Principality of Halych

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Principality of Halych
Галицьке князівство
Галицкоє кънѧжьство
Principality of the Kievan Rus'
1124–1199 (1205–1239)
Volyn Principality
1199 (1205–1239)
Political subdivisionsPrincipalities of Kievan Rus'
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Terebovlia Principality
Principality of Peremyshl
Zvenyhorod Principality
Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia
Today part ofPoland, Ukraine, Romania, Moldova

The Principality of Halych (

Yaropolk Izyaslavich who was a son of the ruling Grand Prince Iziaslav I of Kiev
.

The Kingdom of Halycs (blue) and the Kingdom of Hungary (during the reign of Béla III of Hungary)

Prehistory

See also: Kievan Rus'

The first recorded Slavic tribes living in the regions of

Kingdom of Poland (1018–1031, and 1069–1080). In the meantime, Yaroslav the Wise established a "solid foot" in the region founding the city of Jarosław
.

As part of the territory of the

Terebovlia Principality
.

Unification

The Rostislavich Brothers managed not only to be politically separate from Volodymyr but also to defend themselves from external enemies. In 1099, in the battle on Rozhne field, the Halychians defeated the army of the Grand Prince Sviatopolk II of Kiev and later that year the army of Hungarian king Coloman near Przemysl.[11]

These two significant victories brought nearly one hundred years of relatively peaceful development in the Halychian Principality.[12] The four sons of the Rostystlavych Brothers divided the area into four parts with centres in Przemysl (Rostislav), Zvenyhorod (Volodymyrko), Halych and Terebovlia (Ivan and Yuriy). After the death of three of them Volodimyrko took Przemysl and Halych and gave Zvenyhorod to Ivan - son of his older brother Rostyslav. In 1141 Volodymyrko moved his residence from Przemysl to more geographically advantageous Halych giving birth to a united Halychian Principality. In 1145 citizens of Halych, taking advantage of the absence of Volodymyrko, called Ivan of Zvenyhorod to reign. After the defeat of Ivan under the walls of Halych, the Zvenygorod Principality was also incorporated into the Halychian lands.

Era of Yaroslav Osmomysl

Miniature of St. Mark from 12th century Halych Gospel

Volodymyrko pursued a policy of balancing between neighbours. He managed to strengthen the power of the principality, attach some cities belonging to the Kiev Grand Prince and force to keep them despite the conflict with both two powerful rulers Iziaslav II of Kiev and the king Géza II of Hungary.[13]

In 1152, after the death of Volodymyrko, the Halychian throne was succeeded by his only son Yaroslav Osmomysl. Yaroslav began his reign with the Battle on the river Siret in 1153 with Grand Prince Iziaslav, which resulted a heavy losses for the Halychians but led to the retreat of Izyaslav, who died shortly thereafter. Thus the danger from the east had passed and Jaroslav via diplomacy reached peace with his other neighbors - Hungary and Poland. Subsequently, thanks to negotiations Jaroslav neutralized his only rival - Ivan, the eldest descendant of the Rostislavich Brothers, former Prince of Zvenyhorod.

These diplomatic successes enabled Yaroslav to focus on the internal development of the Principality: the construction of new buildings in the capital and other cities, enrichment of monasteries, as well as strengthening his power over the territory in lower courses of

St. Sophia Cathedral in Kiev, was completed in Halych.[14] The city itself grew into a big agglomeration[15] being approximately 11 x 8.5 kilometers in size.[16]
Despite his strong position in the international arena, Yaroslav was under the control of the Halychian citizens whose will he had to consider even sometimes in matters of his personal, and family life.

Contacts with the Byzantine Empire

In the same period, Byzantine emperor

Kiev and Yaroslav, the new ruler of Principality of Halych, adopted a pro-Hungarian stance.[17]

In 1164–65 Manuel's cousin Andronikos, the future emperor, escaped from captivity in Byzantium and fled to the court of Yaroslav in Galicia. This situation, holding out the alarming prospect of Andronikos making a bid for Manuel's throne sponsored by both Galicia and Hungary, spurred the Byzantines into an unprecedented flurry of diplomacy. Manuel pardoned Andronikos and persuaded him to return to Constantinople in 1165. A mission to Kiev, then ruled by Prince Rostislav, resulted in a favourable treaty and a pledge to supply the Empire with auxiliary troops; Yaroslav of Galicia was also persuaded to renounce his Hungarian connections and return fully into the imperial fold. As late as 1200 the princes of Galicia were providing invaluable services against the enemies of the Empire, at that time the Cumans.[18]

The restoration of relations with Galicia had an immediate benefit for Manuel when, in 1166, he dispatched two armies to attack the eastern provinces of Hungary in a vast pincer movement. One army crossed the

Walachian Plain and entered Hungary through the Transylvanian Alps (Southern Carpathians), while the other army made a wide circuit to Galicia and, with Galician aid, crossed the Carpathian Mountains. It resulted in the Hungarian province of Transylvania being thoroughly ravaged by the Byzantine armies.[19]

"Freedom in princes"

Church of St. Panteleimon in Halych. End of 12th century.

A significant feature in the political life of the Halychian Principality was the decisive role of nobles and citizens. Halicyans used the principle of ″freedom in princes″ and invited and expelled princes, also correcting their activities. Contrary to the will of Yaroslav Osmomysl who left the throne to his younger son Oleg, the Halychians invited his brother Vladimir II Yaroslavich, and later, after conflict with him, Roman the Great, prince of Volodymyr. But almost immediately Roman was replaced by Andrew - the son of Hungarian King Bela III. The reason for this choice was complete freedom of government that was guaranteed by Béla and Andrew to Halychians.[20] This period can be considered as the first experience of self-rule government by noblemen and citizens. However, the vulgar behaviour of the Hungarian garrison and their attempts to install Roman Catholic rites[21] led to another change in mood and to the throne again was returned Vladimir II, who ruled in Halych next decade up to the year 1199.

Autocracy of Roman the Great and unification with Volhynia

See also: Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia

After the death of the last descendant of Principality's founders Rostislavich Brothers - Vladimir II in 1199, Halychians started negotiations with the sons of his sister (daughter of Yaroslav Osmomysl) and the legendary Prince Igor (the main hero of the poem The Tale of Igor's Campaign) about succession to the Halychian throne. But Prince of Volodymir Roman with the help of Prince Leszek the White managed to capture Halych despite a strong resistance of residents.[22] Following next six years lasted a period of continued repression against the nobility and active citizens as well as a significant territorial and political expansion that transformed Halych into the main centre of all Rus'. Volhynian principality was united with Halychian but this time the new Centre of Galicia-Volhynia principality became Halych. Further successful war with Igorevich Brother's contenders for the Galician throne enabled Roman the Great to establish his control over Kiev and place there his henchmen, one of them with the consent of Vsevolod the Big Nest. After victorious campaigns against the Cumans, and probably Lithuanians, Roman the Great reached the height of its power and was called in the annals as "The Tzar and Autocrator of all Rus'".[23][24][25] After the death of Roman in 1205, his widow to keep power in Halychia called for help Hungarian King Andrew, who sent her to the military garrison. However, in the next 1206 years Halychians again invited Vladimir III Igorevich - son of Yaroslav Osmomysl's daughter, and Roman's widow, along with the sons to flee the city.

Climax of citizens-nobles rule

Przemysl'
Missal, beginning of 13th century.

Vladimir III reigned in Halychia only for two years. As a result of feuds with his brother Roman II, he was expelled and the latter took the Halychia throne. But very soon Roman was replaced by

Daniel of Halych. After his mother made an attempt to concentrate power in her hands as regent, she was banished from the city and Mstislav the Dumb was again invited to reign, but he fled fearing Hungarian troops had been called by of Daniel's mother. After the failure of the Hungarian King's campaign, the local community had made a unique step in the history of Rus', enthroned in 1211 or 1213[28] one of the Halychian nobles[29][30]
Volodyslav Kormylchych. This episode can be considered as a peak of citizens-nobles democracy in Halych.

Rule of Volodyslav caused aggression of neighboring states and in spite of the Halychian's resistance they managed to overwhelm Volodyslav's army. In 1214 Hungarian King Andrew and Polish Prince Leszek signed an agreement about partition of Halychian principality. The western edge passed to Poland and the rest to Hungary. Palatine Benedict returned to Halych and the son of Hungarian king Andrew Koloman, received the crown from the Pope with the title of "King of Galicia." However, religious conflict with the local population

Mongol invasion, Halych turns in the hands of Daniel, but his power was not certain, because at this time chronicle mentions an ascension to the throne a loсal nobleman Dobroslav Suddych.[38]

Daniel of Galicia and Mongol invasion

In the 1240s in Halychian Principality's history occurred an important changes. In 1241 Наlych was captured by the Mongol army.[39] In 1245 Daniel won a decisive battle over the Hungarian-Polish army of his opponent Rostislav and again unites Halychia with Volhynia. After the victory build his residence in Holm in the western part of Volhynia. After Daniel's visit to Batu Khan, started payments of tribute to Golden Horde. All these factors led to the beginning of cultural, economic and political decline of Halych.

Last rise and decline

Already in the time of Daniel's rule Halychia turned to the hands of his elder son

Volodymyr. In the times of following princes, nobles gradually regained power, and from 1341 to 1349, it came in the hands of nobleman Dmytro Dedko, at the nominal reign of prince Liubartas.[40]
In 1349, after the death of Dmytro, Polish King Casimir III the Great marched on Lviv, while coercing with the Golden Horde[41] and the Hungarian kingdom.[42] The result was the end of political independence of Halych and its annexation into the Polish crown.

Post-history

In 1387 all lands of the Halychian principality were included in to the possessions of Polish Queen

Rus' Voivodeship. In 1772, Halychia was attached to the Austrian Empire within which it existed as an administrative unit called "Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria" with the center in Lviv
.

Relations with Byzantine Empire

Halychian Principality had a close ties with

Andronicus I Comnenus some time lived in Halych and ruled by several cities of principality in years 1164-65.[44][45]
According to reports of
capture of Constantinople by Crusaders in 1204.[46][47]
Halychian Principality and Byzantine Empire were frequent allies in the fight against Cumans.

Princes of Halych

Main article: List of princes of Galicia and Volhynia
Princes of Halych (according to М. Hrushevsky)
Prince Years Remarks
Ivan Vasylkovych 1124–1141 son of Vasylko Rostyslavych of Terebovel' (not mentioned in Hrushevsky list)
Volodymyrko Volodarovych 1141–1144 son of Prince of Przemysl
Volodar Rostyslavych
Ivan Rostyslavych Berladnyk 1144 son of Prince of
Przemysl'
Rostyslav Volodarovych (not mentioned in Hrushevsky list)
Volodymyrko Volodarovych 1144–1153 second time
Yaroslav Osmomysl 1153–1187 son of Volodymyrko Volodarovych
Oleg Yaroslavich 1187 son of Yaroslav Osmomysl
Vladimir II Yaroslavich 1187–1188 son of Yaroslav Osmomysl
Roman Mstyslavych
 1188–1189 Prince of Volhynia
Vladimir II Yaroslavich 1189–1199 son of Yaroslav Osmomysl, second time
Roman Mstyslavych
 1199–1205 second time
Daniel Romanovych 1205–1206 son of Roman Mstyslavych
Vladimir III Igorevich 1206–1208 from the
Olgovichi
of Chernigov
Roman II Igorevich 1208–1209 brother of Volodymyr Igorevych
Rostislav II of Kiev 1210 son of Rurik Rostislavich of Kiev
Roman II Igorevich 1210 second time
Vladimir III Igorevich 1210–1211 second time
Daniel Romanovych 1211–1212 second time
Mstyslav of Peresopnytsia 1212–1213 from the
Iziaslavichi of Volhynia
Volodyslav Kormyl'chych 1213–1214 boyar from Halych
Coloman II
 1214–1219 son of Andrew II of Hungary
Mstyslav the Bold 1219 from the
Rostislavichi of Smolensk
, grandson of Yaroslav Osmomysl (by female line)
Coloman II
 1219–1221? second time
Mstyslav the Bold 1221?-1228 second time
Аndriy Andrievych 1228–1230 son of Andrew II of Hungary
Daniel Romanovych 1230–1232 third time
Аndiy Andrievych 1232–1233 second time
Daniel Romanovych 1233–1235 fourth time
Michael Vsevolodovich 1235–1236 from the
Olgovichi
of Chernigov
Rostislav Mikhailovich 1236–1238 son of Michael Vsevolodovich, from the
Olgovichi
of Chernigov
Daniel Romanovych 1238–1264 fifth time
Shvarn Danilovych 1264–1269 son of Daniel, co-ruler of Leo I of Galicia
Leo I of Galicia 1264–1301? son of Daniel
Yuri I of Galicia 1301?-1308? son of Lev I
Leo II of Galicia 1308–1323 son of Yuri I
Volodymyr Lvovych 1323–1325 son of Lev II
Yuri II Boleslav
 1325–1340 from Mazovian princes, grandson of Yuri I
Dmitriy Liubart 1340–1349 from Lithuanian princes

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Bibliography

External links

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