Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll
Princess Louise | |||||
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Duchess of Argyll (more) | |||||
Born | Buckingham Palace, London, United Kingdom | 18 March 1848||||
Died | 3 December 1939 Kensington Palace, London, United Kingdom | (aged 91)||||
Burial | 12 December 1939 | ||||
Spouse | |||||
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Lady Maud Hamilton | |||||
Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll (Louisa Caroline Alberta; 18 March 1848 – 3 December 1939), was the sixth child and fourth daughter of
In her public life, she was a strong proponent of the arts and higher education and of the feminist cause. She was an influential supporter of the Edinburgh College of Domestic Science, the forerunner to
Before her marriage, Louise served as an unofficial secretary to the Queen from 1866 to 1871. The question of Louise's marriage was discussed in the late 1860s. Suitors from the royal houses of Prussia and Denmark were suggested, but Victoria did not want her to marry a foreign prince, and therefore suggested a high-ranking member of the British aristocracy. Despite opposition from members of the royal family, Louise fell in love with John Campbell, Marquess of Lorne, the heir of the Duke of Argyll. Victoria consented to the marriage,[1] which took place on 21 March 1871.[2] After a happy beginning, the two drifted apart, possibly because of their childlessness and the Queen's constraints on their activities.[3]
In 1878, Lorne was appointed
Early life
Louise was born on 18 March 1848 at Buckingham Palace, London.[4] She was the fourth daughter and sixth child of the reigning British monarch, Queen Victoria, and her husband, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Her birth coincided with revolutions which swept across Europe, prompting the queen to remark that Louise would turn out to be "something peculiar".[5] The queen's labour with Louise was the first to be aided with chloroform.[5]
Albert and Victoria chose the names Louisa Caroline Alberta. She was baptized on 13 May 1848 in Buckingham Palace's private chapel by
Like her siblings, Louise was brought up with the strict programme of education devised by her father, Prince Albert, and his friend and confidant, Baron Stockmar. The young children were taught practical tasks, such as cooking, farming, household tasks and carpentry.[7]
From her early years, Louise was a talented and intelligent child, and her artistic talents were quickly recognised.
Secretary
Louise's father, Prince Albert, died at Windsor on 14 December 1861. The queen was devastated, and ordered her household to move from Windsor to Osborne House on the Isle of Wight. The atmosphere of the royal court became gloomy and morbid in the wake of the prince's death, and entertainments became dry and dull.[12] Louise quickly became dissatisfied with her mother's prolonged mourning.[12] For her seventeenth birthday in 1865, Louise requested the ballroom to be opened for a debutante dance, the like of which had not been performed since Prince Albert's death. Her request was refused, and her boredom with the mundane routine of travelling between the different royal residences at set times irritated her mother, who considered Louise to be indiscreet and argumentative.[3]
The queen comforted herself by rigidly continuing with Prince Albert's plans for their children.
Louise, however, proved to be good at the job: Victoria wrote shortly afterwards: "She is (and who would some years ago have thought it?) a clever dear girl with a fine strong character, unselfish and affectionate."
Louise was bored at court, and by fulfilling her duties, which were little more than minor secretarial tasks, such as writing letters on the queen's behalf; dealing with political correspondence; and providing the queen with company, she had more responsibilities.[15] She also undertook her share of public and philanthropic duties, for example inaugurating the new North Eastern Hospital for Children in 1867 [16] and launching the ship HMS Druid in 1869.
Marriage
Suitors
As a daughter of the queen, Louise was a desirable bride; more so as she is regarded as the queen's most beautiful daughter by both contemporary and modern biographers.
Louise viewed marriage to any prince as undesirable, and announced that she wished to marry
That which you object to [that Louise should marry a subject] I feel certain will be for Louise's happiness and for the peace and quiet of the family ... Times have changed; great foreign alliances are looked on as causes of trouble and anxiety, and are of no good. What could be more painful than the position in which our family were placed during the wars with Denmark, and between Prussia and Austria? ... You may not be aware, as I am, with what dislike the marriages of Princesses of the Royal Family with small German Princes (German beggars as they most insultingly were called) ... As to position, I see no difficulty whatever; Louise remains what she is, and her husband keeps his rank ... only being treated in the family as a relation when we are together ...[22]
The queen averred that Louise's marriage to a subject would bring "new blood" into the family,[22] while all European princes were related to each other. She was convinced that this would strengthen the royal family morally and physically.[23]
Engagement and wedding
Louise became engaged to the Marquess of Lorne on 3 October 1870 while they were visiting Balmoral.[1] Lorne was invited to Balmoral Castle in Scotland, and accompanied Louise, the Lord Chancellor, Lord Hatherley and Queen Victoria's lady-in-waiting Lady Ely on a drive. Later that day, Louise returned and announced to the queen that Lorne had "spoken of his devotion" to Louise, and she accepted his proposal in the knowledge of the queen's approval.[24] The queen later gave Lady Ely a bracelet to mark the occasion.[25]
The Queen found it difficult to let go of her daughter, confiding in her journal that she "felt painfully the thought of losing her".
Victoria settled an annuity on Louise shortly before her marriage.
The couple then journeyed to Claremont in Surrey for the honeymoon, but the presence of attendants on the journey, and at meal times, made it impossible for them to talk privately.[30] The short four-day visit did not pass without an interruption from the queen, who was curious about her daughter's thoughts on married life. Among their wedding gifts was a maplewood desk from Queen Victoria, now at Inveraray Castle.[31]
Following her marriage, Louise continued her charitable and artistic interests. In 1871, the Ladies Work Society was founded in South Audley Street, promoting the making and sale of needlework and embroidery for poverty relief: Louise became its president, and designed some of their products.[32]
The couple's official place of residence was
Viceregal consort of Canada
In 1878, British Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli nominated Lorne to be Canada's Governor General, and he was duly appointed by Queen Victoria.[34] Louise thus became his viceregal consort. As viceregal consort, she used her position to support the arts and higher education and the cause of female equality, although she said "the subject of Domestic Economy lies at the root of the – highest life of every true woman."[35] But her stay in Canada was unhappy as a result of homesickness, dislike of Ottawa and a bad sleighing accident.[3]
Inauspicious arrival
On 15 November 1878, the couple left
Louise became the first royal to take up residence in
Relations with the press further deteriorated when Lorne's private secretary, Francis de Winton, threw four journalists off the royal train. Although the Lornes had no knowledge of de Winton's action, it was assumed by the press that they did, and they earned an early reputation for haughtiness.[39] Louise was horrified by the negative press, and when she heard about reports of "a nation of flunkies" at the viceregal court, taking lessons in "the backward walk," Louise declared that she "wouldn't care if they came in blanket coats!"[40] (A reference to the ubiquitous capote.) Eventually the worries of a rigid court at Rideau Hall and the "feeble undercurrent of criticism" turned out to be unfounded as the royal couple proved to be more relaxed than their predecessors.[41]
Canadian entertainments
Louise's first few months in Canada were tinged with sadness as her favourite sister
One of her works as a sculptor is the statue of Queen Victoria, which now stands in front of the Royal Victoria College, Montreal,[35] now the Strathcona Music Building of McGill University. Lorne's father, The Duke of Argyll, arrived with two of his daughters in June, and in the presence of the family, Louise caught a 28-pound (13 kg) salmon.[45] The women's success at fishing prompted the Duke to remark that fishing in Canada required no skill.[45]
Sleigh accident and Bermuda visit
Louise, Lorne, and two attendants, were hurt in a sleigh accident on 14 February 1880.[46] The winter was particularly severe, and the carriage in which they were traveling overturned, throwing the coachman and footman from the sleigh. The horses then panicked, and dragged the overturned carriage over more than 400 yards (370 m) of ground. Louise was knocked unconscious when she hit her head on the iron bar supporting the roof, and Lorne was trapped underneath her, expecting "the sides of the carriage to give way at any moment".[47][48] Eventually, as they overtook the sleigh ahead, the horses calmed, and the occupant of that sleigh, Princess Louise's aide-de-camp, ordered an empty carriage to convey the injured party back to Rideau Hall.[49]
The doctors who attended Louise reported she was severely concussed and in shock, and that "it was a wonder her skull was not fractured".
She played a major role in the development of the nascent tourism industry of the
Continued interest in Canada
After returning to Britain in 1883, Louise continued to take an interest in Canada. During the
In 1905, the province of Alberta was named after Princess Louise Caroline Alberta. Within the province, Lake Louise and Mount Alberta were also named in her honour.[58][59]
Queen Victoria's last years
Family conflict
Louise returned to Britain with her husband on 27 October 1883.[60] Queen Victoria had allocated them apartments at Kensington Palace, and the couple took up official residence in the suite that was to remain Louise's home for the rest of her life.
Louise resumed public duties in Britain, for example, opening St George's Gardens,
Louise's relationship with the two sisters closest to the queen, Beatrice and Helena, was strained at best. Beatrice had married the tall and handsome Prince Henry of Battenberg in a love match in 1885, and they had four children. Louise, who had a jealous nature, had grown accustomed to treating Beatrice with pity on account of the queen's constant need for her.[65] Beatrice's biographer, Matthew Dennison, claims that in contrast to Beatrice, Louise remained strikingly good looking throughout her forties.[66] Louise and her husband were no longer close, and rumours spread about Lorne's alleged homosexuality.[67] Thus, Beatrice was enjoying a satisfying sexual relationship with her popular husband, which Louise was not.[68] Louise may have considered Prince Henry a more appropriate husband for herself.[65] Certainly, following Prince Henry's death in 1896, Louise wrote that: "he [Henry] was almost the greatest friend I had—I, too, miss him more than I can say".[65] In addition, Louise attempted to champion her late brother-in-law by announcing that she was his confidante and that Beatrice, a mere cipher, meant nothing to him.[69]
Rumours regarding Louise
From late 1865 to mid 1866, the royal family was guarded by 150
Further rumours spread that Louise was having an affair with
Rumours of affairs did not concern only Bigge. In 1890, the sculptor Sir Joseph Edgar Boehm died in Louise's presence at his studio in London, leading to rumours that the two were having an affair.[3] According to historian Lucinda Hawksley, the two had a long-lasting love affair.[77] Boehm's assistant, Alfred Gilbert, who played a central role in comforting Louise after Boehm's death, and supervised the destruction of Boehm's private papers,[78] was rapidly promoted as a royal sculptor.[78] Louise was also romantically linked to fellow artist Edwin Lutyens; her equerry, Colonel William Probert; and an unnamed music master.[79] However, Jehanne Wake, Louise's biographer, argues that there is no substantial evidence to suggest that Louise had sexual relationships with anyone other than her husband.[79]
During Victoria's last years, Louise carried out a range of public duties, such as opening public buildings, laying foundation stones, and officiating at special programmes. Louise, like her eldest sister Victoria, was more liberally minded, and supported the
Louise as unconventional royal
Louise was determined to be seen as an ordinary person and not as a member of the court. When travelling abroad, she often used the alias "Mrs Campbell".[64] Louise was known for her charity towards servants. On one occasion, the butler approached her and requested permission to dismiss the second footman, who was late getting out of bed. When she advised that the footman be given an alarm clock, the butler informed her that he already had one. She then went so far as to suggest a bed that would throw him out at a specified time, but she was told this was not feasible. Finally, she suggested that he might be ill, and when checked, he was found to have tuberculosis. The footman was therefore sent to New Zealand to recover.[64]
On another occasion, when she visited Bermuda, she was invited to a reception and chose to walk rather than be driven. She became thirsty along the way and stopped at a house, where she asked a Black woman named Mrs McCarthy for a glass of water. Owing to the scarcity of water, the woman had to go some distance to obtain it, but was reluctant because she had to finish her ironing. When Louise offered to continue the ironing, the woman refused, adding that she was in a great hurry to finish so that she could go and see Princess Louise. Realising that she had not been recognised, Louise enquired whether McCarthy would recognise her again. When the woman said that she would have thought so, but was admittedly unsure, Louise replied: "Well take a good look at me now, so you can be sure to know me tomorrow at St. Georges."[82] The princess clung to her privacy, and enjoyed not being recognised.[83]
Louise and her sisters had another disagreement after the death of the queen's close friend, Jane Spencer, Baroness Churchill. Determined not to put her mother through more misery, Louise wanted the news to be broken to the queen gradually. When this was not done, Louise voiced sharp criticism of Helena and Beatrice.[84] One month later, on 22 January 1901, Queen Victoria died at Osborne House on the Isle of Wight.[85] In her will, the queen bequeathed Kent House, on the Osborne Estate, to Louise as a country residence,[86] and gave Osborne Cottage to Louise's youngest sister, Beatrice. Louise and Beatrice were now neighbours both at Kensington Palace and Osborne.[87]
Later life
Edwardian period
Upon Queen Victoria's death, Louise entered the social circle of her brother, the new King Edward VII, with whom she had much in common, including smoking.[88] She had an obsession with physical fitness, and if she was sneered at for this, she would retort by saying: "Never mind, I'll outlive you all."[89] Meanwhile, Louise's husband, 9th Duke of Argyll since 1900, took his seat in the House of Lords. The Colonial Secretary, Joseph Chamberlain, offered him the office of Governor-General of Australia that year, but the offer was declined.[36] Louise continued her sculpture, and in 1902, designed a memorial to the colonial soldiers who died in the Boer War.[90] In the same year, she began a nude study of a married woman suggested by the English painter Sir William Blake Richmond.[90]
Louise spent much of her time at Kent House, and she frequently visited Scotland with her husband. Financial pressures did not disappear when Lorne became Duke, and Louise avoided inviting the King to Inveraray, Argyll's ancestral home, because the couple were economising. When Queen Victoria had visited the house before Lorne became Duke of Argyll, there were seventy servants and seventy-four dogs.[88] By the time of Edward VII's accession, there were four servants and two dogs.[88]
The Duke of Argyll's health continued to deteriorate. He became increasingly
Last years
Louise spent her last years at Kensington Palace, occupying rooms next to her sister Princess Beatrice. She made occasional public appearances with the royal family, such as at the
Following the accession of Edward's brother
Death
Princess Louise died at Kensington Palace on the morning of 3 December 1939 at the age of 91,
Legacy
Louise bestowed her name on four Canadian regiments:
Queen Elizabeth II later recalled that Louise and her sister Beatrice would talk until they stunned their audience with their output of words.[102]
The province of Alberta in Canada is named after her. Although the name "Louise" was originally planned, the princess wished to honour her dead father, so the last of her given names was chosen. Lake Louise in Alberta is also named after her, as is Mount Alberta. Although her time in Canada was not always happy, she liked the Canadian people and retained close links with her Canadian regiments.[3] Back at home, she gained a reputation for paying unscheduled visits to hospitals, especially during her later years.[3] Her relationship with her family was generally close. Although at times she bickered with the queen, and her sisters Helena and Beatrice, the relations did not remain strained for long. She retained a lifelong correspondence with her brother Arthur and was one of King Edward VII's favourite sisters.[103] Of all her siblings, she was closest to Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany, and Princess Alice, and she was devastated by their deaths in 1884 and 1878 respectively.[104]
Among the younger generations of the family, Louise's favourite relatives were
A war hospital in
Art practice
Louise had artistic training from childhood, first with Susan Durant from 1864, then Mary Thornycroft from 1867, and further lessons with Sir Joseph Edgar Boehm.[106] She also then attended National Art Training School. Like many women artists in the nineteenth century, Louise had to make do with training intended for industrial designers and art teachers rather than fine artists. There was no training from the nude model, as there was for male art students.
Louise was the most artistically talented of Queen Victoria's daughters and was a prolific artist and sculptor. When Louise sculpted a statue of the queen, portraying her in Coronation robes, the press claimed that her tutor, Sir Edgar Boehm, was the true creator of the work. The claim was denied by Louise's friends, who asserted her effort and independence.[107] The work was intended to be exhibited in 1887, but production was delayed until 1893. A memorial to her brother-in-law, Prince Henry of Battenberg, and a memorial to the colonial soldiers who fell during the Second Boer War, reside at Whippingham Church on the Isle of Wight, and another statue of Queen Victoria remains at McGill University in Montreal, [3] as well as the statue of Queen Victoria on the north side of Lichfield Cathedral.[108]
Selected works of art
Works on paper
- Queen Victoria, 1881. Pencil on paper, 36.9 x 24.0 cm (sheet of paper). Royal Collection Trust, RCIN 980422.
Sculpture
- Princess Beatrice, 1864. Marble, 55.0 x 29.0 x 23.0 cm. Royal Collection Trust, RCIN 53351.[109]
- Prince Arthur, 1869. Marble, 61.5 x 33.0 x 26.0 cm. Royal Collection Trust, RCIN 31662.
- Prince Leopold,1869. Marble, 43.4 x 29.0 x 19.0 cm. Royal Collection Trust, RCIN 34511.[110]
- Queen Victoria, 1887. Bronze, 61.5 x 46 x 41 cm. Leeds Museums and Galleries, Temple Newsam House.[106]
- Self Portrait, n.d. Terracotta, 63.5 cm. National Portrait Gallery, London.[111]
- Memorial to Mary Ann Thurston Grade II listed monument [112] in Kensal Green Cemetery. Thurston was nanny to Queen Victoria's children 1845–67.
- Memorial to the Colonial Forces of the Second Boer War, erected 1905, St Paul's Cathedral, London[113][114]
Titles, styles, honours and arms
Titles and styles
- 18 March 1848 – 21 March 1871: Her Royal Highness The Princess Louise
- 21 March 1871 – 24 April 1900: Her Royal Highness The Princess Louise, Marchioness of Lorne
- 24 April 1900 – 3 December 1939: Her Royal Highness The Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll[115]
Honours
- British honours
- 21 January 1865: Lady of the Royal Order of Victoria and Albert (first class)[116]
- 1 January 1878: Companion of the Order of the Crown of India[117]
- 7 August 1885: Member of the Royal Red Cross[118]
- 10 February 1904: Royal Family Order of King Edward VII
- 3 June 1911: Royal Family Order of King George V
- 3 June 1918: Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire[119]
- 12 June 1926: Dame Grand Cross of the Venerable Order of St John[120]
- 11 May 1937: Dame Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order[115]
- Foreign honours
- 8 January 1866: Dame of the Order of Queen Saint Isabel[121]
Honorary military appointments
- 5th Princess Louise Dragoon Guards (which became 4th Princess Louise Dragoon Guardsin 1936)
- 1913: Colonel-in-Chief, Kensington Regiment (Princess Louise's)
- The Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders (Princess Louise's)
- The Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders of Canada (Princess Louise's)
- The Princess Louise Fusiliers
Honorary roles
- President of the Women's Education Union from 1871[3]
- Patron of the Girls' Day School Trust, 1872–1939[3]
- Patron of the Ladies Lifeboat Guild, Royal National Lifeboat Institution, 1923–39[122]
Arms
In 1858, Louise and the three younger of her sisters were granted use of the
Coat of arms (1858–1917) | Royal monogram |
Ancestry
Ancestors of Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll Countess Augusta Carolina of Reuss-Ebersdorf (= 9) | |||||||||||||
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- McDougall, D. Blake (1988). "Princess Louise Caroline Alberta, Later years (1883–1939)". Edmonton Legislature Library. Legislative Assembly of Alberta. Retrieved 22 August 2011.
- Morgan, Henry James, ed. (1903). Types of Canadian Women and of Women who are or have been Connected with Canada. Toronto: Williams Briggs.
- Ralph Lewis, Brenda (1996). Princess Louise. Britannia Internet Magazine. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 2 February 2008.
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ignored (help) - Reid, Micheala (1996). Ask Sir James: the life of Sir James Reid, personal physician to Queen Victoria. London: Eland. ISBN 978-0-90787-152-1.
- Sandwell, R. W. (2006). "Dreaming of the Princess: Love, Subversion, and the Rituals of Empire in British Columbia, 1882". In Coates, Colin MacMillan (ed.). Majesty in Canada: Essays on the Role of Royalty. Toronto: Dundurn Press Ltd. ISBN 978-1-55002-586-6. Retrieved 22 August 2011.
- Stocker, Mark. "Louise, Princess, duchess of Argyll (1848–1939)". doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/34601. (Subscription or UK public library membershiprequired.)
- Stocker, Mark. "Boehm, Sir (Joseph) Edgar [formerly Josef Erasmus Böhm], baronet (1834–1890)". doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/2762. (Subscription or UK public library membershiprequired.)
- Queen Victoria of Great Britain (1884). More Leaves from the Journal of a Life in the Highlands from 1862 to 1882. London: Smith & Elder, & Co. Retrieved 22 August 2011.
- Waite, P. B. (1998). "Campbell, John George Edward Henry Douglas Sutherland, Marquess of Lorne and 9th Duke of Argyll". In Cook, Ramsay; Hamelin, Jean (eds.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. XIV (1911–1920) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
- ISBN 0-00-217076-0.
- 1 artwork by or after Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll at the Art UK site
External links