Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon
Princess Margaret | |||||
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Countess of Snowdon | |||||
Born | Princess Margaret of York 21 August 1930 Glamis Castle, Angus, Scotland | ||||
Died | 9 February 2002 King Edward VII's Hospital, London, England | (aged 71)||||
Burial | 15 February 2002 Ashes placed in the Royal Vault, St George's Chapel 9 April 2002Ashes interred in the King George VI Memorial Chapel, St George's Chapel | ||||
Spouse | |||||
Issue | |||||
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Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon | |||||
Signature |
Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon,
Margaret was born when her parents were the Duke and Duchess of York, and she spent much of her childhood with them and her elder sister. Her life changed at the age of six, when her father succeeded to the
From the 1950s onwards, Margaret became one of the world's most celebrated socialites, famed for her glamorous lifestyle and reputed romances. Most famously, she fell in love in the early 1950s with
Margaret was a controversial member of the British royal family. Her divorce received much negative publicity, and her private life was for many years the subject of speculation by media and royal watchers. Her health deteriorated in the last twenty years of her life. She was a heavy smoker for most of her adult life, and had a lung operation in 1985 and a bout of pneumonia in 1993, as well as three strokes between 1998 and 2001. Margaret died in 2002 aged 71, after suffering her fourth stroke.
Early life
Princess Margaret was born at 9:22 p.m. on 21 August 1930 at
At the time of her birth, Margaret was fourth in the line of
Margaret's early life was spent primarily at the Yorks' residences at 145
Margaret was educated alongside her sister, Elizabeth, by their Scottish governess, Marion Crawford. Margaret's education was mainly supervised by her mother, who in the words of Randolph Churchill "never aimed at bringing her daughters up to be more than nicely behaved young ladies".[15] When Queen Mary insisted upon the importance of education, the Duchess of York commented, "I don't know what she meant. After all I and my sisters only had governesses and we all married well — one of us very well".[16] Margaret was resentful about her limited education, especially in later years, and aimed criticism at her mother.[16] However, Margaret's mother told a friend that she "regretted" that her daughters did not go to school like other children,[17] and the employment of a governess rather than sending the girls to school may have been done only at the insistence of their grandfather George V.[18] J. M. Barrie, author of Peter Pan, read stories to the sisters as children.[19]
Margaret's grandfather died in January 1936, and her uncle acceded to the throne as Edward VIII. Less than a year later, in December 1936, Edward abdicated to marry Wallis Simpson, a twice-divorced American, whom neither the Church of England nor the Dominion governments would accept as queen. The Church did not recognise the marriage of a divorced woman with a living ex-husband as valid. Edward's abdication made Margaret's father reluctantly assume the throne, and Margaret became second in line to the throne, with the title The Princess Margaret to indicate her status as a child of the sovereign.[20] The family moved into Buckingham Palace; Margaret's room overlooked The Mall.[21]
Margaret was a
At the outbreak of World War II, Princesses Margaret and Elizabeth were at Birkhall, on the Balmoral Castle estate, where they stayed until Christmas 1939, enduring nights so cold that drinking water in carafes by their bedside froze.[24] They spent Christmas at Sandringham House before moving to Windsor Castle, just outside London, for much of the remainder of the war.[25] Lord Hailsham wrote to Winston Churchill to advise the evacuation of the princesses to the greater safety of Canada,[26] to which their mother famously replied, "The children won't go without me. I won't leave without the King. And the King will never leave."[27] At Windsor, the princesses staged pantomimes at Christmas in aid of the Queen's Wool Fund, which bought yarn to knit into military garments.[28] In 1940, Margaret sat next to Elizabeth during their radio broadcast for the BBC's Children's Hour, addressing other children who had been evacuated from cities.[29] Margaret spoke at the end by wishing all the children goodnight.[29]
Unlike other members of the royal family, Margaret was not expected to undertake any public or official duties during the war. She developed her skills at singing and playing the piano,[30] often show tunes from stage musicals.[31] Her contemporaries thought she was spoiled by her parents, especially her father,[32] who allowed her to take liberties not usually permissible, such as being allowed to stay up to dinner at the age of thirteen.[16]
Crawford despaired at the attention Margaret was getting, writing to friends: "Could you this year only ask Princess Elizabeth to your party? ... Princess Margaret does draw all the attention and Princess Elizabeth lets her do that." Elizabeth, however, did not mind this, and commented, "Oh, it's so much easier when Margaret's there—everybody laughs at what Margaret says".[16] Their father described Elizabeth as his pride and Margaret as his joy.[33] When Elizabeth joined the Auxiliary Territorial Service in 1945, Margaret became extremely jealous, lamenting, "I was born too late!" as she was too young to join herself.[34]
Post-war years
At the end of the war in 1945, Margaret appeared on the balcony at Buckingham Palace with her family and Winston Churchill. Afterwards, both Elizabeth and Margaret joined the crowds outside the palace, incognito, chanting, "We want the King, we want the Queen!"[35] They both joined in on the festivities with their fellow British citizens, such as playing the "hokey cokey", "Lambeth Walk" and conga. "I remember lines of unknown people linking arms and walking down Whitehall, and all of us were swept along by tides of happiness and relief," Elizabeth later recalled.[36] Margaret and Elizabeth were "terrified" of being recognised, so they did their best to stay hidden in plain sight.[37]
On 15 April 1946, Margaret was
In 1950, the former royal governess, Marion Crawford, published an
The Margaret Set
Around the time of Elizabeth's wedding, the press started to follow the social life of "unconventional" Margaret and her reputation for vivacity and wit.[45] As a young woman, with an 18-inch waist and "vivid blue eyes",[46] Margaret enjoyed socialising with high society and young aristocrats, including Sharman Douglas, the daughter of the American ambassador, Lewis Williams Douglas.[47] A celebrated beauty known for her glamour and fashion sense, Margaret was often featured in the press at balls, parties, and nightclubs[48] with friends who became known as the "Margaret Set".[49] The number of her official engagements increased (they included a tour of Italy, Switzerland, and France), and she joined a growing number of charitable organisations as president or patron.[50]
Favoured haunts of the Margaret Set were
In 1952, although Margaret attended parties and debutante balls with friends such as Douglas and
'Romances' and the press (1947–1959)
The press avidly discussed "the world's most eligible bachelor-girl"
Romance with Peter Townsend
Early relationship
During the war, the King suggested choosing palace aides who were highly qualified men from the military, instead of only aristocrats. Told that a handsome war hero had arrived,[49] the princesses met Townsend, the new equerry, on his first day at Buckingham Palace in 1944; Elizabeth reportedly told her sister, 13 years old, "Bad luck, he's married".[77] A temporary assignment of three months from the RAF became permanent. The King and Queen were fond of Townsend; the King reportedly saw the calm and efficient combat veteran as the son he never had.[78][77][64] He may have been aware of Margaret's infatuation with the non-titled and non-wealthy Townsend, reportedly seeing the courtier reluctantly obey the princess's order to carry her up palace stairs after a party.[64]
Townsend was so often near Margaret that gossip columnists overlooked him as a suitor for the princess.[74] When their relationship began is unclear. Margaret told friends she fell in love with him during the 1947 South Africa tour, where they often went riding together.[79] Her biographer Craig Brown stated that, according to a National Trust curator, Townsend requested the bedroom next to hers during a trip to Belfast in October 1947.[80] In November 1948, they attended the inauguration of Queen Juliana of the Netherlands. In later life, Townsend admitted at this point there was an attraction between them, but neither of them ever acknowledged it to one another. Not long after, he discovered his wife Rosemary was involved in an extramarital affair, which ended.[81] Contemporary anecdotes about their closeness then dissipated until late 1950, when friendship seems to have rekindled, coinciding with Townsend's appointment as Deputy Master of the Household and the breakdown of his marriage.[82]
From the spring of 1951 came several testimonies of a growing romantic attraction. A footman told how the King diverted the pair's picnic plans, adding that whatever the King and Queen knew about the developing relationship, few royal staff failed to notice as it was obvious to them.[83] Townsend said that his love for her began in Balmoral in 1951, and recalled an incident there in August when the princess woke him from a nap after a picnic lunch while the King watched, to suggest the King knew.[84] Townsend and his wife separated in 1951,[85] which was noticed by the press by July.[86]
Margaret was grief-stricken by her father's death and was prescribed sedatives to help her sleep.
In June 1952, the estranged Townsends hosted Margaret, along with her sister Elizabeth and brother-in-law Philip, at a cocktail party at their home.[93][94] A month later, Rosemary Townsend and her new partner John de László attended judging at the Royal Windsor Horse Show.[95] It is thought the romance between Margaret and Townsend began around this time.[96] The first reports that Townsend and Margaret wished to marry began in August 1952,[97] but these remained uncommon. The Townsend divorce in November was mentioned little in Britain and in greater detail abroad.[98] After the divorce was finalized in December 1952, however, rumours spread about him and Margaret;[64] the divorce, and shared grief over the King's death in February 1952, likely helped them come together[77] within the privacy of Clarence House, where Margaret had her own apartment.[79]
Marriage proposal
Private Secretary to the Queen
Although foreign media speculated on Margaret and Townsend's relationship, the British press did not. After reporters saw her plucking fluff from his coat during the coronation on 2 June 1953—"I never thought a thing about it, and neither did Margaret", Townsend later said; "After that the storm broke"
The constitutional crisis that the proposed marriage caused was public.
Churchill discussed the marriage at the 1953 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference held with the coronation; the Statute of Westminster 1931 requires Dominion parliaments to also approve any Bill of Renunciation changing the line of succession. The Canadian government stated that altering the line twice in 25 years would harm the monarchy.[71] Churchill informed the Queen that both his cabinet and Dominion prime ministers were against the marriage, and that Parliament would not approve a marriage that would be unrecognised by the Church of England unless Margaret renounced her rights to the throne.[108][106]
Philip was reportedly the most opposed to Townsend in the royal family, while Margaret's mother and sister wanted her to be happy but could not approve of the marriage. Besides Townsend's divorce, two major problems were financial and constitutional. Margaret did not possess her sister's large fortune and would need the £6,000 annual
Elizabeth told the couple to wait until 1955, when Margaret would be 25,
Press coverage
For two years, press speculation continued. In Brussels, Townsend only said that "The word must come from somebody else". He avoided parties and being seen with women. With few duties (the sinecure was abolished after him), Townsend improved his French and horsemanship. He joined a Belgian show jumping club and rode in races around Europe.[71] Margaret was told by the Church that she would be unable to receive communion if she married a divorced man.[111] Three quarters of Sunday Express readers opposed the relationship, and Mass-Observation recorded criticism of the "silly little fool" as a poor example for young women who emulated her.[84] Other newspaper polls showed popular support for Margaret's personal choice, regardless of Church teaching or government.[112] Ninety-seven per cent of Daily Mirror readers supported marriage, and a Daily Express editorial stated that even if the Archbishop of Canterbury was displeased, "she would best please the vast majority of ordinary folk [by finding] happiness for herself".[64][71]
The couple were not restricted on communicating by mail and telephone.[64][71] Margaret worked with friends on charity productions of Lord and Lady Algy and The Frog, and publicly dated men such as Tennant[49] and Wallace.[62] In January 1955, she made the first of many trips to the Caribbean, perhaps to distract, and as a reward for being apart from Townsend. The attaché secretly travelled to Britain; while the palace was aware of one visit, he reportedly made other trips for nights and weekends with the princess at Clarence House—her apartment had its own front door—and friends' homes.[49][64]
That spring Townsend for the first time spoke to the press: "I am sick of being made to hide in my apartment like a thief", but whether he could marry "involves more people than myself". He reportedly believed that his exile from Margaret would soon end,[71] their love was strong, and that the British people would support marrying.[64] Townsend received a bodyguard and police guard around his apartment after the Belgian government received threats on his life,[71] but the British government still said nothing. Stating that people were more interested in the couple than the recent 1955 United Kingdom general election, on 29 May the Daily Express published an editorial demanding that Buckingham Palace confirm or deny the rumours.[113]
The press described Margaret's 25th birthday, 21 August 1955, as the day she was free to marry,
"Nothing much else than Princess Margaret's affairs is being talked of in this country",
Why a betrothal did not occur is unclear. Margaret may have been uncertain of her desire, having written to Prime Minister
Townsend recalled that "we felt mute and numbed at the centre of this maelstrom";
More than 100 journalists waited at Balmoral when Eden arrived to discuss the marriage with Elizabeth and Margaret on 1 October 1955.
Papers released in 2004 to the National Archives disagree. They show that Elizabeth and Eden (who had been divorced and remarried himself) planned to amend the 1772 Act. Margaret would have been able to marry Townsend by removing her and any children from the marriage from the line of succession, and thus the Queen's permission would no longer be necessary. Margaret would be allowed to keep her royal title and her allowance, stay in the country, and even continue with her public duties. Eden described Elizabeth's attitude in a letter on the subject to the Commonwealth prime ministers as "Her Majesty would not wish to stand in the way of her sister's happiness". Eden himself was sympathetic; "Exclusion from the Succession would not entail any other change in Princess Margaret's position as a member of the Royal Family", he wrote.[109]
On 28 October 1955 final draft of the plan, Margaret would announce that she would marry Townsend and leave the line of succession. As prearranged by Eden, the Queen would consult with the British and Commonwealth governments, and then ask them to amend the 1772 Act. Eden would have told Parliament that the Act was "out of harmony with modern conditions". Kilmuir had advised Eden that the 1772 Act was flawed and might not apply to Margaret anyway. Kilmuir estimated that 75% of Britons would approve of allowing the marriage.[109] The August letter to Eden is evidence, Warwick said, that Margaret was aware of the government's intention to preserve her title and allowance.[121]
The decision not to marry was made on the 24th and for the following week, Margaret worked on the wording of her statement, which was released on the 31st.[122] It is unclear what or when she was told about the government proposal, drafted on the 28th. By the early 1980s she was still protesting to biographers that the couple had been given false hope marriage was possible and she would have ended the relationship sooner had she been informed otherwise.[123][124]
The Daily Mirror on 28 October discussed The Times's editorial with the headline "THIS CRUEL PLAN MUST BE EXPOSED". Although Margaret and Townsend had read the editorial the newspaper denounced as from "a dusty world and a forgotten age", they had earlier made their decision and written an announcement.[103][107]
End of relationship
On 31 October 1955, Margaret issued a statement:
I would like it to be known that I have decided not to marry Group Captain Peter Townsend. I have been aware that, subject to my renouncing my rights of succession, it might have been possible for me to contract a civil marriage. But mindful of the Church's teachings that Christian marriage is indissoluble, and conscious of my duty to the Commonwealth, I have resolved to put these considerations before others. I have reached this decision entirely alone, and in doing so I have been strengthened by the unfailing support and devotion of Group Captain Townsend.[125]
"Thoroughly drained, thoroughly demoralized", Margaret later said,[63] she and Townsend wrote the statement together. She refused when Oliver Dawnay, the Queen Mother's private secretary, asked to remove the word "devotion".[71][49] The written statement, signed "Margaret", was the first official confirmation of the relationship. Some Britons were disbelieving or angry while others, including clergy, were proud of Margaret for choosing duty and faith;[119] newspapers were evenly divided on the decision. Mass-Observation recorded indifference or criticism of the couple among men, but great interest among women, whether for or against. Kenneth Tynan, John Minton, Ronald Searle, and others signed an open letter from "the younger generation". Published in the Daily Express on 4 November, the letter said that the end of the relationship had exposed The Establishment and "our national hypocrisy".[114]
Townsend recalled that "We had reached the end of the road, our feelings for one another were unchanged, but they had incurred for us a burden so great that we decided together to lay it down".[63] The Associated Press said that Margaret's statement was almost "a rededication of her life to the duties of royalty, making unlikely any marriage for her in the near future";[119] the princess may have expected to never marry after the long relationship ended, because most of her eligible male friends were no longer bachelors.[126] Barrymaine agreed that Margaret intended the statement to mean that she would never marry, but wrote that Townsend likely did not accept any such vow to him by the princess, and his subsequent departure from Britain for two years was to not interfere with her life.[71] "We both had a feeling of unimaginable relief. We were liberated at last from this monstrous problem", Townsend said.[84]
After resigning from the RAF and travelling around the world for 18 months Townsend returned in March 1958; he and Margaret met several times, but could not avoid the press ("TOGETHER AGAIN") or royal disapproval. Townsend again left Britain to write a book about his trip; Barrymaine concluded in 1958 that "none of the fundamental obstacles to their marriage has been overcome – or shows any prospects of being overcome".[71][49] Townsend said during a 1970 book tour that he and Margaret did not correspond and they had not seen each other since a "friendly" 1958 meeting, "just like I think a lot of people never see their old girl friends".[127] Their love letters are in the Royal Archives and will not be available to the public until 100 years after Margaret's birth, February 2030.[63] These are unlikely to include Margaret's letters. In 1959, she wrote to Townsend in response to him informing her of his remarriage plans, accusing him of betraying their vow not to marry anyone else and requesting her love letters to him be destroyed.[128] He claimed he complied with her wishes, but kept this letter and an envelope of burned shards of the vow she had sent, eventually destroying these also. He was apparently unaware Margaret had already broken the pact by her engagement to Billy Wallace as it wasn't revealed until many years later.[129]
In October 1993, a friend of Margaret revealed she had met Townsend for what turned out to be the last time before his death in 1995. She had not wanted to attend the reunion they'd both been invited to, in 1992, for fear it might be picked up by the press, so she asked to see him privately instead.[130] Margaret said that he looked "exactly the same, except he had grey hair".[63] Guests said he had not really changed, and that they just sat chatting like old friends. They also found him disgruntled and had convinced himself that in agreeing to part, he and Margaret had set a noble example which seemed to have been in vain.[131]
Billy Wallace later said that "The thing with Townsend was a girlish nonsense that got out of hand. It was never the big thing on her part that people claim".[63]
Marriage to Antony Armstrong-Jones
Margaret accepted one of Wallace's many proposals to marry in 1956, but the engagement ended before an official announcement when he admitted to a romance in the Bahamas; "I had my chance and blew it with my big mouth", Wallace said.[63] Margaret did not reveal this publicly until an interview and subsequent biography with Nigel Dempster in 1977.[132]
Margaret met the photographer
In 1961, Margaret's husband was created Earl of Snowdon. The couple had two children (both born by Caesarean section at Margaret's request):[145] David, born 3 November 1961, and Sarah, born 1 May 1964.[102] The marriage widened Margaret's social circle beyond the court and aristocracy to include show business celebrities and bohemians. At the time, it was thought to reflect the breaking down of British class barriers.[146] The Snowdons experimented with the styles and fashions of the 1960s.[147]
Separation and divorce
Both parties in the marriage regularly engaged in extramarital relationships. Lord Snowdon had a series of affairs, including with long-term mistress, Ann Hills, and Lady Jacqueline Rufus-Isaacs, daughter of the
Reportedly, Margaret had her first extramarital affair in 1966, with her daughter's godfather Anthony Barton, a Bordeaux wine producer.
Beyond extramarital relationships, the marriage was accompanied by drugs, alcohol, and bizarre behaviour by both parties, such as Snowdon's leaving lists of "things I hate about you" for Margaret to find between the pages of books she read. According to biographer Sarah Bradford, one note read: "You look like a Jewish manicurist and I hate you".[158]
By the early 1970s, the couple had drifted apart. In September 1973, Colin Tennant introduced Margaret to Roddy Llewellyn. Llewellyn was 17 years her junior. In 1974, she invited him as a guest to Les Jolies Eaux, the holiday home she had built on Mustique.[159] It was the first of several visits. Margaret described their relationship as "a loving friendship".[160] Once, when Llewellyn left on an impulsive trip to Turkey, Margaret became emotionally distraught and took an overdose of sleeping tablets.[161] "I was so exhausted because of everything", she later said, "that all I wanted to do was sleep".[162] As she recovered, her ladies-in-waiting kept Snowdon away from her, afraid that seeing him would distress her further.[163]
In February 1976, a picture of Margaret and Llewellyn in swimsuits on Mustique was published on the front page of a tabloid, the
In 1981, Llewellyn married Tatiana Soskin, whom he had known for 10 years.[173] Margaret remained close friends with them both.[174]
Public life
Among Margaret's first official engagements was launching the ocean liner Edinburgh Castle in Belfast in 1947.[175] Subsequently, Margaret went on multiple tours of various places; in her first major tour she joined her parents and sister for a tour of South Africa in 1947. Her tour aboard Britannia to the British colonies in the Caribbean in 1955 created a sensation throughout the West Indies, and calypsos were dedicated to her.[176] As colonies of the British Commonwealth of Nations sought nationhood, Margaret represented the Crown at independence ceremonies in Jamaica in 1962[177] and Tuvalu and Dominica in 1978. Her visit to Tuvalu was cut short by an illness, which may have been viral pneumonia,[178] and she was flown to Australia to recuperate.[179] Other overseas tours included East Africa and Mauritius in 1956, the United States in 1965, Japan in 1969 and 1979,[180] the United States and Canada in 1974,[181] Australia in 1975,[182] the Philippines in 1980,[183] Swaziland in 1981,[184] and China in 1987.[185]
In August 1979, Margaret's cousin Lord Mountbatten and members of his family were killed by a bomb planted by the Provisional Irish Republican Army.[186] That October, while on a fundraising tour of the United States on behalf of the Royal Opera House, Margaret was seated at a dinner reception in Chicago with columnist Abra Anderson and Mayor Jane Byrne. Margaret told them that the royal family had been moved by the many letters of condolence from Ireland.[187] The following day, Anderson's rival Irv Kupcinet published a claim that Margaret had referred to the Irish as "pigs".[188] Margaret, Anderson, and Byrne all issued immediate denials,[187] but the damage was already done.[189] The rest of the tour drew demonstrations, and Margaret's security was doubled in the face of physical threats.[190]
Charity work
Margaret's main interests were welfare charities, music and ballet.
Illness and death
Margaret's later life was marred by illness and disability.
In January 1993, Margaret was admitted to hospital for pneumonia. She experienced a mild stroke on 23 February 1998 at her holiday home in Mustique.[204] Early the following year, she suffered severe scalds to her feet in a bathroom accident, which affected her mobility in that she required support when walking and sometimes used a wheelchair.[205] She was hospitalized on 10 January 2001, due to loss of appetite and swallowing problems after a further stroke.[206][207] By March 2001, strokes had left her with partial vision and paralysis on the left side.[208] Margaret's last public appearances were at the 101st birthday celebrations of her mother in August 2001, and the 100th birthday celebration of her aunt Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester, that December.[209]
Margaret died in the
Margaret's coffin, draped in her personal
Legacy
Image
We thank thee Lord who by thy spirit doth our faith restore
When we with worldly things commune & prayerless close our door
We lose our precious gift divine to worship and adore
Then thou our Saviour, fill our hearts to love thee evermore
Princess Margaret's epitaph, which she wrote herself, is carved on a memorial stone in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle[225]
Observers often characterized Margaret as a spoiled snob capable of cutting remarks and hauteur.[226] Critics claimed that she even looked down on her grandmother Queen Mary because Mary was born a princess with the lower "Serene Highness" style, whereas Margaret was a "Royal Highness" by birth.[227] Their letters, however, provide no indication of friction between them.[228]
Margaret could also be charming and informal. People who came into contact with her could be perplexed by her swings between frivolity and formality.[229] Marion Crawford wrote in her memoir: "Impulsive and bright remarks she made became headlines and, taken out of their context, began to produce in the public eye an oddly distorted personality that bore little resemblance to the Margaret we knew."[230]
Margaret's acquaintance Gore Vidal, the American writer, wrote: "She was far too intelligent for her station in life". He recalled a conversation with Margaret in which, discussing her public notoriety, she said: "It was inevitable, when there are two sisters and one is the Queen, who must be the source of honour and all that is good, while the other must be the focus of the most creative malice, the evil sister".[231]
As a child, Margaret enjoyed pony shows, but unlike other family members she did not express interest in hunting, shooting, and fishing in adulthood.[196] She became interested in ballet from a very young age and enjoyed participating in amateur plays. She directed one such play, titled The Frogs, with her aristocratic friends as cast members.[196] Actors and film stars were among the regular visitors to her residence at Kensington Palace.[196] In January 1981, she was the castaway in an episode of BBC Radio 4's Desert Island Discs. There she chose Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's Swan Lake as her favourite piece of music.[232] In 1984, she appeared as herself in an episode of the radio drama The Archers, becoming the first member of the royal family to take part in a BBC drama.[233]
Margaret's private life was for many years the subject of intense speculation by media and royalty watchers. Her house on Mustique, designed by her husband's uncle Oliver Messel, a stage designer, was her favourite holiday destination.[234] Allegations of wild parties and drug taking also surfaced in the media.[235]
Margaret was a "devout" Christian her whole life, though "she had desires that often conflicted with her faith".[171] At one point, she considered becoming Catholic.[236]
Following Margaret's death, her lady-in-waiting, Lady Glenconner, said that "[Margaret] was devoted to the Queen and tremendously supportive of her".[237] Margaret was described by her cousin Lady Elizabeth Shakerley as "somebody who had a wonderful capacity for giving a lot of people pleasure and she was making a very, very, very good and loyal friend".[238] Another cousin, Lord Lichfield, said that "[Margaret] was pretty sad towards the end of her life because it was a life unfulfilled".[237]
The Independent wrote in Townsend's 1995 obituary that "The immense display of popular sentiment and interest [in the relationship] can now be seen to have constituted a watershed in the nation's attitude towards divorce".[41] The Archbishop of Canterbury and the Church received much of the popular anger toward the end of the relationship.[114] Randolph Churchill believed that rumours "that Fisher had intervened to prevent the Princess from marrying Townsend has done incalculable harm to the Church of England";[106] a Gallup poll found that 28% agreed, and 59% disagreed, with the Church's refusal to remarry a divorced person while the other spouse was alive.[114] Biographer Warwick suggests that Margaret's most enduring legacy is an accidental one. Perhaps unwittingly, Margaret paved the way for public acceptance of royal divorce. Her life, if not her actions, made the decisions and choices of her sister's children, three of whom divorced, easier than they otherwise would have been.[239]
Eden reportedly told Elizabeth in Balmoral when discussing Margaret and Townsend that, regardless of outcome, the monarchy would be damaged.[71] In 1995, Harold Brooks-Baker was quoted in Townsend's obituary: "In my opinion, this was the turning point to disaster for the royal family. After Princess Margaret was denied marriage, it backfired and more or less ruined Margaret's life. The Queen decided that from then on, anyone someone in her family wanted to marry would be more or less acceptable. The royal family and the public now feel that they've gone too far in the other direction".[120]
Fashion and style
During her lifetime, Margaret was considered a fashion icon.
In April 2007, an exhibition titled Princess Line – The Fashion Legacy of Princess Margaret opened at Kensington Palace, showcasing contemporary fashion from British designers such as Vivienne Westwood inspired by Margaret's legacy of style. Christopher Bailey's Spring 2006 collection for Burberry was inspired by Margaret's look from the 1960s.[249]
Finances
In her lifetime, Margaret's fortune was estimated to be around £20 million, with most of it being inherited from her father.
In popular culture
Actresses who have portrayed Margaret include Lucy Cohu (The Queen's Sister, 2005), Katie McGrath (The Queen, 2009),[257] Ramona Marquez (The King's Speech, 2010), Bel Powley (A Royal Night Out, 2015), Olivia Benjamin (Father Brown, 2023), and Vanessa Kirby, Helena Bonham Carter, and Lesley Manville, who all played different stages of Margaret's life during The Crown, 2016–2023.[258][259] The young Princess Margaret was played by Beau Gadsdon.[260] The 2008 heist film, The Bank Job, revolves around alleged photos of Margaret.[261] A character, "Pantomime Princess Margaret", made regular appearances in the BBC's 1970s comedy show Monty Python's Flying Circus.[262]
Titles, styles, honours and arms
Titles and styles
- 21 August 1930 – 11 December 1936: Her Royal Highness Princess Margaret of York[264]
- 11 December 1936 – 6 October 1961: Her Royal Highness The Princess Margaret[265]
- 6 October 1961 – 9 February 2002: Her Royal Highness The Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon
Honours
- Companion of the Order of the Crown of India, CI 12 June 1947[266]
- Dame of Justice of the Order of St John of Jerusalem, DJStJ 23 June 1948[267]
- Dame Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order, GCVO 1 June 1953[268]
- Dame Grand Cross of the Order of St John of Jerusalem, GCStJ 20 June 1956[269]
- Royal Victorian Chain, 21 August 1990[270]
- Royal Family Order of George V[271]
- Royal Family Order of George VI[272]
- Royal Family Order of Elizabeth II[271]
Foreign honours
- Netherlands: Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion, 1948[273]
- Zanzibar: Order of the Brilliant Star of Zanzibar, First Class, 1956[273]
- Belgium: Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown, 1960[273]
- Uganda: Order of the Crown, Lion, and Spear of Toro Kingdom, 1965[273]
- Japan: Order of the Precious Crown, First Class, 5 October 1971[273]
Honorary military appointments
- Colonel-in-Chief of the Women's Royal Australian Army Corps[274]
- Bermuda Regiment[275]
- Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal Highland Fusiliers of Canada
- Colonel-in-Chief of the Princess Louise Fusiliers
- Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal Newfoundland Regiment
- Colonel-in-Chief of the Northland Regiment[276]
- Colonel-in-Chief of the 15th/19th The King's Royal Hussars[277]
- Colonel-in-Chief of the Light Dragoons[278]
- Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal Highland Fusiliers (Princess Margaret's Own Glasgow and Ayrshire Regiment)
- Colonel-in-Chief of the Queen Alexandra's Royal Army Nursing Corps[279]
- 1st East Anglian Regiment (Royal Norfolk and Suffolk)[280]
- Deputy Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal Anglian Regiment[281]
- Royal Air Force Coningsby[282]
Awards
Arms
|
Issue
Name | Birth | Marriage | Issue | |
---|---|---|---|---|
David Armstrong-Jones, 2nd Earl of Snowdon | 3 November 1961 | 8 October 1993 Separated 2020 |
Serena Stanhope |
Charles Armstrong-Jones, Viscount Linley Lady Margarita Armstrong-Jones |
Lady Sarah Armstrong-Jones |
1 May 1964 | 14 July 1994 | Daniel Chatto | Samuel Chatto Arthur Chatto |
Ancestry
Ancestors of Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon Caroline Louisa Burnaby | |||||||||||||
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References
- ^ In 2002, the Church of England changed its policy on marriages of divorced persons. Under certain circumstances, it now permits a person with a former spouse still living to remarry in church.[1][2]
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Princess Margaret, who is pretending to be ill with gastric flu – and perhaps half is – has announced her intention of marrying Peter Townsend!
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- ^ Heald, p. 112: "looked strikingly like Princess Margaret"; Warwick, p. 223: "more than a passing resemblance to the Princess"
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- ^ Bradford, Sarah (1996). Elizabeth: A Biography of Britain's Queen. London.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Heald, p. 194; Warwick, p. 255
- ^ Margaret, quoted in Warwick, p. 256
- ^ Heald, p. 198; Warwick, p. 257
- ^ Quoted in Warwick, p. 257
- ^ Warwick, p. 257
- ^ Warwick, p. 258
- ^ Heald, p. 197; Warwick, p. 258
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- ^ Dennis Canavan quoted in Warwick, p. 260
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- ^ Pimlott, Ben (1996). "The Princess and the Press: The Fate of Margaret". PBS. Retrieved 16 March 2018.
- ^ Aronson, p. 268
- ^ a b Nolasco, Stephanie (29 June 2021). "Princess Margaret 'was a deeply Christian woman' who 'desperately' wanted her doomed marriage to work: author". Fox News. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
- ^ Warwick, p. 263
- ^ Warwick, p. 274
- ^ Heald, p. 308; Warwick, p. 256
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- ^ Payne, p. 17
- ^ Heald, pp. 149–150
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- ^ "1979: IRA bomb kills Lord Mountbatten", BBC On This Day, 27 August 1979
- ^ a b Warwick, p. 267
- ^ Heald, p. 217; Warwick, p. 267
- ^ Apple, R.W. Jr. (1981). "British, Uneasy Over Irish, Cancel Visit To U.S. By Princess Margaret". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 March 2018.
- ^ Warwick, pp. 267–268
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- ^ Heald, pp. 32–33
- ^ Famous Grousewhisky at home and gin in hot climates.
- ^ Bates, Stephen (29 March 2001). "Princess Margaret resting after stroke". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 March 2021.
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- ^ Warwick, p. 306
- ^ Davies, Caroline (16 February 2002). "Bell tolls for Margaret's final journey". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
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- ^ Heald, p. 294
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- ^ See, for example, Roy Strong quoted in Heald, p. 191
- ^ Gonzales, Erica (7 December 2019). "The Truth About Princess Margaret's Overdose Scene in The Crown". Harper's Bazaar. Retrieved 2 December 2020.
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- ^ a b "Princess Margaret: Tributes at a glance". BBC. 9 February 2002. Retrieved 28 May 2018.
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- ^ Warwick, pp. 308–309
- ^ a b Algoo, Jennifer (8 November 2019). "Princess Margaret's Greatest Fashion Moments Through the Years". Harper's Bazaar. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
- ^ Newis Smith, Josh (12 September 2014). "Princess Margaret: We Take A Look At The Forgotten Royal Style Icon's Wardrobe". Grazia Daily. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
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- ^ Hills, Megan C. (February 2019). "The Christian Dior exhibition in London: The story behind Princess Margaret's iconic gown and more". The Standard. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
- ^ Frost, Karie (30 January 2019). "Princess Margaret's iconic 21st birthday gown goes on display at the V&A's Dior exhibition". Harper's Bazaar.
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- ^ Heald, pp. 296–297
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- ^ Heald, pp. 297–301
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- ^ a b Heald, p. 301
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- ^ Dominick, Nora (18 December 2023). ""The Crown" Featured The Best Casting For A Young Claire Foy And Vanessa Kirby For The Final Season". BuzzFeed. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
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King George V and Queen Mary stand before the altar rails of St Paul's Cathedral; members of the Royal Family, including the Duke and Duchess of York, later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth, and the Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret of York are standing behind.
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Bibliography
- ISBN 1-85479-682-8
- Botham, Noel (2002), Margaret: The Last Real Princess, London: Blake Publishing Ltd, ISBN 1-903402-64-6
- doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/76713. Retrieved 7 December 2008. (Subscription or UK public library membershiprequired.)
- Crawford, Marion (1950), The Little Princesses, London: Cassell and Co
- ISBN 978-0-297-84820-2
- Warwick, Christopher (2002), Princess Margaret: A Life of Contrasts, London: Carlton Publishing Group, ISBN 0-233-05106-6
External links
- Profile on the official site of the British Monarchy
- HRH Princess Margaret 1930–2002 at BBC News
- Death of Princess Margaret
- British Columbia Archives: video of Princess Margaret at a reception, HMS Hood Discovery, 1958[3]
- Newspaper clippings about Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW
- Portraits of Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon at the National Portrait Gallery, London