Duklja
Kingdom of Duklja Duklja | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
10th century–1186 | |||||||||
Capital | Bar Shkodër | ||||||||
Common languages | Old Serbian | ||||||||
Religion | Christianity | ||||||||
Government | Monarchy | ||||||||
Prince/King | |||||||||
• 10th century | Petar (first known) | ||||||||
• 1046 – 1081 | Mihailo I (first king) | ||||||||
• fl. 1180 – 1186 | Mihailo III (last independent) | ||||||||
History | |||||||||
• Established | 10th century | ||||||||
• Conquered by Grand Principality of Serbia | 1186 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
Today part of | Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Montenegro Serbia |
Duklja (
Etymology
In historiography,
Geography
According to De Administrando Imperio (948–952), in chapter 35, Diokleia (Διόκλεια) included the "large, inhabited cities" of Gradetai, Nougrade, and Lontodokla.[4] Gradetai may have been Starigrad, Nougrade may have been Prevlaka, while the location of Lontodokla is uncertain.[4][5]
According to the later, somewhat dubious[6] source, Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja, a ruler named Hvalimir who was alleged to be an ancestor of Jovan Vladimir (ca. 990–1016), held Zeta and its towns, and the following counties: Lusca (Luška), Podlugiae (Podlužje), Gorsca (Gorska), Cupelnich (Kupelnik), Obliquus (Oblik), Prapratna, Cermeniza (Crmnica) and Budua (Budva) with Cuceva (Kučevo) and Gripuli (Grbalj).[7]
Since the 12th century, the term Zeta began to replace the name Duklja.
De Administrando Imperio
The DAI claims that Duklja had been made desolate by the
Ultimately, the origins of Duklja are not known with certainty, for the literary evidence often rests on semi-legendary genealogies. Moreover, what actually constituted a people (gens) in the Middle Ages has been rigorously debated. There is no clear evidence that peoples known as Serbs or Croats migrated en masse as coherent nations able to resettle large territories,
Rather, for the general masses, identity was rooted primarily with one's own clan, village and region. As Fine states, "In this large region settled by Slavs, all of whom spoke the same language, certain political entities emerged, and that is all that they were, political entities".[27] Duklja was one such polity, and its subsequent history was closely intertwined with that of Serbia/Rascia and the Byzantine Empire, and as well as Rome and 'western' powers. As such Duklja is seen as one of the medieval Serb states and was the political and cultural predecessor of modern Montenegro.[28][29][30]
Early history
Little is known about Duklja prior to the 11th century. The main source on the history of early South Slavic states is De Administrando Imperio by Emperor Constantine VII (compiled before 952). The work mentions virtually nothing about Duklja apart from that it was settled by Slavs and was ruled by the Byzantine Emperors. It probably did not exist as an established, independent polity before the late 10th century. The Byzantines ruled over coastal cities such as Doclea, Bar, Kotor, and the hinterland surrounding these. Archaeological evidence (a personal seal belonging to "Peter of Diokleia") suggests that local officials governed this small region in the name of the Emperor. The Slav regions that were not directly under Byzantine rule (such as Travunia) were organized into numerous župa, (roughly, a county) ruled by local families.
Slav raids on Eastern Roman territory are mentioned in 518, and by the 580s they had conquered large areas referred to as Sclavinia ("Slavdom", from
After Časlav died in ca. 960, Stari Ras and probably also Serbian lands were annexed by the Byzantines who formed
Rise
The Byzantine victory over the Bulgarians was a critical development in Balkan history. The Byzantines ruled most of the Balkans – Bulgaria, Serbia, Duklja, and Bosnia all fell back under Byzantine rule for the first time since the 6th century. Over much of the 11th century, we hear very little about events from the interior. Central Serbia was probably under the jurisdiction of the strategos (governor) of Sirmium – Constantine Diogenes. Some historians suggest that Duklja was ruled directly by the strategos of Dyrrhachium, while others posit that a native prince (whose name has not survived) was allowed to remain, ruling as a Byzantine vassal. Either way, the Slavic nobility was under Byzantine control.
Short-lived as it was, Vladimir's influence in Balkan politics shifted the centre of Serbian rule from inland Serbia to the coast. This was a "renewed Serbian state centered on Duklja".[48]
In the 1030s, as
In 1042, another Byzantine attack was defeated. The Byzantines had sent a "coalition" of vassal Slavic chiefs to fight Voislav. The coalition consisted of the Župan of Bosnia, Knez (Prince) Ljutovid of
At some point during his rule, Michael acquired the title of King. Most scholars place this date to 1077, when he received a legate from the Pope referring to him as the King of Slavs. However, Curta suggests that Michael may have been King as early as 1053, since he proclaimed himself 'King' sometime after receiving the protostrator title from the Emperor. However, formal recognition as King in medieval Europe required acknowledgement either from the Pope or the Byzantine Emperor. Either way, he was King by 1077.
When Michael died in 1081, he was succeeded by his son
In the 10th century, following the Synod of Split,
Decline
With Bodin gone, his Norman wife,
Duklja's long internecine strife was devastating for its status, as it was reduced back to a Principality dependent on Byzantine support, and was increasingly losing territory to Raska. By the time of Radoslav's reign as prince, he only held a small strip of land on the Dukljan coast (From Kotor to Ulcinj). By 1166, much of Duklja was occupied by Rascia, and in 1186, Stefan Nemanja annexed Duklja in its entirety after defeating the last Doclean prince – Mihailo.
List of rulers
- Petar, archon of Diokleia, 10th or 11th century
- St. Jovan Vladimir, c. 1000 – 22 May 1016
- Stefan Vojislav, archon, and toparches of the kastra of Dalmatia, Zeta and Ston, 1018 – c. 1043
- Mihailo I rex Sclavorum (King of Slavs), c. 1046 – 1081 (King in c. 1077)
- King Constantine Bodin of Duklja and Dalmatia 1081–1101
- King Mihailo II of Duklja 1101–1102
- King Dobroslav II of Duklja 1102
- King Kočoparof Duklja 1102–1103
- King Vladimir of Duklja 1103–1114
- King George I of Duklja1114–1118
- Prince Antivari1118–1125
- King George I of Duklja1125–1131 (reinstated)
- King Gradihna1131–1148
- Prince Radoslav 1146–1148/1162
- Prince Mihailo III 1162–1186
The principality then came under the rule of the
See also
Notes
- ^ Duklja was one of the "Serbian principalities" of the High Middle Ages.[55][56][57][58] The 11th-century chronicles state that the people of what is known in historiography as Duklja (the polity was variously called "Serbia", "Dalmatia", etc) were "Serbs" (Σέρβος) or "Croats". The rulers were titled, among others, "Prince of Serbs/Serbia":
- According to George Kedrenos (fl. 1050s), Stefan Vojislav was the "Prince of Serbia",[59] while according to John Skylitzes (fl. 1057–59), the "Prince of the Serbs" (ὁ τῶν Σέρβων ἄρχων).[60]
- According to Kedrenos and Skylitzes, )
- According to Skylitzes, "In the first year of the reign of Michael, the 11th indiction, the Serbian people, also called the Croats, set out to enslave Bulgaria"[63]
- According to Nikephoros Bryennios, "the tribe of Slavs rejected the Romans' yoke and ravaged and plundered Bulgaria; Skopje and Niš were also looted; Sirmium and the lands lying around the Sava River and the towns along the Ister near Vidin were in a state of emergency. And then Croats and Diocleans revolted and ravaged all of Illyricum"[64]
- According to Joannes Zonaras, "In the third year of his reign [that of Michael VII Doukas], the tribe of Croats, who some people also call Serbs, moved and tried to take the land of the Bulgarians"[64]
References
- ^ a b Ćirković 2004.
- ^ Ђорђе Јанковић. "О називу Диоклeје пре Немањића".
- ISBN 0-8155-5052-9.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-88402-309-8.
Constantine concludes chapter 35 by stating, "In the country of Diocleia are the large, inhabited cities of Gradetai, Nougrade, Lontodokla" (trans. Jenkins). Gradetai may be the coastal city of Starigrad, and Nougrade is perhaps Prevlaka, south ...
- ^ Vladimir Ćorović (13 January 2014). Istorija srpskog naroda. eBook Portal. p. 78–. GGKEY:XPENWQLDTZF.
- ^ Slovo. Vol. 47–49. 1999. p. 22.
... of Dioclea (or in Croatian Ljetopis Popa Dukljanina), a text of somewhat dubious value as a historical source
- ^ Starinar. Arheološki institut. 1884. p. 69.
ДУКЉАНИНОВА ПРАПРАТНА. „Хвалимиру даде зетску област с градовима, и ове жупе: Лушку, Подлужје, Горску, Куписник, 0блик, Прапратну, Црмницу, Будву с Клевом (Cuceva) и Грбаљ." Овако пише Дукљанин,") причајући како ј
- ^ Moravscik, 1967, p. 165
- ISBN 978-953-150-942-8.
Tako Skilica Dukljane naziva Srbima, a Kekaumen za dukljanskog vladara Vojislava piše da je »Travunjanin Srbin«. Skiličin Nastavljač i Ivan Zonara očigledno brkaju ili izjednačavaju Srbe i Hrvate u Duklji. Mihajlo Devolski pak stanovnike Duklje naziva Hrvatima. Nicifor Brijenije pišući o protu bizantskom ustanku 1072. Hrvate i Dukljane jasno razlikuje od makedonskih Slavena. Konačno, Ana Komnena podložnike dukljanskih vladara Mihajla, Bodina i Vukana naziva Dalmatima. Na temelju toga može se zaključiti da »navodi bizantskih pisaca ne dopuštaju izjednačavanje stanovnika Duklje u 11. i 12. st. bilo sa Srbima, bilo s Hrvatima«
- ^ Dvornik et al. 1962, p. 139, 142: C.’s general claim that the Zachlumians were Serbs are, therefore, inaccurate; and indeed his later statements that the Terbouniotes (34/4—5), and even the Narentans (36/5-7), were Serbs and came with the Serbs, seem to conflict with what he has said earlier (32/18-20) on the Serb migration, which reached the new Serbia from the direction of Belgrade. He probably saw that in his time all these tribes were in the Serb sphere of influence, and therefore called them Serbs, thus ante-dating by three centuries the state of affairs in his day ... The Serbs at an early date succeeded in extending their sovereignty over the Terbouniotes and, under Prince Peter, for a short time over the Narentans (see on 32/67). The Diocleans, whom C. does not claim as Serbs, were too near to the Byzantine tkema of Dyrrhachion for the Serbs to attempt their subjugation before C.’s time ... For C.’s statement that the Pagani are ‘descended from the unbaptized Serbs’ (36/5-6), see on 33/18-19. The small retinue of the Serbian prince could not have populated Serbia, Zachlumia, Terbounia and Narenta.
- ^ Curta (2006, p. 210):According to Constantine Porphyrogenitus, the Slavs of the Dalmatian zhupanias of Pagania, Zahumlje, Travounia, and Konavli all "descended from the unbaptized Serbs."51 This has been rightly interpreted as an indication that in the mid-tenth century the coastal zhupanias were under the control of the Serbian zhupan Časlav, who ruled over the regions in the interior and extended his power westwards across the mountains to the coast.
- ISBN 86-17-13754-1.)
English transl. 'Constantine Porphyrogenitus explicitly calls the inhabitants of Zahumlje Serbs who have settled there since the time of Emperor Heraclius, but we cannot be certain that the Travunians, Zachlumians and Narentines in the migration period to the Balkans were Serbs or Croats or Slavic tribes which in alliance with Serbs or Croats arrived in the Balkans. The emperor-writer says that all these principalities are inhabited by Serbs, but this is a view from his time, when the process of ethnogenesis had already reached such a stage that the Serbian name became widespread and generally accepted throughout the land due to Serbia's political domination. Therefore, it could be concluded that in the middle of the 10th century the process of ethnogenesis in Zahumlje, Travunija and Paganija was probably completed, because the emperor's informant collected data from his surroundings and transferred to Constantinople the tribal sense of belonging of the inhabitants of these archons.'
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - ^ Živković, Tibor (2012). De conversione Croatorum et Serborum: A Lost Source. Belgrade: The Institute of History. pp. 161–162, 181–196.
- ISBN 953-169-032-4. Archived from the original(PDF) on 4 May 2019. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
Glavnu poteškoću uočavanju etničke raznolikosti Slavena duž jadranske obale činilo je tumačenje Konstantina Porfirogeneta, po kojemu su Neretvani (Pagani), Zahumljani, Travunjani i Konavljani porijeklom Srbi. Pri tome je car dosljedno izostavljao Dukljane iz ove srpske zajednice naroda. Čini se, međutim, očitim da car ne želi govoriti ο stvarnoj etničkoj povezanosti, već da su mu pred očima politički odnosi u trenutku kada je pisao djelo, odnosno iz vremena kada su za nj prikupljani podaci u Dalmaciji. Opis se svakako odnosi na vrijeme kada je srpski knez Časlav proširio svoju vlast i na susjedne sklavinije, pored navedenih još i na Bosnu. Zajedno sa širenjem političke prevlasti, širilo se i etničko ime, što u potpunosti odgovara našim predodžbama ο podudarnosti etničkog i političkog nazivlja. Upravo zbog toga car ne ubraja Dukljane u Srbe, niti se srpsko ime u Duklji/Zeti udomaćilo prije 12. stoljeća. Povjesničari koji su bez imalo zadrške Dukljane pripisivali Srbima, pozivali su se na Konstantina, mada im on nije za takve teze davao baš nikakve argumente, navodeći Dukljane isključivo pod njihovim vlastitim etnonimom.
- ^ Gračanin, Hrvoje (2008), "Od Hrvata pak koji su stigli u Dalmaciju odvojio se jedan dio i zavladao Ilirikom i Panonijom: Razmatranja uz DAI c. 30, 75-78", Povijest U Nastavi (in Croatian), VI (11): 67–76,
Ukratko, car je rekao ili da se dio Hrvata odselio iz Dalmacije i, naselivši se u Panoniji i Iliriku, zavladao ondje ili da su Hrvati / član hrvatske elite preuzeli vlast u tim područjima, a da doseobe nije bilo. Odgovor nude arheološko-antropološka istraživanja. Kraniometrijske analize provedene na kosturnim ostacima iz grobišta od jadranskog priobalja do duboko u unutrašnjost upućuju na zaključak da su se populacije koje se smatraju starohrvatskima postupno širile u zaleđe sve do južne Panonije tek u vrijeme od 10. do 13. stoljeća.26 Dalmatinskohrvatske populacije jasno se razlikuju od kasnijih kontinentalnih populacija iz Vukovara i Bijelog Brda, dok populacije s lokaliteta Gomjenica kod Prijedora, koji je na temelju arheološke građe svrstan u bjelobrdski kulturni kompleks, ulaze već u skupinu dalmatinsko-hrvatskih populacija.27 Polagan prodor hrvatskog utjecaja prema sjeveru dodatno potkrepljuju i nalazi nakita iz tog vremena,28 koji svjedoče o neposrednijim vezama između dalmatinsko-hrvatskog i južnopanonsko-slavenskog kulturnog kruga. Izneseni nalazi navode na zaključak da se Hrvati nisu uopće naselili u južnoj Panoniji tijekom izvorne seobe sa sjevera na jug, iako je moguće da su pojedine manje skupine zaostale na tom području utopivši se naposljetku u premoćnoj množini ostalih doseljenih slavenskih populacija. Širenje starohrvatskih populacija s juga na sjever pripada vremenu od 10. stoljeća nadalje i povezano je s izmijenjenim političkim prilikama, jačanjem i širenjem rane hrvatske države. Na temelju svega ovoga mnogo je vjerojatnije da etnonim "Hrvati" i doseoba skrivaju činjenicu o prijenosu političke vlasti, što znači da je car političko vrhovništvo poistovjetio s etničkom nazočnošću. Točno takav pristup je primijenio pretvarajući Zahumljane, Travunjane i Neretljane u Srbe (DAI, c. 33, 8-9, 34, 4-7, 36, 5-7).
- ISBN 978-953-340-061-7,
Sporovi hrvatske i srpske historiografije oko etničkoga karaktera sklavinija između Cetine i Drača bespredmetni su, jer transponiraju suvremene kategorije etniciteta u rani srednji vijek u kojem se identitet shvaćao drukčije. Osim toga, opstojnost većine sklavinija, a pogotovo Duklje (Zete) govori i u prilog ustrajanju na vlastitom identitetu kojim su se njihove elite razlikovale od onih susjednih ... Međutim, nakon nekog vremena (možda poslije unutarnjih sukoba u Hrvatskoj) promijenio je svoj položaj i prihvatio vrhovništvo srpskog vladara jer Konstantin tvrdi da su Zahumljani (kao i Neretvani i Travunjani) bili Srbi od vremena onog arhonta koji je Srbe, za vrijeme Heraklija, doveo u njihovu novu domovinu. Ta tvrdnja, naravno, nema veze sa stvarnošću 7. st., ali govori o političkim odnosima u Konstantinovo vrijeme.
- ^ Novaković, Relja (2010) [1981]. "Gde se nalazila Srbija od VII do XII veka: Zaključak i rezime monografije" [Where was located Serbia from VII until XII century: Conclusion and summary of the monograph]. Rastko (in Serbian). Beograd: Narodna knjiga i Istorijski institut.
Pisac ove knjige već sada smatra da ima izvesnih znakova iz kojih se može naslutiti da prvobitno slovensko stanovništvo Duklje (Zete), Bosne i Raške nije bilo istog porekla kao i slovensko stanovništvo u Porfirogenitovoj "sadašnjoj" odnosno "pokrštenoj Srbiji". Ono je moglo biti veoma srodno, ali ne i identično. Činjenica je da taj najraniji i najmerodavniji izvor o poreklu stanovnika Duklje, Bosne i Raške ne kaže ništa, mada o njima piše četiri veka po doseljenju tih Slovena u te svoje tadašnje zemlje. To šo se u kasnijoj istoriji u ovim oblastima spominju Srbi, ne mora bezuslovno da znači da su njihovi prvobitni slovenski stanovnici istog porekla kao i oni u primorskim srpskim zemljama i u "sadašnjoj Srbiji ("pokrštenoj Srbiji"). Ime Srbije i Srba moglo se proširiti širenjem Srbije kao države. Zbog toga moramo ostati rezervisani sve dok ne saznamo nešto pouzdanije.
- ^ Fine, 1991, p. 53
- ISBN 0-8014-9493-1.
- ^ Ćirković, Sima (2020). Živeti sa istorijom. Belgrade: Helsinški odbor za ljudska prava u Srbiji. p. 307.
- ^ Fine (2006, pp. 62–3, footnote 103)
- ^ Dvornik et al. 1962, p. 142.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-19-974163-2.
- ^ Fine, 1991, p. 57
- ^ Fine (2006, p. 2)
- ^ Whittow (1996, p. 263) "The Croats and Serbs have also been seen as rebels who broke away from the Avars to set up their own states in the 620s with the blessing of Emperor Heraklios. But the only evidence is an anachronistic story preserved in De Administrando Imperio which seems to have been invented in the late 9th or early 10th century to give historical precedent to current Byzantine policies."
- ^ Fine, 2005, p. 31
- ^ Hupchik, 2002, p. 54: "Jovan Vladimir, who ruled a renewed Serb state centered on Zeta (present-day Montenegro)"
- ^ The New Cambridge Medieval History, IV. 1024– 1198. Part II. Page 136. "In 1018 when Basil II conquered Bulgaria a number of Serbian principalities also fell under Byzantine rule. These included Raska.., Duklja.., Tribenje..., Zahumlje.., and Bosnia"
- ^ Stephenson, 2003, pp. 42–43: "Ljutovid's claim to be strategos not only of Zahumlje, but all Serbia suggests that he had been courted by the Emperor and awarded nominal rights over neighboring lands, including Duklja"
- ^ "Slavyane v rannem srednevekovie" Valentin V. Sedov, Archaeological institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 1995, p. [page needed] (in Russian)
- ^ Fine, 1991, p. 37
- ^ Malcolm 1995, p. 10-11.
- ^ Fine, 2006, p. 35, "a people who occupy a large part of Dalmatia"
- ^ Serbian Studies. Vol. 2–3. North American Society for Serbian Studies. 1982. p. 29.
...the Serbs, a people that is said to hold a large part of Dalmatia
- ISBN 9781551110035.
...who are said to hold a great part of Dalmatia
- ISBN 9781107028388.
'a people that is said to hold a large part of Dalmatia'. This was a reference to the ancient Roman province of Dalmatia, which extended deep into the western Balkan interior, from the eastern Adriatic coast to the valleys of the Ibar and Sava Rivers.
- ^ Fine [page needed]
- ^ John V. A. Fine. The early Medieval Balkans.[page needed]
- ^ The early medieval Balkans, p. 148
- ^ a b Fine, 1991, p. 149
- ^ Fine, 1991, p. 150
- ^ Fine, 1991, p. 141
- ^ The early medieval Balkans, p. 160
- ^ The entry of the Slavs into Christendom, p. 209
- ^ Ostrogorsky 1956, pp. 273–5.
- ^ a b Fine [page needed]
- ^ a b Hupchik, p.[page needed]
- ^ Kekaumenos, ed Litavrin, 170–2
- ^ a b Fine, p. 202
- ^ a b Fine, 1991, pp. 203, 206–207
- Ostrogorski, Georgije; Barišić, Franjo, eds. (1966). Vizantijski izvori za istoriju naroda Jugoslavije. Vol. 3. Beograd: Vizantološki institut.
- ^ a b c d e Fine, 1991, p. 223
- ^ Markovic 2016, p. 167.
- ^ Fine 1991, p. 202: "Duklja—a region inhabited by Serbs"
- ISBN 978-0-521-41411-1.
Serbian principalities ... Duklja, or Dioclea
- ^ Sedlar 1994, p. 21: "In the 11th century, the most important Serbian political units were Duklja..."
- ^ Velikonja 2003, p. 44: "Byzantium and Bulgaria scrambled for control over the Serbian principalities of Duklja, Rascia and Zahumlje."
- ^ Cedrenus, ed. Bonn, II, p. 526
- ^ Scylitzes, 408-9
- ^ Georgius (Cedrenus.); Jacques Paul Migne (1864). Synopsis historiōn. Migne. p. 338.
Τριβαλλών και Σέρβων
- ^ Skylitzes 475.13-14
- ^ Mikhail Voĭnov, ed. (1969). Documents and Materials on the History of the Bulgarian People. Sofia: Publishing House of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. p. 37.
- ^ a b Bryenii, Nicephori; Zonarae, Ioannes (1968). Fontes graeci historiae bulgaricae. Vol. VII. Sofia: Publishing House of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. pp. 115, 202.
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- Живковић, Тибор (2002). Јужни Словени под византијском влашћу 600-1025 (South Slavs under the Byzantine Rule 600-1025). Београд: Историјски институт САНУ, Службени гласник. ISBN 9788677430276.
- ISBN 9788675585732.
- ISBN 9788677430917.
- ISBN 953-6045-03-6.
- Velikonja, Mitja (5 February 2003). Religious Separation and Political Intolerance in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 978-1-58544-226-3.
- Sedlar, Jean W. (1994). East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000-1500. University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0-295-97291-6.
Further reading
- B. Novaković (2012). "Дукља у спису De administrando imperio" (PDF). Zbornik radova Vizantološkog instituta. .