Marie of Romania
Marie | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Queen consort of Romania | |||||
Tenure | 10 October 1914 – 20 July 1927 | ||||
Coronation | 15 October 1922 | ||||
Born | Princess Marie of Edinburgh 29 October 1875 Eastwell Park, Kent, England | ||||
Died | 18 July 1938 Pelișor Castle, Sinaia, Romania | (aged 62)||||
Burial | 24 July 1938[1] | ||||
Spouse | |||||
Issue |
| ||||
| |||||
House | Saxe-Coburg and Gotha | ||||
Father | Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha | ||||
Mother | Maria Alexandrovna of Russia | ||||
Signature |
Marie (born Princess Marie Alexandra Victoria of Edinburgh; 29 October 1875 – 18 July 1938)
Marie was born into the
After the outbreak of
As queen, Marie was very popular, both in Romania and abroad. In 1926, she undertook a diplomatic tour of the United States, alongside her children
Following Romania's
Early life (1875–1893)
Birth
Marie was the eldest daughter and second child of
Marie's baptism took place in the private chapel of
Upbringing
Marie and her siblings,
The Duchess of Edinburgh was a supporter of the idea of separating generations and Marie deeply regretted the fact that her mother never allowed chatting between the two "as if [they] were equals".
In 1886, when Marie was eleven years old, the Duke of Edinburgh was named commander-in-chief of the Mediterranean Fleet and the family took up residence at San Antonio Palace in Malta.[21] Marie would remember her time in Malta as "the happiest memory of my existence".[22] It was in Malta that Marie found her first love, Maurice Bourke, the captain of the Duke's ship, whom Marie called "Captain Dear". Marie was prone to fits of jealousy when Bourke would pay more attention to one of her sisters than to her.[23] The Duke and Duchess were greatly loved in Malta and San Antonio Palace was frequently full of guests.[24] Marie and Victoria Melita received white horses from their mother and went to the local hippodrome nearly daily, apart from Saturday.[25] During their first year in Malta, a French governess oversaw the princesses' education, but, due to her failing health, she was replaced the following year by a much younger German woman.[26] At San Antonio, the Duke and Duchess of Edinburgh always maintained a room ready for Prince George of Wales, the second son of the Prince of Wales, who was in the Royal Navy. George called the three elder Edinburgh girls "the three dearests", but favoured Marie the most.[27]
Meanwhile, the Duke of Edinburgh became heir presumptive to his childless paternal uncle,
Marriage
Marie grew into a "lovely young woman" with "sparkling blue eyes and silky fair hair"; she was courted by several royal bachelors, including Prince George of Wales, who in 1892 became second in line to inherit the throne.[36] Queen Victoria, the Prince of Wales and the Duke of Edinburgh all approved, but the Princess of Wales and the Duchess of Edinburgh did not. The Princess of Wales disliked the family's pro-German sentiment and the Duchess of Edinburgh did not wish for her daughter to remain in England, which she disliked. She also disliked the fact that the Princess of Wales, whose father had been a minor German prince before being called to the Danish throne, was higher than her in the order of precedence.[37] The Duchess of Edinburgh was also against the idea of a marriage between first cousins, which was not allowed by her native Russian Orthodox Church.[38] Thus, when George proposed to her, Marie informed him that the marriage was impossible and that he must remain her "beloved chum". Queen Victoria would later comment that "Georgie lost Missy by waiting & waiting".[39]
Around this time, King
On 10 January 1893, Marie and Ferdinand were married at
Issue
Name | Birth | Death | Spouse and children |
---|---|---|---|
King Carol II of Romania | 1893 |
15 October1953 |
4 AprilMarried 1918, King Michael of Romania) (died 1977) no issue
Married 1947, Elena "Magda" Lupescu |
Queen Elisabeth of Greece | 1894 |
12 October 1956 |
15 November Married 1921, King George II of Greece (1890–1947) no issue |
Queen Maria of Yugoslavia | 1900 |
6 January 1961 |
22 June Married 1922, King Alexander I of Yugoslavia (1888–1934); 3 sons (including King Peter II of Yugoslavia) |
Prince Nicholas[48] | 1903 |
18 August 1978 |
9 June Married 1931, Ioana Doletti (1902/9–1963) no issue; Married 1967, Thereza Lisboa Figueira de Mello (1913–1997) no issue |
Princess Ileana | 1909 |
5 January 1991 |
21 January Married 1931, Archduke Anton of Austria-Tuscany (1901–1987); 2 sons, 4 daughters Married 1953, Dr. Stefan Issarescu (1906–2002) no issue |
Prince Mircea | 1913 |
3 January 1916 |
2 November None |
Crown Princess (1893–1914)
Domestic life
The first years of Marie and Ferdinand's marriage were not particularly easy, and Marie would later tell her husband that "it is such a shame that we had to waste so many years of our youth just to learn how to live together!"[50] Gradually, the couple's relationship became based on a cordial friendship: Marie accorded Ferdinand respect she believed he was due as a man and, later, as king, and he respected her because he realised that she had a better understanding of the world than he did.[51] Eventually, Marie came to believe that she and Ferdinand were "the best associates, the most loyal companions, but our lives intertwine only in certain matters".[52] Ferdinand enjoyed Marie's presence during military marches and consequently, she was frequently invited to this sort of event.[53]
Marie gave birth to her first child, Prince Carol, only nine months after the marriage, on 15 October 1893. Although Marie requested the use of chloroform in order to ease the pains of labour, doctors were reluctant to do so, believing that "women must pay in agony for the sins of Eve". After Marie's mother and Queen Victoria insisted, King Carol eventually allowed the use of the drug on his niece-in-law.[54] Marie did not derive much joy from the arrival of her firstborn, later writing that she "felt like turning [her] head to the wall".[55] Similarly, although Marie was constantly reminded by Carol's wife Elisabeth that childbirth is "the most glorious moment in [Marie's] life", she could only feel a longing for her mother at the birth of her second child, Princess Elisabeth, in 1894.[56] After becoming accustomed to life in Romania, Marie began to rejoice at the births of her children,[57] namely Princess Maria (1900–61), nicknamed "Mignon" in the family, Prince Nicholas (1903–78), nicknamed "Nicky",[58] Princess Ileana (1909–91) and Prince Mircea (1913–16).
King Carol and Queen Elisabeth promptly removed Prince Carol and Princess Elisabeth from Marie's care, considering it inappropriate for them to be raised by their young parents.[59] Marie loved her children, but found it difficult to even scold them at times, thus failing to properly supervise them.[60] Consequently, the royal children were given somewhat of an education, but were never sent to school. As the royal household could not provide what a classroom education would have, most of the children's personalities became severely flawed as they grew older.[61] Prime Minister Ion G. Duca would later write that "it was like [King Carol] wished to leave for Romania heirs completely unprepared for succeeding."[62]
Life at court
From the start, Marie had trouble adjusting to life in Romania. Her personality and "high spirits" frequently created controversies at the Romanian court, and she disliked the austere atmosphere of her household.
Marie and Ferdinand were advised by King Carol to maintain a restricted group of friends; thus, Marie would lament that her familial circle had been shrunk to only the King and Ferdinand, "who stood in mighty awe of the iron old man, forever trembling that any action of [hers] might displease that duty-bound head of the family".[64] The Times Literary Supplement wrote that Marie had found herself, "from the hour of her arrival in Bucharest under the tutelage of that stern disciplinarian King Carol I".[67]
In 1896, Ferdinand and Marie moved to Cotroceni Palace, which had been extended by the Romanian architect Grigore Cerchez, and to which Marie added her own designs.[68] The following year, Ferdinand was struck down with typhoid fever. For days, he was delirious and, despite his doctor's best efforts, came close to dying.[69] During this time, Marie exchanged numerous letters with her family in Britain[70] and was terrified at the prospect of losing her husband. King Carol still had an heir in Prince Carol, whose young age presented issues; thus, the whole family desperately wished for Ferdinand to pull through. Eventually, he did, and he and Marie went to Sinaia, the site of Peleș Castle, for a period of recovery. Nonetheless, the couple was not able to attend celebrations for Queen Victoria's diamond jubilee that summer. During Ferdinand's convalescence, Marie spent most of her time with her two children, taking them on long walks and picking flowers with them.[71] The winter of 1897/1898 was spent with the Russian Imperial family on the French Riviera, where Marie often rode horses, in spite of the low temperatures.[72]
Around this time, Marie met Lieutenant
On 29 June 1913, the
On 28 June 1914, at
Queen of Romania (1914–1927)
World War I
On 11 October 1914, Marie and Ferdinand were acclaimed as king and queen in the Chamber of Deputies.[87] Princess Anne Marie Callimachi, a close friend of Marie's, wrote that "as Crown Princess, [Marie] had been popular; as queen, she was more loved".[88] Marie maintained a certain influence on her husband and the entire court, leading historian A. L. Easterman to write that "it was not [Ferdinand], but Marie who ruled in Romania".[89] At the time of Ferdinand's accession, the government was led by the liberal prime minister Ion I. C. Brătianu. Ferdinand and Marie jointly decided to not make many changes in court and let people accept the transition from one regime to another, rather than force them. Thus, many of Carol and Elisabeth's servants were kept in place, even the ones who were not particularly liked.[90] With Brătianu's help, Marie began pressuring Ferdinand into entering the war; concurrently, she contacted various reigning relatives in Europe and bargained for the best terms for Romania, in case the country would enter the war.[21] Marie favoured an alliance with the Triple Entente (Russia, France and Britain), partly because of her British ancestry. Neutrality was not without perils, and entering the war with the Entente meant that Romania would act as Russia's "buffer" against possible attacks.[91]
Eventually, Marie demanded of Ferdinand in no uncertain terms that he enter the war, leading the French minister to Romania, Auguste Félix de Beaupoil, Count of Saint-Aulaire, to remark that Marie was twice an ally to the French: once by birth and once by heart.[92] Ferdinand gave in to Marie's pleas, and he signed a treaty with the Entente on 17 August 1916. On 27 August, Romania formally declared war on Austria-Hungary.[93] Saint-Aulaire wrote that Marie "embraced war as another might embrace religion".[94] After informing their children that their country had entered the war, Ferdinand and Marie dismissed their German servants, who could only remain in their employ as "war prisoners" of sorts.[95] Early on during the war, Marie was involved in aiding the Romanian Red Cross and visited hospitals daily.[96] During the first month of hostilities, Romania fought no less than nine battles; some, such as the Battle of Turtucaia, took place on its own soil.[97]
On 2 November 1916, Marie's youngest son, Prince Mircea, who had been sick with typhoid fever, died at Buftea. Marie was distraught and wrote in her journal: "Can anything ever be the same?"[98] After Bucharest fell to Austrian troops, the royal court was transferred to Iași, capital of the Moldavia region, in December 1916.[21] There, she continued to act as a nurse in military hospitals. Daily, Marie would dress as a nurse and go to the train station, where she would receive more injured soldiers; then she would transport them to hospital.[99]
After the conclusion of the
In the tenth century, the Principality of Hungary had begun conquering Transylvania, which Hungarians had fully occupied by around 1200.[104] The idea of a "Greater Romania" had existed in the minds of Romanians in Transylvania for some time[105] and Brătianu had actively supported the concept before the war.[106] In 1918, both Bessarabia and Bukovina voted for union with Romania. An assembly took place in the ancient city of Alba Iulia on 1 December 1918, where Vasile Goldiș read the resolution for the union of Transylvania with the Old Kingdom. This document, supported by Romanian as well as Saxon deputies,[107] established a High National Romanian Council (Romanian: Marele Sfat Național Român) for the province's temporary administration.[108] Marie wrote, "the dream of România Mare seems to be becoming a reality ... it is all so incredible that I hardly dare believe it."[109] After the assembly, Ferdinand and Marie returned to Bucharest, where they were met by general mirth: "a day of 'wild, delirious enthusiasm', with the bands crashing and the troops marching and the people cheering".[109] Allied troops took part in the celebration and Marie was elated to see the Entente on Romanian soil for the first time.[110] Around this time, Marie became infected with the Spanish flu, with symptoms peaking a week after Alba Iulia; her diary describes "a changed being, miserable and weak, brought to the brink of despair by so much headache and terrible sickness that sapped me of my strength".[111]
Paris Peace Conference
She is magnificent and we have, against all protocol, shouted our admiration. The day remained grey, but Queen Marie carried her light within her.
— The French writer Colette in Le Matin newspaper, 6 March 1919 [112]
Because Ferdinand had refused to sign the Treaty of Bucharest and because Romania had been hostile towards the Central Powers until the end of the war, its place among the winning countries during the
Marie arrived in Paris on 6 March 1919.[112] She was immediately popular with the French people, due to her boldness during the War.[115] Upon meeting Marie, Clemenceau abruptly told her, "I don't like your Prime Minister", to which she replied, "Perhaps then you'll find me more agreeable."[116] He did, and president Raymond Poincaré noticed a change in Clemenceau's attitude towards Romania after Marie's arrival. After staying in Paris for a week, Marie accepted King George V and Queen Mary's invitation and crossed the English Channel, lodging at Buckingham Palace. Hoping to acquire as much goodwill for Romania as possible, Marie became acquainted with many important political figures of the time, including Lord Curzon, Winston Churchill and Waldorf and Nancy Astor. She also frequently visited her son Nicky, who was then in school at Eton College.[117] Marie was elated to have returned to England after so much time, writing that "it was a tremendous emotion to arrive in London, and to be greeted at the station by George and May."[118]
After the end of her visit in England, Marie returned to Paris, where the people were just as excited for her arrival as they had been a few weeks before. Crowds gathered around her frequently, waiting to see the "exotic" Queen of Romania. American President Woodrow Wilson remained unimpressed by Marie, and her comments on Russian laws dealing with sexual relations, which were considered inappropriate, did not help.[117] Marie shocked many officials by waving all her ministers aside and leading negotiations herself. On this, she would later comment, "Never mind, you'll all just have to get used to accepting me with the faults of my virtues."[119] Marie left Paris with numerous supplies for Romania's relief and later that year, the conference resulted in the international recognition of Greater Romania, thus doubling Ferdinand and Marie's kingdom to 295,000 square kilometres (114,000 sq mi) and increasing the population by ten million.[117] This led Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna of Russia, who briefly lived in Bucharest, to conclude that "by her charm, beauty, and ready wit, [Marie] could obtain anything she desired".[120]
Dynastic efforts
In 1920, Marie's eldest daughter, Princess Elisabeth, was engaged to Prince George of Greece, the eldest son of the deposed King Constantine I of Greece and Marie's cousin Sophia. After inviting George and his two sisters, the Princesses Helen and Irene, to lodge with them at Sinaia, Marie organised numerous activities for the young couple and was delighted at the prospect of marrying off her daughter, whose character was severely flawed. In October, reports of King Alexander's death came from Greece; the Greek princesses had to return to their parents as soon as possible. The following day, news arrived that Marie's mother had died in her sleep in Zürich.[121] Marie made arrangements for her departure to Switzerland, where she would take Helen and Irene to their parents and arrange her mother's funeral. Meanwhile, George and Elisabeth would remain at Sinaia.[122]
Soon enough, Crown Prince Carol proposed to Princess Helen and they were married the following year. Marie was delighted, as she had frowned upon Carol's relationship with
In 1924, Ferdinand and Marie undertook a diplomatic tour of France, Switzerland, Belgium and the United Kingdom. In England, she was warmly welcomed by George V, who declared that "apart from the common aims, which we pursue, there are other and dear ties between us. Her Majesty the Queen, my dear cousin, is British born."[126] Similarly, Marie wrote that the day of her arrival in England was "a great day for me, one of emotions, sweet, happy and the same time glorious emotions to come back as Queen to my own country, to be received officially, in all honour and enthusiastically into the bargain – to feel your heart swell with pride and satisfaction, to feel your heart beat and tears start into your eyes, while something gave you a lump into your throat!"[126] These state visits were a symbolic recognition of the prestige Romania had gained after World War I. Whilst visiting Geneva, Marie and Ferdinand became the first royals to enter the newly established headquarters of the League of Nations.[126]
Coronation
The location for Marie and Ferdinand's coronation was Alba Iulia, which had been an important fortress in the Middle Ages and where Michael the Brave had been declared Voivode of Transylvania in 1599, thus bringing Wallachia and Transylvania under his personal union.[127] An Orthodox cathedral was built as the Coronation Cathedral in 1921–1922.[128] An elaborate set of jewellery and clothing was made especially for the coronation. Marie's crown was designed by painter Costin Petrescu and it was made in the Art Nouveau style by Falize, a Parisian jewelry house. The crown was inspired by that of Milica Despina, the wife of 16th-century Wallachian ruler Neagoe Basarab, and it was made entirely out of Transylvanian gold. The crown had two pendants on the sides; one contained an image of the royal arms of Romania and the other, the arms of the Duke of Edinburgh, which Marie had used as her own arms prior to her marriage. The crown, which cost around 65,000 francs, was paid for by the state, via a special law.[129]
Among the guests at the royal couple's coronation were Marie's sister "Baby Bee", the
Visit to America
The Maryhill Museum of Art in Maryhill, Washington, was initially designed as a mansion for wealthy businessman Samuel Hill. However, at Loie Fuller's behest, the building was turned into a museum instead. Hill wished it to be dedicated in 1926, and he conceived it as a monument to peace, to his wife Mary, and to Queen Marie herself. Marie agreed to come to America and witness the dedication, especially as Fuller was an old friend of hers. Fuller quickly put together a committee that supported Marie's "tour" of America and arrangements were made for her departure.[132] Marie viewed the tour as an opportunity to "see the country, meet the people and put Romania on the map".[133] She travelled by ship across the Atlantic Ocean and disembarked in New York, on 18 October 1926, accompanied by Prince Nicholas and Princess Ileana.
Oh, life is a glorious cycle of song, |
Dorothy Parker, 1927[134] |
Upon her arrival, Marie was welcomed enthusiastically with the "whistle of steamers, roar of guns in white smoke puffs against gray fog, voices cheering in a stinging rain". She was formally greeted by
During their time in America, Marie, Nicholas and Ileana undertook tours of several cities, including Philadelphia. They were very popular, and were greeted with equal enthusiasm in each city they visited, so much so that "[Nicholas and Ileana] seemed fairly dazed by their tremendous ovation".[137] At the White House, the official dinner was marked by awkward moments, due to the morose attitude of President Calvin Coolidge and his wife Grace; Marie lingered less than two hours.[138] Before leaving the United States, Marie was presented with a bullet-proof armored town car by Willys-Knight, which she joyfully accepted. On 24 November, Marie and her children were seen off by a delegation from Washington, D.C., as they prepared to leave by ship from New York Harbor. Morris wrote that "our last view was of Her Majesty, her children on either side, waving back with that tear-and-smile of those who pass from happy scenes."[139] Morris accompanied the queen throughout her journey and offered a very detailed account of Marie's time in America in her book, published in 1927.
Marie was delighted with the visit, and wished to return to America as soon as possible. She wrote in her diaries:[140]
"both my children and I have but one dream: to return! To return to that stupendous New World, which makes you almost guiddy [sic] because of its immencity, [sic] its noise, its striving, its fearful impetuous [sic] to get on, to do always more, always bigger, quicker, more astonishingly a restless, flaring great world, where I think everything can be realised ... I know, as long as I live, breathe and think, the love for America will beautify my life and thoughts ... Perhaps Fate will allow me one day to go back to America."
Widowhood (1927–1938)
1927–1930
Prince Carol sparked
Michael automatically succeeded as king upon Ferdinand's death and the regency council took charge of his role as monarch. In May 1928, Carol, who had found his life abroad with Magda Lupescu unsatisfactory,[140] attempted to return to Romania with the help of the 1st Viscount Rothermere. He was prevented from doing so by English authorities, who then proceeded to expel him from England. Infuriated, Marie sent an official apology to George V on behalf of her son, who had already begun plotting a coup d'état.[143] Carol succeeded in divorcing Princess Helen on 21 June 1928, on grounds of incompatibility.[144]
Marie's popularity was severely affected during Michael's reign and, after refusing to be part of the regency council in 1929, she was accused by the press, and even by Princess Helen, of plotting a coup.[145] During this time, there were numerous rumours as to Princess Ileana's marriage. After talk of Ileana marrying the Tsar of Bulgaria or the Prince of Asturias,[146] she was eventually betrothed to Alexander, Count of Hochberg, a minor German prince, in early 1930.[147] This betrothal was, however, short-lived and Marie never managed to conclude a political marriage for her youngest daughter, instead marrying her to Archduke Anton of Austria–Tuscany in 1931.[146]
Carol II's reign
On 6 June 1930, Carol arrived in Bucharest and made his way into Parliament, where the Act of Succession 1927 was duly declared null. Thus, Carol usurped the throne from his son, becoming King Carol II. Upon hearing of Carol's return, Marie, who was abroad, was relieved. She had been growing anxious with the direction in which the country was heading and viewed Carol's return as the return of the Prodigal Son. However, as soon as she arrived in Bucharest, she became aware that things would not go well. Carol refused to accept his mother's advice to take Helen back[145] and never sought Marie's counsel during his reign, thus making the already existing breach between mother and son complete.[148]
Desolate and almost stripped of her belief, Marie turned to the religious teachings of the Baháʼí Faith, which she found "vastly appealing". She was particularly attracted by the idea of humanity's unification under one faith, given her own religiously divided family.[149] Introduced to the doctrine by Martha Root,[150] Marie carried on a correspondence with Shoghi Effendi, then head of the Faith, where she expressed herself as a follower of the Baháʼí teachings. Additionally, she made several public statements promoting the teachings of Baháʼu'lláh, describing him as a prophet similar to Jesus or Muhammad. This written correspondence has led Baháʼís to regard her as the first royal convert to their religion.[151][152][153] Biographer Hannah Pakula notes that Marie "continued to attend the Protestant Church", even though she "prayed 'better at home with my Baha-u-llah books and teachings.'"[149] In 1976, William McElwee Miller published a polemical book against the religion,[154] which included selections from a letter written in 1970 by Marie's daughter Ileana denying any such conversion had taken place.[155]
In 1931, Prince Nicholas eloped with Ioana Doletti, a divorced woman. Marie strongly disapproved of her son's actions and felt hurt by Doletti's repeated attempts to keep Nicholas from communicating with his mother. Although she blamed the women in her sons' lives for a while, she also came to blame herself, for failing to educate them properly. However, she stubbornly and continually refused to meet Magda Lupescu, even after Carol's pleas. Until her last years, Marie seldom even mentioned Lupescu's name.[156]
With Carol's mistress hated throughout the country, it was only a matter of time before opposition to the King emerged. This opposition most prominently came under the form of the Iron Guard, a group supported by Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler. After Carol turned to Ion Duca for help, the Iron Guard assassinated Duca in December 1933.[156] After Duca's death, Carol's popularity plummeted and there were rumours that an attempt would be made on his life at the annual independence parade. In order to avoid this, he instead had Marie attend the parade, in what would be her final public appearance.[157]
After the parade, Carol set out to destroy his mother's popularity among Romanians and tried to push her out of the country. Marie, however, did not comply, instead retreating to either of two locales.[158] The first was Bran Castle. Located near Brașov in southern Transylvania and given to her as a gift in 1920 by grateful local officials, she had it restored over the next seven years.[159] The other was Balchik, where she had built a palace and a small chapel called Stella Maris and tended to her garden. She also visited Ileana and her children in Austria. Ileana rarely received permission from Carol to visit Romania; this irritated Marie greatly. She also spent some time in Belgrade with her daughter "Mignon" and her son-in-law, King Alexander. In 1934, Marie visited England once again.[158]
Illness and death
During the summer of 1937, Marie fell ill.
Marie died on 18 July 1938, at 5:38 p.m., eight minutes after lapsing into a coma.
Marie was the last queen consort of Romania, as Princess Helen was accorded only the title of Queen Mother between 1940 and 1947. She was one of Queen Victoria's five crowned granddaughters and one of three to retain their positions as consort after the conclusion of World War I, alongside the Queen of Norway and the Queen of Spain.
Legacy
Author
According to one of her biographers, Diana Mandache, Marie published 34 books and short stories during her lifetime.[166] Encouraged to write by her aunt Queen Elisabeth, she found a source of inspiration in the memoirs of King Carol I.[167] Her first book, The Lily of Life, appeared at Bucharest in 1912. Written in the English she would always use, but soon translated into Romanian, it is a fairy tale with symbolic characters.[168] My Country, published in London in 1916 and in Paris the following year, combined a variety of genres in an effort to raise Allied support for Romania. Nicolae Iorga wrote and published a Romanian translation in 1917,[169] and an expanded version appeared in 1925.[170]
Her critically acclaimed autobiography, The Story of My Life, published by Cassell in London, in three volumes,[171] came out in 1934-1935.[170] The book was reviewed by Virginia Woolf, who felt it was too familiarizing of the royal family. She stated that "suppose that among the autumn books of 2034 is Prometheus Unbound, by George the Sixth, or Wuthering Heights, by Elizabeth the Second, what will be the effect upon their loyal subjects? Will the British Empire survive? Will Buckingham Palace look as solid then as it does now? Words are dangerous things, let us remember. A republic might be brought into being by a poem."[171] At the same time, she appreciated its depiction of a “royal animal” escaping its gilded cage.[170] Critic Octav Șuluțiu emphasized the work’s value as a historical document and its psychological insight.[172]
Marie wrote a few diary pages in 1914 upon the death of Carol I, but started keeping a daily diary in August 1916, on the day Romania entered World War I. She wrote new entries almost every day during the war and after, with some pauses in her later years. [169] The first volume was published in 1996.[173] Ten additional books of entries appeared between 2006 and 2014; Marie’s war diary, edited by Lucian Boia, was published in 2014; and the entries from her final years were released to the public in 2018.[174]
Public figure
Even before becoming queen, Marie had succeeded in establishing her public image as that of "one of the best-looking and richest princesses in Europe".[175] She was known primarily for her talent in horse-riding, writing, painting, sculpting and dancing, as well as for her beauty.[176] Her popularity was dimmed by two slanderous campaigns: that conducted by the Central Powers during World War I;[177] and that led by Communist officials after Romania's transition to a Socialist Republic in 1947.
During Romania's 42 years under Communist rule, Marie was alternately depicted as either an "agent of English capitalism" or as a devoted patriot who believed that her destiny was intertwined with that of Romania. In the 1949 Adevărata istorie a unei monarhii ("The True History of a Monarchy"), author Alexandru Gârneață refers to orgies that supposedly were held by Marie at Cotroceni and Balchik and claims that her cirrhosis was caused by her heavy drinking, even offering examples of instances when a drunken Marie needed to be carried off a yacht by her fellow drinkers. Marie's supposed extramarital affairs were brought forward as evidence of promiscuity, which contravened Communist values.
In Romania, Marie is known by the nickname Mama Răniților ("Mother of the Wounded"),[180] or simply as "Regina Maria", while in other countries she is remembered as the "Soldier Queen" and "Mamma Regina".[181][182] Marie is also nicknamed "the mother-in-law of the Balkans", due to her children's marriages into the region's ruling houses. By the time of her death, Marie's children had ruled in three Balkan countries,[124][183] although her descendants no longer occupy any European throne. Marie was called "one of the greatest figures in Romanian history" by Constantin Argetoianu,[184] and in her honour, Romania established the Order of the Cross of Queen Marie in 1917.[185]
Oscar Han executed a bronze bust of Marie. Unveiled in the center of Balchik in 1933, it was evacuated to Constanța during the Romanian withdrawal of 1940. It then spent most of the next eight decades in storage, at times being threatened with melting under the Communist regime and receiving a bullet hole in the back of the head. The restored bust was placed in front of the Constanța art museum in 2020.[186] A statue of Queen Marie was unveiled in Ashford, Kent, in December 2018, to mark her birth and childhood at the nearby Eastwell Park.[187] Soon afterwards, a fictionalised account of her role in the Paris Peace Conference was given in a feature film, Queen Marie,[188] while American author Laurie R. King depicted the queen at Bran in the mystery novel Castle Shade.[189]
Personal effects and jewels
Prior to 2009, many of Marie's personal belongings were on display at Bran Castle, her residence in her later years, which functions as a museum.
The Maryhill Museum of Art holds a permanent exhibition titled "Marie, Queen of Romania". This display includes the queen's coronation gown, a copy of the crown, silverware, gilt furniture, and jewelry, among other items.[193][194]
The Queen Marie of Romania Sapphire is named from its association with Marie. Originally set in a necklace by Cartier in 1913, the drop jewel weighs 478 carats. It was transferred to a diamond necklace in 1919 and King Ferdinand purchased it for Marie in 1921. The price was 1,375,000 francs, to be paid in four instalments until 1924. At the time, large jewelry had not excited Marie's interest; she preferred to wear a Greek cross or, when she attended the Paris Opera, her pearls. However, the sapphire sautoir (jewel chain) was an ideal match for the sapphire tiara she had bought from Russian exile Grand Duchess Vladimir. She wore them both at her coronation receptions and when sitting for her portrait by Philip de László.[195] During her visit to the United States, when she presided over a ball at the New York Ritz-Carlton, one observer remarked: "There was a heavy chain of diamonds, broken at intervals with squares of massive design. From this chain was suspended an unbelievable egg-shaped sapphire, one of the largest, it is said, in the world".[138]
Titles, styles, honours and arms
Titles and styles
- 29 October 1875 – 10 January 1893: Her Royal Highness Princess Marie of Edinburgh[196][197]
- 10 January 1893 – 10 October 1914: Her Royal Highness The Crown Princess of Romania[198]
- 10 October 1914 – 20 July 1927: Her Majesty The Queen of Romania
- 20 July 1927 – 18 July 1938: Her Majesty Queen Marie of Romania
Honours
Marie was a recipient of the following national and foreign honours:[199]
- United Kingdom:
- CI: Companion of the Crown of India, 11 December 1893[200]
- RRC: Member of the Decoration of the Royal Red Cross[201]
- VA: Royal Order of Victoria and Albert, 2nd Class[202]
- DStJ: Lady of Justice of St. John[201]
- GCVO: Dame Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
- Ernestine duchies: Dame, Special Class of the Decoration of Honour of the Saxe-Ernestine
- Kingdom of Romania:
- Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown[203]
- Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Carol I, with Collar, 1906[204]
- Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Ferdinand I, with Collar, 1930[205]
- Knight Grand Cross of the
- Austria-Hungary: Grand Cross of the Order of Elizabeth, 1913[206]
- France:
- Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour, March 1919[207][208]
- Médaille militaire[209]
- Dame of the Golden Lion, 1 May 1896[210]
- Kingdom of Italy: Grand Cross of the Crown of Italy[211]
- Kingdom of Portugal: Dame of the Order of Queen Saint Isabel
- Grand Cross of St. Catherine, 1896
- Spain: Dame of the Order of Queen Maria Luisa, 1909[212]
- Kingdom of Yugoslavia: Grand Cross of St. Sava[213]
Arms
As a male-line grandchild of a British Sovereign, Marie bore the arms of the kingdom, with an inescutcheon for Saxony, differenced by a five-point label argent, the outer pair of which bore anchors azure, the inner roses gules, and the central a cross gules. In 1917, the inescutcheon was dropped by Royal Warrant from George V.[214]
-
Marie's coat of arms as a British princess
-
Early monogram of Queen Marie
-
Monogram of Queen Marie of Romania
-
Monogram of Queen Marie of Romania
Written works
Books
- The Lily of Life (1912)
- The Dreamer of Dreams (1913)
- Ilderim (1915)
- Four Seasons. Out of a Man’s Life (1915)
- The Naughty Queen (1916)
- The Stealers of Light. A legend (1916)
- My Country (1916); enlarged as The Country That I Love: An Exile's Memories (1925)
- Roumania Yesterday and To-day, by Winifred Gordon (1918) [1st chapter by Queen Marie]
- The Story of Naughty Kildeen (1922)
- Ode to Roumania (1923)
- Why?: A Story of Great Longing (1923)
- The Queen of Roumania's Fairy Book (1925)
- The Voice on the Mountain: A Story for Those Who Understand (1926)
- The Lost Princess: A Fairy Tale (1927)
- The Magic Doll of Roumania (1929)
- The Story of My Life (3 vol., 1934-1935)
- Masks (1937)
- Later Chapters of My Life: The Lost Journal of Queen Marie of Romania (2004)
Short stories
- "The Serpents' Isle", The Lady's Realm, March 1897
- "The Siege of Widin", The Lady's Realm, July 1898
- "Lulaloo", Good Housekeeping, March 1925
Poems
- "A Robin Redbreast’s Carol", The Lady's Realm, January 1903
Songs
- "Byzantine Princess Song" (1933)
Nonfiction
- "What the River Says", The Lady's Realm, November 1899
- "Romantic Rumania", The Saturday Evening Post, 7 December 1918
- "A Queen Looks at Life", North American Newspaper Alliance, June 1925 [syndicated series][note 6]
- "A Queen Talks About Love", Cosmopolitan, September 1925
- "The Intimate Thoughts of a Queen Facing Fifty", Cosmopolitan, October 1925
- "Foreword", Art and Archeology, January 1926
- "At Grand-Mama’s Court", McCall's, March 1926
- "My Impressions of America", North American Newspaper Alliance, 21 October – 4 December 1926 [14-part syndicated series]
- "The Story of My Life", The Saturday Evening Post, 16 December 1933 - 3 February 1934 [8 parts]
- "My Life as a Crown Princess", The Saturday Evening Post, 14 April – 16 June 1934 [8 parts; not in 12 May 9 June]
- "My Mission: I. In Paris", The Cornhill Magazine, October 1939
- "My Mission: II. At Buckingham Palace", The Cornhill Magazine, November 1939
- "My Mission: III. Paris Again", The Cornhill Magazine, December 1939
Letters
- A Biographer's Notebook, by Hector Bolitho (1950) [includes Queen Marie's letters to her "American friend"]
- Queen Mary of Romania: Letters to Her King (2015)
- Queen Marie of Romania: Letters to Her Mother (2 vol., 2016)
Ancestry
Ancestors of Marie of Romania Louis II, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
7. Princess Marie of Hesse and by Rhine | |||||||||||||
15. Princess Wilhelmine of Baden | |||||||||||||
References
Endnotes
- ^ All dates in this article use the Gregorian calendar, which was not in use in Romania until 1919. The Julian calendar which Romania then used was 12 days behind before 1900 and 13 days behind after 1900.
- ^ Boris was rumoured to have been "Mignon"'s natural father; the princess's paternity was reputedly "a public secret"[76] and Marie frequently taunted King Carol by telling him that Boris was, in fact, "Mignon"'s father.[77]
- ^ Astor was rumoured to have been the father of Prince Nicholas, Marie's second son, whose blue eyes and "hawk nose" resembled those characteristic of the Astors.[78] As he grew older, Nicholas came to resemble his Hohenzollern relatives, thus quelling prior gossip.[79]
- ^ Știrbey was rumoured to have been the father of Princess Ileana and Prince Mircea, Marie's youngest children.
- ^ According to official reports, in keeping with Carol's cult of personality, Marie was still alive upon reaching the castle. However, she may in fact have died while on the train, in the Bacău area. At the time, another rumour suggested that Carol had fired a gun at Nicolae, the bullet hitting Marie when she threw herself before the latter.[162]
- The Bookman, October 1927, Zoë Beckley, journalist for the Famous Features Syndicate, ghostwrote Queen Marie's newspaper articles. According to Philip Schuyler, "Who Piqued the Interest of a Queen?", Editor & Publisher, 13 June 1925, Beckley solicited this particular series from the queen in Bucharest on 1 February 1925, but denied ghosting it, restricting herself to typing, and correcting punctuation and spelling.
Footnotes
- ^ United Press (19 July 1938). "Roumanian Queen to Lie in State at Son's Palace". Delaware County Daily Times. Beaver and Rochester, Penn. p. 12.
- ^ "No. 24261". The London Gazette. 30 October 1875. p. 5161.
- ^ a b Marie 1990, p. 19.
- ^ Gelardi 2005, p. 6.
- ^ Gelardi 2005, p. 7.
- ^ The Times, 16 December 1875.
- ^ "No. 24276". The London Gazette. 17 December 1875. p. 6461.
- Royal Collection Trust. Inventory no. 400920.
- ^ Gauthier 2010, p. 9.
- ^ Marie 1990, p. 12.
- ^ Marie 1990, p. 8.
- ^ Marie 1990, p. 15.
- ^ Marie 1990, p. 9.
- ^ Marie 1990, p. 21.
- ^ Van der Kiste 1991, p. 20.
- ^ Marie 1990, pp. 31–32.
- ^ Pakula 1984, p. 49.
- ^ Marie 1990, p. 47.
- ^ "Prince and Princess Henry of Battenberg with their bridesmaids and others on their wedding day". National Portrait Gallery, London.
- ^ Marie 1990, pp. 88–89.
- ^ doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/64674. Retrieved 3 November 2013. (Subscription or UK public library membershiprequired.)
- ^ Marie 1990, p. 83.
- ^ Elsberry 1972, pp. 17–19.
- ^ Marie 1990, p. 105.
- ^ Marie 1990, pp. 106–7.
- ^ Marie 1990, p. 109.
- ^ Marie 1990, p. 136.
- ^ Marie 1990, p. 146.
- ^ Sullivan 1997, pp. 80–82.
- ^ Marie 1990, p. 155.
- ^ Marie 1990, p. 152.
- ^ Marie 1990, p. 169.
- ^ Marie 1990, p. 177.
- ^ Marie 1990, p. 190.
- ^ Marie 1990, p. 194.
- ^ Gelardi 2005, p. 31.
- ^ Pope-Hennessy 1959, pp. 250–51.
- ^ a b Mandache 2001, p. 334.
- ^ Gelardi 2005, p. 32.
- ^ Gelardi 2005, p. 33.
- ^ Gelardi 2005, p. 34.
- ^ Gelardi 2005, p. 35.
- ^ Elsberry 1972, p. 44.
- ^ Supplement to The Graphic, 21 January 1893.
- ^ Pakula 1984, p. 68.
- ^ Marie 1991, Vol 2, pp. 10–14.
- ^ Gauthier 2010, p. 52.
- ^ Eilers 1987, p. 192.
- ^ Marie 1991, Vol 2, p. 15.
- ^ Wolbe 2004, p. 214.
- ^ Ciubotaru 2011, p. 22.
- ^ Marie 2004, p. 122.
- ^ Marie 1991, Vol 2, p. 121.
- ^ Gelardi 2005, p. 49.
- ^ Elsberry 1972, p. 54.
- ^ Elsberry 1972, p. 57.
- ^ Marie 1991, Vol 2, pp. 171, 316–17.
- ^ Marie 1991, Vol 2, pp. 312–13.
- ^ Ciubotaru 2011, p. 51.
- ^ Marie 1991, Vol 2, pp. 310–11.
- ^ Ciubotaru 2011, p. 92.
- ^ Duca 1981, p. 103.
- ^ Sullivan 1997, p. 141.
- ^ a b Mandache 2011a, p. xxiii.
- ^ Gelardi 2005, p. 87.
- ^ a b c Anghel, Carmen; Ciobanu, Luminița (10 February 2011). "Regina Maria: Povestea vieții mele". Jurnalul Național (in Romanian). Archived from the original on 4 July 2017. Retrieved 17 December 2013.
- ^ Mandache 2011a, p. xxiv.
- ^ Mihail Ipate. "Brief History of Cotroceni Palace". muzeulcotroceni.ro. Archived from the original on 15 April 2014.
- ^ Pakula 1984, p. 117.
- ^ Mandache 2011a, p. xiv.
- ^ Marie 1991, Vol 2, pp. 146–50.
- ^ Pakula 1984, p. 145.
- ^ Pakula 1984, p. 118.
- ^ Gelardi 2005, pp. 87–88.
- ^ Veiga 1995, p. 185.
- ^ Crawford 2011, p. 28.
- ^ Gelardi 2005, p. 88.
- ^ Pakula 1984, p. 136; 155.
- ^ Gelardi 2005, p. 109.
- ^ Pakula 1984, pp. 146–48.
- ^ Mihai, Dana (3 February 2013). "110 ani de la inaugurarea Castelului Pelișor, darul făcut de Carol I lui Ferdinand și Reginei Maria". Adevărul (in Romanian). Retrieved 18 December 2013.
- ^ Giurescu 1972, p. 295.
- ^ Marie 1991, Vol 2, pp. 356–64.
- ^ Gelardi 2005, p. 184.
- ^ Rădulescu, George. "Balcic, suma Balcanilor". Historia Magazine. historia.ro. Archived from the original on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 17 December 2013.
- ^ Marie 1991, Vol 2, pp. 398–401.
- ^ Marie 1991, Vol 2, pp. 409–12.
- ^ Pakula 1984, p. 180.
- ^ Easterman 1942, pp. 38–42.
- ^ Marie 1991, Vol 3, p. 13.
- ^ Elsberry 1972, p. 104.
- ^ Saint-Aulaire 1953, p. 322.
- ^ Giurescu 1972, p. 300.
- ^ Saint-Aulaire 1953, p. 399.
- ^ Marie's journal, 27 August 1914, quoted in Marie 1991, Vol 3, p. 69.
- ^ Gauthier 2010, pp. 190–91.
- ^ Giurescu 1972, pp. 300–1.
- ^ Marie's journal, 10 November 1916, quoted in Marie 1991, Vol 3, p. 97
- ^ Saint-Aulaire 1953, p. 360.
- ^ Rattigan 1924, pp. 194–95.
- ^ Giurescu 1972, p. 307.
- ^ Gauthier 2010, p. 215.
- ^ Gauthier 2010, p. 216.
- ^ Horedt 1958, pp. 117–23.
- ^ Gelardi 2005, p. 203.
- ^ Gelardi 2005, p. 207.
- ^ Hupchik 1995, p. 83.
- ^ Giurescu 1972, pp. 311–12.
- ^ a b Aronson 1973, p. 237.
- ^ Marie 1991, Vol 3, pp. 492–93.
- ^ Roșu, Victor Tudor (2020). "Gripa spaniolă și Unirea de la 1 decembrie 1918". Astra Sabesiensis. 6: 139–40.
- ^ a b Colette (6 March 1919). "Ainsi Parla la Reine de Roumanie". Le Matin. Paris. p. 1.
- ^ Botoran & Moisuc 1983, pp. 328–36.
- ^ Ciubotaru 2011, p. xxiv.
- General Mordacq, apud Gauthier 2010, p. 238.
- ^ Daggett 1926, p. 270.
- ^ a b c Gelardi 2005, pp. 282–83.
- ^ Pakula 1984, p. 280.
- ^ Daggett 1926, p. 282.
- ^ Maria Pavlovna 1932, p. 16.
- ^ Gelardi 2005, p. 297.
- ^ Pakula 1984, p. 305.
- ^ Gelardi 2005, pp. 274–78.
- ^ a b Gelardi 2005, p. 308.
- ISBN 1-55002-391-8.
- ^ a b c Mandache 2011a, pp. 152–53.
- ^ Elsberry 1972, p. 178.
- ISBN 978-6-06-830440-3.
- ISSN 2066-9429.
- ^ Anghel, Costin (1 December 2007). "Încoronarea Regilor României Desăvărșite". Jurnalul Național (in Romanian). Archived from the original on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 7 December 2013.
- ^ Pakula 1984, p. 318.
- ^ Pakula 1984, p. 341.
- ^ Elsberry 1972, p. 196.
- ISBN 978-0-19-516823-5.
- ^ Morris 1927, p. 13.
- ^ Morris 1927, pp. 18–19.
- ^ Morris 1927, p. 29.
- ^ a b Gelardi 2005, p. 324.
- ^ Morris 1927, p. 232.
- ^ a b Gelardi 2005, p. 327.
- ^ "Reununciation of Prince Charles". The Age. Melbourne, Vic. 6 January 1926. p. 5.
- ^ Gelardi 2005, pp. 327–28.
- ^ Gelardi 2005, pp. 329–30.
- OCLC 1485467.
- ^ a b Gelardi 2005, p. 332.
- ^ a b Mandache 2011a, p. 152.
- ^ "Ileana Engaged". The Outlook. 134 (7): 257–58. February 1930.
- ^ Easterman 1942, pp. 86–87.
- ^ a b Pakula 1984, p. 337.
- ISBN 0-25334-685-1.
- ^ Marcus, Della L. (2015). "Marie Alexandra Victoria". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
- ^ Hassel, Graham; Fazel, Seena (1998). "100 Years of the Baháʼí Faith in Europe". Baháʼí Studies Review. 8: 35–44.
- ^ Marcus 2000, pp. 10–12, passim.
- S2CID 162531277. Retrieved 29 September 2017.
- ISBN 0-87808-137-2.
- ^ a b Gelardi 2005, pp. 350–52.
- ^ Elsberry 1972, p. 253.
- ^ a b Gelardi 2005, p. 352.
- ^ Alexandra, Radu. "Castelul Bran, de la istorie la mit". Historia Magazine. historia.ro. Retrieved 18 December 2013.
- ^ Gelardi 2005, p. 363.
- ^ a b c Gelardi 2005, pp. 363–64.
- ^ a b "Iubirile reginei Maria". Historia Magazine. historia.ro. Retrieved 18 December 2013.
- ^ Pakula 1984, p. 418.
- ^ Pakula 1984, pp. 418–20.
- ^ a b Mihai, Dana (13 May 2013). "Inima reginei Maria vine la Peleș, în decorul și atmosfera palatului de la Balcic". Adevărul (in Romanian). Retrieved 17 December 2013.
- ^ Mandache 2011a.
- ^ Dună 2021, p. 83.
- ^ Dună 2021, pp. 84–85.
- ^ a b Dună 2021, p. 86.
- ^ a b c Dună 2021, p. 84.
- ^ ISBN 0-15-193775-3.
- ^ Dună 2021, pp. 83–84.
- ^ Săndulescu, Al. (13 October 2004). "Jurnalul Reginei Maria". România literară (in Romanian). Retrieved 19 December 2013.
- ^ Dună 2021, p. 92.
- ISBN 978-0-670-91556-9.
- ISBN 978-1-84511-345-2.
- ^ Duca 1981, p. 153.
- ^ a b Lupşor, Andreea. "Regina Maria, între critică și laude în istoriografia comunistă". Historia. historia.ro. Retrieved 16 December 2013.
- ^ Mandache, Diana (18 July 2013). "75 de ani de la moartea Reginei Maria". Adevărul (in Romanian). Retrieved 18 December 2013.
- ^ Pădurean, Claudiu (5 November 2012). "Cine este regina care a devenit 'mama răniților'". România Liberă. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
- ^ "Queen thinks Rumania will Battle Again". St. Petersburg Daily Times. 4 October 1918. p. 4.
- ^ Gelardi 2005, pp. 273–74.
- ^ Mandache 2011a, p. 151.
- ISBN 978-973-28-0224-3.
- ^ "Ordinul Crucea Regina Maria". Virtual Museum of the Union. Retrieved 17 May 2022.
- ISSN 1224-4910.
- ^ "Elwick Place Picturehouse cinema and Travelodge hotel in Ashford to open earlier than planned". 23 November 2018. Retrieved 25 November 2018.
- ^ Kenigsberg, Ben (6 May 2021). "'Queen Marie' Review: Border Talks". The New York Times. Retrieved 24 July 2021.
- ^ Harris, Marlene (1 June 2021). "Castle Shade". Library Journal. Retrieved 24 July 2021.
- ^ "Royal Residence". Bran Castle. bran-castle.com. Retrieved 16 December 2013.
- ^ "Colecțiile din Castelul Bran, mutate la Vama Medievală". România Liberă (in Romanian). 17 March 2009. Retrieved 30 March 2014.
- ^ Mihai, Dana (3 November 2015). "Inima Reginei Maria a revenit la Castelul Pelișor, locul unde a bătut pentru ultima dată". Adevărul (in Romanian). Retrieved 1 December 2015.
- ^ Barbu, Florina (15 October 2012). "Coroana Reginei Maria a atras sute de vizitatori". Adevărul (in Romanian). Retrieved 30 March 2014.
- ^ "Marie, Queen of Romania". Maryhill Museum of Art. 29 January 2013. Retrieved 16 December 2013.
- ^ Nadelhoffer 2007, pp. 245–46.
- ^ Eilers 1987, p. 189.
- ^ "No. 25495". The London Gazette. 28 July 1885. p. 3531. "No. 26184". The London Gazette. 20 July 1891. p. 3865.
- ^ "No. 27489". The London Gazette (Supplement). 28 October 1902. p. 6860.
- ^ Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Preußen (1907), Genealogy p. 5
- ^ "No. 26467". The London Gazette. 15 December 1893. p. 7319.
- ^ a b "Prince Alfred". Land Forces of Britain, The Empire and The Commonwealth. [www.regiments.org Regiments.org]. 2007. Archived from the original on 13 October 2007. Retrieved 30 December 2007.
- ^ Joseph Whitaker (1897). An Almanack for the Year of Our Lord ... J. Whitaker. p. 110.
- ^ Elsberry 1972, p. 147.
- ^ "Ordinul Carol I" [Order of Carol I]. Familia Regală a României (in Romanian). Bucharest. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
- ^ "M. S. Regina Maria, dnii Maniu, Vaida și Mironescu Președintele Camerei d. Șt. Cicio Pop și prof. N. Iorga decorați de M. S. Regele Carol II" (PDF), Românul, 29 June 1930, retrieved 8 June 2022
- ^ "Ritter-orden", Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie, Vienna: Druck und Verlag der K.K. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei, 1918, p. 328
- ^ Mandache 2011a, p. 41.
- ISBN 978-2-35077-135-9.
- ^ Marghiloman 1927, p. 131.
- ^ "Goldener Löwen-orden", Großherzoglich Hessische Ordensliste (in German), Darmstadt: Staatsverlag, 1914, p. 3 – via hathitrust.org
- ^ Marghiloman 1927, p. 199.
- ^ "Real orden de Damas Nobles de la Reina Maria Luisa". Guía Oficial de España. 1920. p. 230. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
- ^ Acović, Dragomir (2012). Slava i čast: Odlikovanja među Srbima, Srbi među odlikovanjima. Belgrade: Službeni Glasnik. p. 369.
- ^ "marks of cadency in the British royal family". www.heraldica.org.
- ISBN 978-1-85605-469-0
Bibliography
- Aronson, Theo (1973). Grandmama of Europe. London: Cassell. ISBN 0-304-29063-7.
- Botoran, Constantin; Moisuc, Viorica (1983). România la Conferința de Pace de la Paris (in Romanian). Cluj-Napoca: Dacia. OL 18196100M.
- Ciubotaru, Ștefania (2011). Viața Cotidiană la Curtea Regală a României (in Romanian). Bucharest: Cartex. ISBN 978-606-8023-13-7.
- Crawford, Donald (2011). The Last Tsar: Emperor Michael II. Edinburgh: Murray McLellan Limited. ISBN 978-0-9570091-1-0.
- Daggett, Mabel Potter (1926). Marie of Roumania. New York: George H. Doran & Co. OCLC 1075530.
- ISBN 978-973-28-0183-3.
- Dună, Raluca (2021). "'Memory, Though, is as Strong as Hope'. Queen Marie of Romania and her War Literature". Philologica Jassyensia. year XVII, nr. 1 (33). Iași: 81–93. ISSN 2247-8353.
- Easterman, Alexander Levvey (1942). King Carol, Hitler and Lupescu. London: V. Gollancz Ltd. OCLC 4769487.
- Eilers, Marlene A. (1987). Queen Victoria's Descendants. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company. ISBN 0-8063-1202-5.
- Elsberry, Terence (1972). Marie of Romania. New York: St. Martin's Press. OCLC 613611.
- Gauthier, Guy (2010). Missy, Regina României (in Romanian). Bucharest: Humanitas. ISBN 978-973-50-2621-9.
- Gelardi, Julia (2005). Born to Rule. London: St. Martin's Griffin. ISBN 978-0-312-32423-0.
- Giurescu, Constantin C. (1972). Istoria României în date (in Romanian). Bucharest: Editura Enciclopedică. OCLC 637298400.
- Horedt, Kurt (1958). Contribuţii la istoria Transilvaniei în secolele IV-XIII (in Romanian). Bucharest: Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romîne.
- Hupchik, Dennis (1995). Conflict and Chaos in Eastern Europe. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-12116-7.
- Mandache, Diana (May 2001). "The Marriage of Princess Marie of Edinburgh and Ferdinand, the Crown Prince of Romania". Royalty Digest. 10 (119): 333–38. ISSN 0967-5744.
- Mandache, Diana (2011a). Later Chapters of My Life: The Lost Memoir of Queen Marie of Romania. Gloucestershire: Sutton. ISBN 978-0-7509-3691-0.
- Marcus, Della (2000). Her Eternal Crown: Queen Marie of Romania and the Bahá'í Faith. Oxford: George Ronald. ISBN 0-85398-442-5.
- Marghiloman, Alexandru (1927). Note politice, 1897–1924. Bucharest: Institutul de Arte Grafice "Eminescu". OCLC 23540746.
- OCLC 1372354.
- Marie, Queen of Romania (1990). Povestea Vieții Mele (in Romanian). Vol. 1. Iași: Moldova. ISBN 973-9032-01-X.
- Marie, Queen of Romania (1991). Povestea Vieții Mele (in Romanian). Vol. 2. Bucharest: Eminescu. ISBN 973-22-0214-9.
- Marie, Queen of Romania (1991). Povestea Vieții Mele (in Romanian). Vol. 3. Bucharest: Eminescu. ISBN 973-22-0215-7.
- Marie, Queen of Romania (2004). Însemnări Zilnice. Bucharest: Albatros. ISBN 978-973-24-0323-5.
- Morris, Constance Lily (1927). On Tour with Queen Marie. New York: Robert M. McBride & Co. OCLC 2048943.
- Nadelhoffer, Hans (2007). Cartier. London: Chronicle Books. ISBN 978-0-8118-6099-4.
- Pakula, Hannah (1984). The Last Romantic. New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-671-46364-0.
- Pope-Hennessy, James (1959). Queen Mary, 1867–1953. London: G. Allen and Unwin. OCLC 1027299.
- Rattigan, Frank (1924). Diversions of a Diplomat. London: Chapman and Hall Ltd. OCLC 11319209.
- Saint-Aulaire, Auguste Félix de Beaupoil, Count of (1953). Confession d'un Vieux Diplomate (in French). Paris: Flammarion. )
- Sullivan, Michael John (1997). A Fatal Passion: The Story of the Uncrowned Last Empress of Russia. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-679-42400-8.
- Van der Kiste, John (1991). Princess Victoria Melita. Gloucestershire: Sutton. ISBN 0-7509-3469-7.
- Veiga, Francisco (1995). Istoria Gărzii de Fier 1919–1941, Mistica Ultranaționalismului. Bucharest: Humanitas. ISBN 978-973-28-0392-9.
- Wolbe, Eugen (2004). Ferdinand I Întemeietorul României Mari. Bucharest: Humanitas. ISBN 978-973-50-0755-3.
General bibliography
- Cristescu, Sorin (2017). Queen Marie of Romania and Colonel Boyle. Confessions. Bucharest: Tritonic. ISBN 978-606-749-210-1.
- Cristescu, Sorin (2018). Queen Marie of Romania. Confessions, February 1914 - March 1927. Bucharest: Tritonic. ISBN 978-606-749-296-5.
- Cristescu, Sorin (2015). Queen Marie of Romania - Letters to Her King. Bucharest: Tritonic. ISBN 978-606-749-102-9.
- Cristescu, Sorin (2016). Queen Marie of Romania - Letters to Her Mother, vol. I: 1901 -1906. Bucharest: Tritonic. ISBN 978-606-749-145-6.
- Cristescu, Sorin (2016). Queen Marie of Romania - Letters to Her Mother, vol. II: 1907 -1920. Bucharest: Tritonic. ISBN 978-606-749-153-1.
- Mandache, Diana (2011b). Dearest Missy. The Letters of Marie Alexandrovna, Grand Duchess of Russia, Duchess of Edinburgh and of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, and of her daughter, Marie, Crown Princess of Romania, 1879-1900. Falköping: Rosvall. ISBN 978-91-975671-7-6.
- Mandache, Diana (2023). My Dear Mama. The Letters of Marie, Crown Princess of Romania, and of her mother, Marie Alexandrovna, Grand Duchess of Russia, Duchess of Edinburgh and of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, 1901-1910. Falköping: Rosvall.
- Zimmermann, Silvia Irina (2020). The Child of the Sun: Royal Fairy Tales and Essays by the Queens of Romania, Elisabeth (Carmen Sylva, 1843-1916) and Marie (1875-1938). Stuttgart: Ibidem. ISBN 978-3-8382-1393-4.
Archives
A large part of Queen Marie's papers (including correspondence and photographs) is preserved in different American institutions, including the "Queen Marie of Romania Papers" collection in the Library of Kent State University (Kent, Ohio),[1] the "George I. Duca Papers" collection in the Hoover Institution Archives (Stanford, California),[2] and the "Lavinia A. Small Papers" collection in the Library of the University of Colorado at Boulder (Boulder, Colorado).[3]
Marie's letters to her parents-in-law, Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen and Antonia of Portugal, between 1892 and 1904 are preserved in the Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen family archive, which is in the State Archive of Sigmaringen (Staatsarchiv Sigmaringen) in the town of Sigmaringen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.[4][5] Marie's letters to her husband's grandmother, Josephine of Baden, between 1893 and 1899 are also preserved in the State Archive of Sigmaringen (Staatsarchiv Sigmaringen).[6]
External links
- Works by or about Marie of Romania at Internet Archive
- Works by Marie of Romania at Project Gutenberg
- British Pathé newsreels depicting Marie of Romania: 1914, 1917, 1924, 1930, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1938
- Works by Marie of Romania at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
- Treaty between Great Britain and Roumania for the Marriage of Her Royal Highness Princess Marie of Great Britain and Ireland with His Royal Highness the Prince Ferdinand of Roumania – 15 December 1892
- Newspaper clippings about Marie of Romania in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW
- Portraits of Marie, Queen of Romania at the National Portrait Gallery, London
- ^ "Queen Marie of Romania Papers". Department of Special Collections and Archives. Kent State University Libraries and Media Services. Retrieved 1 October 2021.
- ^ "George I. Duca Papers". Hoover Institution Library & Archives. Retrieved 1 October 2021.
- ^ "Lavinia A. Small Papers". University of Colorado at Boulder Libraries, Special Collections, Archives and Preservation Department. Retrieved 1 October 2021.
- ^ "Briefe der Kronprinzessin Maria ("Missy") von Rumänien, geb. Prinzessin von Edinburgh und Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha, an ihre Schwiegereltern Fürst Leopold und Fürstin Antonia von Hohenzollern". Staatsarchiv Sigmaringen. Retrieved 1 October 2021.
- ^ "Briefe der Kronprinzessin Maria ("Missy") von Rumänien an ihren Schwiegervater Fürst Leopold von Hohenzollern". Staatsarchiv Sigmaringen. Retrieved 1 October 2021.
- ^ "Briefe der Kronprinzessin Maria ("Missy") von Rumänien, geb. Prinzessin von Edinburgh und Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha, an Fürstin Josephine von Hohenzollern". Staatsarchiv Sigmaringen. Retrieved 1 October 2021.