, and business-like, with an authoritarian spirit. On one occasion, during a National Dock Strike, the Archbishop of Canterbury composed a prayer hoping for its prompt end. Helena arrived at the church, examined her service sheet, and in a voice described by her daughter as "the penetrating royal family whisper, which carried farther than any megaphone", remarked: "That prayer won't settle any strike."[9] Her appearance and personality was criticised in the letters and journals of Queen Victoria, and biographers followed her example.[78] However, Helena's daughter, Princess Marie Louise, described her as:

very lovely, with wavy brown hair, a beautiful little straight nose, and lovely amber-coloured eyes ... She was very talented: played the piano exquisitively, had a distinct gift for drawing and painting in water-colours ... Her outstanding gift was loyalty to her friends ... She was brilliantly clever, had a wonderful head for business. ...[79]

Music was one of her passions; in her youth she played the

Bach Choir of London, founded by Lind's husband (and Helena's former piano teacher) Otto Goldschmidt.[9] Her determination to carry out a wide range of public duties won her widespread popularity.[80][81] She twice represented her mother at Drawing Rooms, attendance at which was considered equivalent to being presented to the queen herself.[82]

Helena was closest to her brother, Prince Alfred, who considered her his favourite sister.[83] Though described by contemporaries as fearfully devoted to the Queen Victoria, to the point that she did not have a mind of her own, she actively campaigned for women's rights, a field the queen abhorred.[84] Nevertheless, both she and Beatrice remained closest to the queen, and Helena remained close to her mother's side until the latter's death. Her name was the last to be written in the queen's seventy-year-old journal.[85]

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles and styles

  • 25 May 1846 – 5 July 1866: Her Royal Highness The Princess Helena[86]
  • 5 July 1866 – 17 July 1917: Her Royal Highness The Princess Helena, Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein[87]
  • 17 July 1917 – 9 June 1923: Her Royal Highness Princess Christian[88][89]

Honours

British
Foreign

Arms

In 1858, Helena and the three younger of her sisters were granted use of the

royal arms, with an inescutcheon of the shield of Saxony, and differenced by a label of three points argent. On Helena's arms, the outer points bore roses gules, and the centre bore a cross gules. In 1917, the inescutcheon was dropped by royal warrant from George V.[95]

Princess Helena's coat of arms (1858–1917)

Issue

Prince and Princess Christian had six children, four of whom lived to adulthood. They had one grandchild, Valerie Marie zu Schleswig-Holstein, who died in 1953 as their final descendant.

Name Birth Death Notes
Prince Christian Victor[96] 14 April 1867 29 October 1900 His mother's favourite son; died unmarried and without issue while serving in the
Boer War
Prince Albert 26 February 1869 27 April 1931 Succeeded as head of the House of Oldenburg in 1921; had one illegitimate daughter, Valerie Marie zu Schleswig-Holstein
Princess Helena Victoria 3 May 1870 13 March 1948 Never married. One of her last public appearances was at the wedding of the future Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
Princess Marie Louise[97] 12 August 1872 8 December 1956 Married 1891; Prince Aribert of Anhalt; no issue; marriage was dissolved in 1900
Prince Harald[97] 12 May 1876 20 May 1876 Died an infant at eight days old
An unnamed stillborn son 7 May 1877 7 May 1877 Stillborn

Ancestry

Notes

  1. ^ Chomet, p. 6
  2. ^ Chomet, p. 121
  3. ^ Chomet, p. 9
  4. ^ Bennet, p. 89
  5. ^ Quoted in Chomet, p. 10
  6. ^ a b Chomet, p. 11
  7. ^ "No. 20626". The London Gazette. 28 July 1846. p. 2754.
  8. ^ "No. 20627". The London Gazette. 30 July 1846. p. 2789.
  9. ^ a b c d Van der Kiste, John. "Princess Helena". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Retrieved 28 January 2008.
  10. ^ Chomet, p. 10
  11. ^ Chomet, p. 12
  12. ^ Packard, p. 101
  13. ^ Packard, p. 102
  14. ^ Packard, p. 103
  15. ^ Packard, p. 104
  16. ^ Dennison, p. 204
  17. ^ Chomet, p. 17
  18. ^ Chomet, p. 19
  19. ^ Chomet, p. 37
  20. ^ Packard, p. 99
  21. ^ Van der Kiste, p. 61
  22. ^ Packard, p. 121
  23. ^ a b Packard, p. 113
  24. ^ Battiscombe, p. 77
  25. ^ Van der Kiste, p. 65
  26. ^ Packard, p. 114
  27. ^ Van der Kiste, p. 64
  28. ^ Battiscombe, p. 76
  29. ^ Van der Kiste, p. 181
  30. ^ Packard, p. 115
  31. ^ Packard, p. 116
  32. ^ "No. 23140". The London Gazette. 17 June 1866. p. 4092.
  33. ^ Van der Kiste, p. 72
  34. ^ Packard, p. 117
  35. ^ Chomet, p. 55
  36. ^ Chomet, p. 133
  37. ^ Packard, p. 192
  38. ^ Chomet, p. 52
  39. ^ Chomet, p. 54
  40. ^ Chomet, p. 59
  41. ^ Packard, p. 194
  42. ^ Benson, p. 300
  43. ^ Packard, pp. 269–270
  44. ^ Packard, p. 193
  45. ^ Quoted in Chomet, p. 128
  46. ^ Quoted in Chomet, p. 129
  47. ^ Chomet, p. 130
  48. ^ a b Chomet, p. 119
  49. ^ a b Chomet, p. 120
  50. ^ a b Chomet, p. 122
  51. ^ Battiscombe, p. 234
  52. ^ a b Chomet, p. 123
  53. ^ Quoted in Battiscombe, p. 233
  54. ^ "Registration of Nurses". Royal British Nurses' Association. 2008. Archived from the original on 9 February 2008. Retrieved 21 February 2008.
  55. ^ a b Chomet, p. 124
  56. ^ Chomet, p. 125
  57. ^ a b Chomet, p. 126
  58. ^ Quoted in Chomet, p. 126
  59. ^ Chomet, p. 70
  60. ^ Chomet, p. 71
  61. ^ Chomet, p. 80
  62. ^ Chomet, p. 83
  63. ^ a b Chomet, p. 84
  64. ^ Chomet, p. 86
  65. ^ Van der Kiste, p. 180
  66. ^ Battiscombe, pp. 75–78
  67. ^ a b Van der Kiste, p. 182
  68. ^ Marie Louise, pp. 195–96
  69. ^ "Pall Mall, South Side, Existing Buildings: Nos 77–78 Pall Mall", in Survey of London: Volumes 29 and 30, St James Westminster, Part 1, ed. F. H. W. Sheppard (London, 1960), pp. 418–419. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/vols29-30/pt1/pp418-419 [accessed 19 October 2020].
  70. ^ Queen Victoria's Family, A Century of Photographs, Charlotte Zeepvat
  71. ^ Marie Louise, pp. 141–142
  72. ^ Marie Louise, p. 142
  73. ^ Marie Louise, p. 43
  74. ^ Chomet, pp. 143–44
  75. ^ Chomet, p. 149
  76. ^ "Royal Burials at St George's Chapel, Windsor". St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle. 2008. Archived from the original on 10 February 2008. Retrieved 21 February 2008.
  77. ^ "A Message from the President". Royal British Nurses' Association. Archived from the original on 24 May 2018. Retrieved 24 May 2018.
  78. ^ Chomet, p. 30
  79. ^ Chomet, p. 87
  80. ^ Chomet, p. 40
  81. ^ Keen, Basil, The Bach Choir: The First Hundred Years, p.24
  82. ^ "No. 22956". The London Gazette. 11 April 1865. p. 1985.
  83. ^ Van der Kiste, p. 36
  84. ^ Longford, p. 395
  85. ^ Chomet, p. 4
  86. ^ "The London Gazette, Issue 22718, Page 1565". 18 March 1863.
  87. ^ a b "No. 26725". The London Gazette. 27 March 1896. p. 1960.
  88. ^ "UK Parliament Hansard: The Death Of Hrh Princess Christian". parliament.uk. 12 June 1923. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
  89. ^ "Death Of Princess Christian". South Australian Register. 11 June 1923. p. 7. Retrieved 18 April 2021 – via National Library of Australia.
  90. ^ "No. 24539". The London Gazette. 4 January 1878. pp. 113–114.
  91. ^ "No. 30730". The London Gazette (Supplement). 4 June 1917. p. 6685.
  92. ^ Bragança, Jose Vicente de (2014). "Agraciamentos Portugueses Aos Príncipes da Casa Saxe-Coburgo-Gota" [Portuguese Honours awarded to Princes of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]. Pro Phalaris (in Portuguese). 9–10: 13. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
  93. ^ "Luisen-orden", Königlich Preussische Ordensliste (in German), vol. 1, Berlin, 1886, p. 1056{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  94. ^ "Königlich Preussische Ordensliste", Preussische Ordens-Liste (in German), 3, Berlin: 1256, 1877 – via hathitrust.org
  95. ^ "British Royal Cadency". Heraldica. 2007. Retrieved 29 February 2008.
  96. ^ Eilers, p. 205
  97. ^ a b Eilers, p. 206
  98. ^ Montgomery-Massingberd, Hugh (ed.) (1977). Burke's Royal Families of the World, 1st edition. London: Burke's Peerage
  99. ^ Huberty, M., Giraud, A., Magdelaine, F. & B. (1976–1994). L'Allemagne Dynastique, Vols I-VII. Le Perreux, France: Alain Giraud
  100. ISBN 1-85605-469-1
    .

References

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