Princess Sophie of Greece and Denmark
Sophie of Greece and Denmark | |
---|---|
Princess Christoph of Hesse Princess George William of Hanover | |
Schliersee, Bavaria , Germany | |
Burial | 30 November 2001 Schliersee, Bavaria, Germany |
Spouse | |
Issue |
|
House | Glücksburg |
Father | Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark |
Mother | Princess Alice of Battenberg |
Princess Sophie of Greece and Denmark (
The fourth of five children of
At the end of the 1920s, Sophie fell in love with one of her distant cousins, Prince Christoph of Hesse. Around the same time, her mother was struck by a mental health crisis which led to her confinement in a Swiss psychiatric hospital between 1930 and 1933. Married in December 1930, Sophie moved to Berlin with her husband. She then gave birth to five children: Christina (1933–2011), Dorothea (born 1934), Karl (1937–2022), Rainer (born 1939) and Clarissa of Hesse (born 1944).
Close to the Nazi circles, in which her husband and several of her in-laws were involved from 1930, Sophie joined the
Adolf Hitler's growing distrust of the German aristocracy (from 1942) and the
The defeat of Germany and its occupation by the Allies brought new difficulties in the life of Sophie, who found herself in a precarious financial situation due to the theft of her jewelry by American soldiers in 1946 and the sequestration of the property of her first husband until 1953. After living for several months in Wolfsgarten, she began a relationship with another cousin, Prince George William of Hanover, whom she married in 1946. She had three more children by her second husband: Welf Ernst (1947–1981), Georg (born 1949) and Friederike of Hanover (born 1954). The couple moved to Salem, where George William worked as director of Schule Schloss Salem (1948–1959), before settling in Schliersee (from 1959).
Excluded from the
Biography
Childhood
First World War and exile in Switzerland
The fourth daughter of Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark and Princess Alice of Battenberg, Sophie was born on 26 June 1914 at Mon Repos,[1][2][3] a palace in Corfu that her parents inherited after the assassination of King George I in 1913.[4][5] Nicknamed "Tiny" by her family,[1][2] the princess grew up within a united household,[6] together with her elder sisters Margarita (1905–1981),[7] Theodora (1906–1969),[8] and Cecilie (1911–1937).[9][10] With their mother, Sophie and her sisters communicated in English, but they also used French, German, and Greek in the presence of their relatives and governesses.[11]
Sophie's early childhood was marked by the instability that the
At the beginning of 1919, Sophie reunited with her paternal grandmother, the
Brief return to Greece
On 2 October 1920, King Alexander, cousin of Sophie, was bitten by a domestic monkey during a walk in Tatoi. Poorly cared for, he contracted sepsis, which prevailed on 25 October, without any member of his family being allowed to come to his bedside.[33][34] The death of the sovereign caused a violent institutional crisis in Greece. Already stuck, since 1919, in a new war against Turkey, Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos lost the 1920 Greek legislative election. Humiliated, he retired abroad while a referendum reinstalled Constantine I on the throne.[35]
Prince Andrew was received triumphantly in Athens on 23 November 1920, and his wife and four daughters joined him a few days later.[36] Sophie then returned to live in Corfu with her family. At the same time, Princess Alice found out that she was pregnant again.[37] On 10 June 1921, the family welcomed Philip (1921–2021), later the Duke of Edinburgh.[38] The joy that surrounded this birth, however, was obscured by the absence of Prince Andrew, who joined the Greek forces in Asia Minor during the Occupation of Smyrna.[39] Despite worries about the war, Sophie and her siblings enjoyed life at Mon Repos, where they received a visit from their maternal grandmother and their aunt Louise in the spring of 1922.[40] In the park near the palace, built on an ancient cemetery, the princesses devoted themselves to archeology and discovered some pottery, bronze pieces and bones.[41]
During this period, Sophie and her sisters also participated, for the first time, in a number of great social events. In March 1921, the princesses attended in Athens the wedding of their cousin
However, the military defeat of Greece against Turkey and the political unrest that it caused disrupted the life of Sophie and her family. In September 1922, Constantine I abdicated in favor of his eldest son, George II.[44][45] A month later, Prince Andrew was arrested before being tried by a military tribunal, which declared him responsible for the defeat of the Sakarya. Saved from execution by the intervention of foreign chancelleries, the prince was condemned to banishment and cashiering. After a brief stop in Corfu,[46] the prince and his relatives hurriedly left Greece aboard HMS Calypso in early December 1922.[47][48][49]
Exile in France
After a journey of several weeks, which led them successively to Italy, France and the United Kingdom,
Deprived of their Greek nationality after the
Sophie and her relatives made frequent stays abroad, and in particular in the United Kingdom.
Young adulthood
First marriage and settling in Germany
In 1927, Sophie met one of her distant cousins,
The happiness of the princess was however clouded by the situation of her mother, whose mental health deteriorated sharply after the celebration of her silver wedding anniversary with Prince Andrew, in 1928.[75] Struck by a mental health crisis, the princess convinced herself that she possessed healing powers and that she was receiving divine messages about potential husbands for her daughters. She then took herself for a saint and soon declared herself the bride of Jesus.[76] Distraught by the situation, Prince Andrew finally made the decision to place his wife in a sanatorium.[77] He took advantage of his family's stay in Darmstadt, on the occasion of the celebration for Cecilie's official engagement in April 1930, to send Alice to a psychiatric hospital located in Kreuzlingen, Switzerland.[78]
In the absence of their mother, Sophie and Cecilie made their wedding preparations together.
With their honeymoon over, Sophie and Christoph moved into an apartment in Berlin's Schöneberg quarter.[86][87] After working for a long time in the Maybach car factory in Friedrichshafen, the prince had just been hired as a broker by the Victoria insurance company.[88] While the princess moved to Germany to start a family, Greece went through a tumultuous political period, marked by numerous coups d'état. Confronted with permanent instability, the population gradually lost confidence in the institutions of the Hellenic Republic and King George II (Sophie's cousin) was finally reinstalled on the throne in November 1935.[89][90][91]
Family life and adherence to Nazism
In October 1930,
Unlike her sisters Cecilie and Margarita, who joined the Nazi Party at the same time as their husbands in 1937,
From a financial point of view, the coming to power of Adolf Hitler significantly improved the situation of Christoph and Sophie.
At the same time as these events, Sophie and Christoph's family grew larger with the successive births of Christina (1933–2011), Dorothea (born 1934), Karl (1937–2022), and Rainer of Hesse (born 1939).[112][113] The birth of their eldest son was also an opportunity for the couple to underline their support for Nazism, since the child received, among his names, that of Adolf, in tribute to the Adolf Hitler.[114][115] Sophie also continued to worry about the fate of her mother Alice, whom she visited several times during the latter's confinement in Kreuzlingen between 1930 and 1933.[116] Sophie also happily attended the weddings of her two eldest sisters, Margarita and Theodora, to German princes Gottfried, Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg and Berthold, Margrave of Baden in 1931.[117] She was also present at the funeral of her sister Cecilie and her family, who were killed in a plane crash in 1937.[74][118][119]
Sophie and Christoph also maintained their ties to their foreign relatives. The princess made several visits to the United Kingdom,[120] and also stayed in Italy (1936)[121] and Yugoslavia (1939).[122] According to historian Jonathan Petropoulos, their travels were an opportunity for the couple to carry out, for the benefit of the Nazi Germany, a parallel diplomacy with their European cousins, such as Prince Paul of Yugoslavia and his wife Princess Olga of Greece and Denmark.[123]
Second World War and the death of Prince Christoph
As a means of protection, Christoph warned Sophie about the need to beware of prying ears and never to speak politics with people other than her sisters and cousins.
Shortly after Sophie moved to
The situation changed from 1942 as the Nazi authorities began to distance themselves from the German aristocracy.
The tragedies of the House of Hesse-Kassel did not end there, however. On 7 October 1943, Prince Christoph died under mysterious circumstances[N 3] during a plane crash in the Apennine Mountains, near Forlì.[145][146][147] A few months later, Princess Marie Alexandra of Baden (wife of Wolfgang) perished buried during an air-raid on Frankfurt am Main on 29–30 January 1944.[128][148] Widowed and pregnant with her fifth child (Princess Clarissa, who was born on 6 February 1944), Sophie therefore found herself in a precarious situation, with her mother-in-law, Landgravine Margaret as her main support. Tired and emaciated, the princess was now responsible for bringing up her children on her own, while also taking care of Philipp and Mafalda's four children.[149]
As Christoph's death was not made public by the Nazi regime, Sophie published a simple death notice for her husband in the
Post-war years
Occupation of Friedrichshof
The
In the days following the beginning of the occupation, the
While Friedrichshof was transformed into an officers' club by the American army,[161] the Hesse-Kassels settled in Wolfsgarten in May, where they were received by Louis, Prince of Hesse and by Rhine and his wife Margaret Campbell Geddes,[145][162][163] who soon took care of the younger children of Philipp, Landgrave of Hesse.[164] The landgrave was in fact kept in detention by the Americans until 1947 and the investigation which was carried out against him as part of the denazification initiative did not end until 1950.[165] Deprived of her husband's property, which was placed in receivership until 1953,[166] Sophie found herself in a very precarious financial situation. Under these conditions, the death of her father Prince Andrew (who died in Monaco in December 1944) brought her a mediocre, but welcome inheritance.[167][168]
Second marriage
Widowed since October 1943 and mother to five children, Sophie got close to
As her wedding was scheduled for April, Sophie was trying to convince to the
It was then established that on 5 November 1945, Captain Kathleen Nash, Major David Watson and Colonel Jack Durant had discovered the jewels,[173] whose value was estimated at £2 million at the time,[159] and that they eventually stole them in February 1946.[173][174] Brought to justice, the three American soldiers were found guilty,[175] but only some of the stolen pieces were found intact, the rest having been dismantled to be more easily sold in Switzerland.[175] In addition, the American government procrastinated for several years around the question of the return of the remaining pieces, which were not given back to their owners until 1 August 1951. In the end, the family recovered around 10% of the stolen jewelry.[176][177]
Under these conditions, the marriage of Sophie and George William took on a simpler form than expected. Organized at
Philip's marriage
Since 1939, Sophie's brother
Prince Philip found himself unable to invite his sisters to his wedding. Aware of the difficulties their brother had to face, Sophie, Margarita and Theodora nevertheless considered their sidelining wrong and hurtful. They felt particularly dismayed and snubbed when they realized that their cousins, the Queen Mother of the Romanians and the Duchess of Aosta, had been invited despite their countries having been allies of the Nazi regime during the conflict.[194][198][199][200]
Harassed by the press, who submitted requests for interviews with them, Sophie and her sisters spent the wedding day, 20 November 1947, at
Return to normal life
Settling in Salem
With George William having completed his law studies at the
Once in Salem, George William and Sophie settled in a large house provided by the Margrave of Baden,[203] and the children of the princess were educated in the institution run by George William.[209] In fact, the financial situation of Sophie and her husband remained precarious for a long time. For the princess, however, things gradually improved from 1950, when she received a small inheritance from her maternal grandmother, the Dowager Marchioness of Milford Haven.[168][210] The conclusion in 1951 of the case of jewelry theft from the residence of Hesse-Kassels,[211] and the end of the investigation into the role of Sophie's first husband Christoph in the Nazi regime in 1953[N 4][166] then helped to normalize her financial situation and that of her five elder children.[207]
Sophie and her family remained in Salem until 1959, when George William gave up his post of school director.[203] In the meantime, the couple welcomed their nieces to their home, Princesses Sophia and Irene of Greece and Denmark, sent to Salem by their father, King Paul, to complete their studies.[212]
Reintegration into royal circles
Once the
In the early 1950s, relations between the
Family losses
In 1958, Sophie and George William bought a large chalet located in
Over the years, Princess Alice's state of health became a source of concern for Sophie and her family. Despite repeated requests from her children and her advancing age, she refused to move abroad and continued to live almost alone in Athens most of the year.
Struck by these successive losses, Sophie accompanied, in the weeks that followed, her sister-in-law,
Final years
In 1988, Sophie had the satisfaction of making her mother's last wishes come true by transferring her remains to the Church of Mary Magdalene, on the Mount of Olives, in Jerusalem.[235] A few years later, in 1993, the Yad Vashem Memorial honored Princess Alice as "Righteous Among the Nations" for supporting a Jewish family during the Second World War.[236] Sophie and Philip, her last surviving children since Margarita's death in 1981,[237] were invited to the Israeli capital in 1994, for a ceremony in honor of their mother.[238][239][240][241] As the Spanish historian Ricardo Mateos Sainz de Medrano pointed out, there was a certain irony here, considering Sophie's past links to the Nazi regime.[240]
The year 1994 also brought the accidental death of one of Sophie's grandsons, Prince Christopher of Yugoslavia. A science teacher at a high school in Bowmore, Scotland, the 34-year-old prince died when he was hit by a car on his way home on his bicycle. Informed by the Duke of Edinburgh while staying in the UK, Sophie was shocked by the news.[242]
The princess spent the last months of her life in a nursing home in
In popular culture
Documentaries
Prince Karl of Hesse briefly discusses his mother's childhood and her ties to the Nazi regime in a documentary about his uncle, Prince Philip: The Plot to Make a King (2015).[94] In the same documentary, it is mentioned that Princess Sophie is the author of an as of yet unpublished memoir.[94]
Princess Sophie is also mentioned in episode 6 ("Hesse Jewels") of the second season of the documentary series Daring Capers (2001).
Film and television
Sophie features as a character in the 2009 Belgian pseudo-film noir The Hessen Affair (The Hessen Conspiracy on DVD), the plot of which centers around the theft of her jewels and the entirely fictional post-1871 Imperial German crown jewels from Kronberg Castle.
Sophie is briefly portrayed by actress Eliza Sodró in the episode "Paterfamilias" of the
Ancestry
Ancestors of Princess Sophie of Greece and Denmark Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
7. Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine | |||||||||||||
15. Princess Alice of the United Kingdom | |||||||||||||
Notes and references
Notes
- ^ Perhaps the two men had already known each other for several years, but it was after this meeting that they began to regularly see each other. (Petropoulos 2006, p. 103)
- ^ The villa was financed by the Kurhessische Hausstiftung, via an advance on the inheritance of the landgrave of Hesse-Kassel. After the Second World War, the mansion served as the residence of the British High Commissioner stationed in Berlin (Petropoulos 2006, p. 119).
- Lord Mountbatten) considered that the plane crash in which Christoph was killed was due to an ordered sabotage by Adolf Hitler. Regardless, the circumstances of the accident were never determined and even the flight plan chosen by the prince to return to Germany raised questions. (Mateos Sainz de Medrano 2004, p. 479 and Petropoulos 2006, pp. 308–310).
- ^ Organized posthumously between 1950 and 1953, the denazification trial of Prince Christoph established that he could not have been classified either in category I ("major delinquents") or II ("delinquents"), nor even in category III ("Juvenile delinquents"), and that there was therefore no reason to confiscate his inheritance (Petropoulos 2006, pp. 330, 362).
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- ISBN 84-9734-368-9.
- ISBN 0-938311-12-3.
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- ^ a b "H R H Princess George of Hanover". The Daily Telegraph. 30 November 2001.
- ^ a b Zott 2018.
- ^ "Royal Wedding at Kronberg Castle". The Daily Telegraph. 3 August 1956.
- ^ "The dazzling royal wedding of Princess Dorothea of Hesse, the late Duke of Edinburgh's niece". Tatler. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
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- ^ "" La capacité de l'Homme à l'inhumanité " : Discours du Prince Philip à Yad Vashem". The Times of Israel. 13 April 2021. Retrieved 15 April 2021.
- ISBN 91-630-5964-9..
- ^ "Letzter Besuch". Die Welt (in German). 1 December 2001.
- ISBN 978-0-316-84820-6.
Bibliography
On Sophie
- Vickers, Hugo (2014). ""Tiny": Princess Sophia of Greece, Hesse-Kassel and Hanover 1914-2001". Royalty Digest Quarterly (3). ISSN 1653-5219.
Press articles devoted to Sophie
- "H R H Princess George of Hanover". The Daily Telegraph. 30 November 2001.
- "Prince Philip's elder sister dies at 87". The Scotsman. 30 November 2001.
- "Letzter Besuch". Die Welt (in German). 1 December 2001.
- Zott, Kathrin (6 July 2018). "Sophia Prinzessin von Hannover und Georg Wilhelm Prinz von Hannover – Zwei Königliche Hoheiten in Schliersee". Schliersee Magazine (in German).
On Sophie and the Greek royal family
- Beéche, Arturo E.; ISBN 978-0-9771961-5-9.
- Mateos Sainz de Medrano, Ricardo (2004). La Familia de la Reina Sofía: La Dinastía griega, la Casa de Hannover y los reales primos de Europa (in Spanish). Madrid: La Esfera de los Libros. ISBN 84-9734-195-3.
- ISBN 0-7509-2147-1.
On Sophie and the princely family of Hesse-Kassel
- Alford, Kenneth D. (1994). "The Looting of the Hesse Crown Jewels". The Spoils of World War II: The American Military's Role in Stealing Europe's Treasures. Carol Publishing Group. p. 109 et sq. ISBN 1559722371.
- Borch, Fred L. (2016). "Legal Lore: The Hesse Crown Jewels Courts-Martial". Litigation. 42 (4). American Bar Association: 10–12.
- Eckhart G. Franz (2005). Das Haus Hessen: Eine europäische Familie (in German). Stuttgart: Kohlhammer. ISBN 3-17-018919-0.
- Gain, Philippe (2001). "Princes et nobles d'Allemagne des années 1920 à l'effondrement du IIIe Reich". Guerres Mondiales et Conflits Contemporains (in French). 4 (204): 15–39. .
- Petropoulos, Jonathan (2006). Royals and the Reich: The Princes von Hessen in Nazi Germany. ISBN 978-0-19-533927-7.
Biographies of Sophie's relatives
- ISBN 2-262-01602-X.
- ISBN 979-10-210-2035-1.
- Eade, Philip (2012). Young Prince Philip: His Turbulent Early Life. HarperPress. ISBN 978-0-00-730539-1.
- ISBN 0-340-54607-7.
- Vickers, Hugo (2000). Alice: Princess Andrew of Greece. Londres: Hamish Hamilton. ISBN 978-0-241-13686-7.