Printing

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Printing Revolution
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From top to bottom, left to right: cylinder seal of a scene, block used for woodblock printing, movable type, printing press, lithograph press, offset press used for modern lithographic printing, linotype machine for hot metal typesetting, digital printer, 3D printer in action.
Part of a series on the
History of printing
Techniques
Woodblock printing200
Movable type1040
Intaglio (printmaking)1430
Printing pressc. 1440
Etchingc. 1515
Mezzotint1642
Relief printing1690
Aquatint1772
Lithography1796
Chromolithography1837
Rotary press1843
Hectograph1860
Offset printing1875
Hot metal typesetting1884
Mimeograph1885
Daisy wheel printing1889
Photostat and rectigraph1907
Screen printing1911
Spirit duplicator1923
Dot matrix printing1925
Xerography1938
Spark printing1940
Phototypesetting1949
Inkjet printing1950
Dye-sublimation1957
Laser printing1969
Thermal printingc. 1972
Solid ink printing1972
Thermal-transfer printing1981
3D printing1986
Digital printing1991
Marketing
Key concepts
Promotional content
Promotional media
Research

Printing is a process for mass reproducing text and

ink rubbings made on paper or cloth from texts on stone tablets, used during the sixth century.[1][a] Printing by pressing an inked image onto paper (using woodblock printing) appeared later that century.[3] Later developments in printing technology include the movable type invented by Bi Sheng around 1040 AD[4][5] and the printing press invented by Johannes Gutenberg in the 15th century. The technology of printing played a key role in the development of the Renaissance and the Scientific Revolution and laid the material basis for the modern knowledge-based economy and the spread of learning to the masses.[6]

History

Main article: History of printing

Woodblock printing

Main article: Woodblock printing

textiles and later on paper.[3]

In East Asia

The intricate frontispiece of the Diamond Sutra from Tang dynasty China, AD 868 (British Library), discovered at the Library Cave of Mogao Caves in Dunhuang, but probably printed in Sichuan.[7]
Main article: History of printing in East Asia

The earliest examples of ink-squeeze rubbings and potential stone printing blocks appear in the mid-sixth century in China. A type of printing called mechanical

Bulguk Temple, Kyongju Province in AD 751.[9][10][11][12][13] The document is estimated to have been created no later than AD 704.[8]

By the ninth century, printing on paper had taken off, and the first completely surviving printed book is the Diamond Sutra (British Library) of 868, uncovered from Dunhuang.[14] By the tenth century, 400,000 copies of some sutras and pictures were printed, and the Confucian classics were in print. A skilled printer could print up to 2,000 double-page sheets per day.[15]

Printing spread early to Korea and Japan, which also used Chinese logograms, but the technique was also used in Turpan and Vietnam using a number of other scripts. This technique then spread to Persia and Russia.[16] This technique was transmitted to Europe by around 1400 and was used on paper for old master prints and playing cards.[17]

In the Middle East

Block printing, called

Arabic Egypt during the ninth and tenth centuries, mostly for prayers and amulets. There is some evidence to suggest that these print blocks were made from non-wood materials, possibly tin, lead, or clay. The techniques employed are uncertain. Block printing later went out of use during the Timurid Renaissance.[18] The printing technique in Egypt was embraced by reproducing texts on paper strips and supplying them in different copies to meet the demand.[19][20]

In Europe

The earliest known woodcut, 1423, Buxheim, with hand-colouring

Block printing first came to Europe as a method for printing on cloth, where it was common by 1300. Images printed on cloth for religious purposes could be quite large and elaborate. When paper became relatively easily available, around 1400, the technique transferred very quickly to small woodcut religious images and playing cards printed on paper. These prints produced in very large numbers from about 1425 onward.

Around the mid-fifteenth-century, block-books, woodcut books with both text and images, usually carved in the same block, emerged as a cheaper alternative to manuscripts and books printed with movable type. These were all short heavily illustrated works, the bestsellers of the day, repeated in many different block-book versions: the Ars moriendi and the Biblia pauperum were the most common. There is still some controversy among scholars as to whether their introduction preceded or, the majority view, followed the introduction of movable type, with the range of estimated dates being between about 1440 and 1460.[21]

Movable-type printing

Copperplate of 1215–1216 5000 cash paper money with ten bronze movable types
Bibliothèque Nationale de France
, Paris
Main article: Movable type

Movable type is the system of printing and typography using movable pieces of metal type, made by casting from matrices struck by letterpunches. Movable type allowed for much more flexible processes than hand copying or block printing.

Around 1040, the first known movable type system was created in China by

Wang Zhen by 1298 had carved a more durable type from wood. He also developed a complex system of revolving tables and number-association with written Chinese characters that made typesetting and printing more efficient. Still, the main method in use there remained woodblock printing (xylography), which "proved to be cheaper and more efficient for printing Chinese, with its thousands of characters".[22]

Copper movable type printing originated in China at the beginning of the 12th century. It was used in large-scale printing of

paper money
issued by the Northern Song dynasty. Movable type spread to Korea during the Goryeo dynasty.

Around 1230, Koreans invented a metal type movable printing using bronze. The

Frances Gies and Joseph Gies claimed that "The Asian priority of invention movable type is now firmly established, and that Chinese-Korean technique, or a report of it traveled westward is almost certain."[30]

A case of cast metal type pieces and typeset matter in a composing stick

The printing press

Main article: Printing press
Plantin-Moretus Museum

Around 1450, Johannes Gutenberg introduced the first movable type printing system in Europe. He advanced innovations in casting type based on a matrix and hand mould, adaptations to the screw-press, the use of an oil-based ink, and the creation of a softer and more absorbent paper.[31] Gutenberg was the first to create his type pieces from an alloy of lead, tin, antimony, copper and bismuth – the same components still used today.[32] Johannes Gutenberg started work on his printing press around 1436, in partnership with Andreas Dritzehen – whom he had previously instructed in gem-cutting – and Andreas Heilmann, the owner of a paper mill.[33][page needed]

Compared to

all around the world.[citation needed
]

Page-setting room – c. 1920

Time Life magazine called Gutenberg's innovations in movable type printing the most important invention of the second millennium.[34]

Rotary printing press

Main article: Rotary printing press

The steam-powered rotary printing press, invented in 1843 in the United States by

Richard M. Hoe,[35] ultimately allowed millions of copies of a page in a single day. Mass production of printed works flourished after the transition to rolled paper, as continuous feed allowed the presses to run at a much faster pace. Hoe's original design operated at up to 2,000 revolutions per hour where each revolution deposited 4 page images, giving the press a throughput of 8,000 pages per hour.[36] By 1891, The New York World and Philadelphia Item were operating presses producing either 90,000 4-page sheets per hour or 48,000 8-page sheets.[37]

The rotary printing press uses impressions curved around a cylinder to print on long continuous rolls of paper or other substrates. Rotary drum printing was later significantly improved by William Bullock. There are multiple types of rotary printing press technologies that are still used today: sheetfed offset, rotogravure, and flexographic printing.[citation needed]

Printing capacity

The table lists the maximum number of pages which various press designs could print per hour.

Hand-operated presses Steam-powered presses
Gutenberg-style
c. 1600 		Stanhope press
c. 1800 		Koenig press
1812 		Koenig press
1813 		Koenig press
1814 		Koenig press
1818
Impressions per hour 200[38] 480[39] 800[40] 1,100[41] 2,000[42] 2,400[42]

Conventional printing technology

All printing process are concerned with two kinds of areas on the final output:

  1. Image area (printing areas)
  2. Non-image area (non-printing areas)

After the information has been prepared for production (the prepress step), each printing process has definitive means of separating the image from the non-image areas.

Conventional printing has four types of process:

  1. Planographics, in which the printing and non-printing areas are on the same plane surface and the difference between them is maintained chemically or by physical properties, the examples are: offset lithography, collotype, and screenless printing.
  2. Relief, in which the printing areas are on a plane surface and the non printing areas are below the surface, examples: flexography and letterpress.
  3. gravure, etching, collagraph
    .
  4. Porous or
    stencil duplicator, risograph
    .

Crop marks

To print an image without a blank area around the image, the non-printing areas must be trimmed after printing. Crop marks can be used to show the printer where the printing area ends, and the non-printing area begins.[43] The part of the image which is trimmed off is called bleed.

Letterpress

Miehle press printing Le Samedi journal. Montreal, 1939.
Main article: Letterpress printing

Letterpress printing is a technique of relief printing. A worker composes and locks movable type into the bed of a press, inks it, and presses paper against it to transfer the ink from the type which creates an impression on the paper. There is different paper for different works the quality of paper shows different ink to use.

Letterpress printing was the normal form of printing text from its invention by Johannes Gutenberg in the mid-15th century and remained in wide use for books and other uses until the second half of the 20th century, when offset printing was developed. More recently, letterpress printing has seen a revival in an artisanal form.

Offset

Main article:
Offset press
The 910-ton printing presses at the Las Vegas Review-Journal were the largest in the world when installed in 2000

Offset printing is a widely used modern printing process. This technology is best described as when a positive (right-reading) image on a printing plate is inked and transferred (or "offset") from the plate to a rubber blanket. The blanket image becomes a mirror image of the plate image. An offset transfer moves the image to a printing substrate (typically paper), making the image right-reading again. Offset printing uses a lithographic process which is based on the repulsion of oil and water. The offset process employs a flat (planographic) image carrier (plate) which is mounted on a press cylinder. The image to be printed obtains ink from ink rollers, while the non-printing area attracts an (acidic) film of water, keeping the non-image areas ink-free. Most offset presses use three cylinders: Plate, blanket, impression. Currently, most books and newspapers are printed using offset lithography.

Gravure

Main article: Rotogravure

Gravure printing is an

intaglio printing technique, where the image being printed is made up of small depressions in the surface of the printing plate. The cells are filled with ink, and the excess is scraped off the surface with a doctor blade. Then a rubber-covered roller presses paper onto the surface of the plate and into contact with the ink in the cells. The printing cylinders are usually made from copper plated steel, which is subsequently chromed, and may be produced by diamond engraving; etching, or laser
ablation.

Gravure printing is known for its ability to produce high-quality, high-resolution images with accurate color reproduction and using viscosity control equipment during production. Ink evaporation control affects the change in the color of the printed image.

Gravure printing is used for long, high-quality print runs such as magazines, mail-order catalogues, packaging and printing onto fabric and wallpaper. It is also used for printing postage stamps and decorative plastic laminates, such as kitchen worktops.

Flexography

Flexography is a type of relief printing. The relief plates are typically made from photopolymers. The process is used for flexible packaging, corrugated board, labels, newspapers and more. In this market it competes with gravure printing by holding 80% of the market in US, 50% in Europe but only 20% in Asia.[44]

Other printing techniques

The other significant printing techniques include:

  • Dye-sublimation printer
  • Inkjet
    , used typically to print a small number of books or packaging, and also to print a variety of materials: from high quality papers simulating offset printing, to floor tiles. Inkjet is also used to apply mailing addresses to direct mail pieces
  • Laser printing (toner printing) mainly used in offices and for transactional printing (bills, bank documents). Laser printing is commonly used by direct mail companies to create variable data letters or coupons.
  • Pad printing, popular for its ability to print on complex three-dimensional surfaces
  • catalogues
  • Screen printing for a variety of applications ranging from T-shirts to floor tiles, and on uneven surfaces
  • Intaglio, used mainly for high value documents such as currencies.
  • Thermal printing, popular in the 1990s for fax printing. Used today for printing labels such as airline baggage tags and individual price labels in supermarket deli counters.

Impact of German movable type printing press

Quantitative aspects

European output of books printed by movable type from ca. 1450 to 1800[45]
Main article: History of printing

It is estimated that following the innovation of Gutenberg's printing press, the European book output rose from a few million to around one billion copies within a span of less than four centuries.[45]

Religious impact

Samuel Hartlib, who was exiled in Britain and enthusiastic about social and cultural reforms, wrote in 1641 that "the art of printing will so spread knowledge that the common people, knowing their own rights and liberties, will not be governed by way of oppression".[46][47]

Replica of the Gutenberg press at the International Printing Museum in Carson, California

In the Muslim world, printing, especially in Arabic scripts, was strongly opposed throughout the

Armenian script was often permitted. Thus, the first movable type printing in the Ottoman Empire was in Hebrew in 1493, after which both religious and non-religious texts were able to be printed in Hebrew.[48] According to an imperial ambassador to Istanbul in the middle of the sixteenth century, it was a sin for the Turks, particularly Turkish Muslims, to print religious books. In 1515, Sultan Selim I issued a decree under which the practice of printing would be punishable by death. At the end of the sixteenth century, Sultan Murad III permitted the sale of non-religious printed books in Arabic characters, yet the majority were imported from Italy. Ibrahim Muteferrika established the first press for printing in Arabic in the Ottoman Empire, against opposition from the calligraphers and parts of the Ulama. It operated until 1742, producing altogether seventeen works, all of which were concerned with non-religious, utilitarian matters. Printing did not become common in the Islamic world until the 19th century.[49]

Hebrew language printers were banned from printing guilds in some Germanic states; as a result, Hebrew printing flourished in Italy, beginning in 1470 in Rome, then spreading to other cities including Bari, Pisa, Livorno, and Mantua. Local rulers had the authority to grant or revoke licenses to publish Hebrew books,[50] and many of those printed during this period carry the words 'con licenza de superiori' (indicating their printing having been officially licensed) on their title pages.

It was thought that the introduction of printing 'would strengthen religion and enhance the power of monarchs.'[51] The majority of books were of a religious nature, with the church and crown regulating the content. The consequences of printing 'wrong' material were extreme. Meyrowitz[51] used the example of William Carter who in 1584 printed a pro-Catholic pamphlet in Protestant-dominated England. The consequence of his action was hanging.

Social impact

Print gave a broader range of readers access to knowledge and enabled later generations to build directly on the intellectual achievements of earlier ones without the changes arising within verbal traditions. Print, according to Acton in his 1895 lecture On the Study of History, gave "assurance that the work of the Renaissance would last, that what was written would be accessible to all, that such an occultation of knowledge and ideas as had depressed the Middle Ages would never recur, that not an idea would be lost".[46]

Bookprinting in the 16th century

Print was instrumental in changing the social nature of reading.

Elizabeth Eisenstein identifies two long-term effects of the invention of printing. She claims that print created a sustained and uniform reference for knowledge and allowed comparisons of incompatible views.[52]

Asa Briggs and Peter Burke identify five kinds of reading that developed in relation to the introduction of print:

  1. Critical reading: Because texts finally became accessible to the general population, critical reading emerged as people were able to form their own opinions on texts.
  2. Dangerous reading: Reading was seen as a dangerous pursuit because it was considered rebellious and unsociable, especially in the case of women, because reading could stir up dangerous emotions such as love, and if women could read, they could read love notes.
  3. Creative reading: Printing allowed people to read texts and interpret them creatively, often in very different ways than the author intended.
  4. Extensive reading: Once print made a wide range of texts available, earlier habits of intensive reading of texts from start to finish began to change, and people began reading selected excerpts, allowing much more extensive reading on a wider range of topics.
  5. Private reading: Reading was linked to the rise of individualism because, before print, reading was often a group event in which one person would read to a group. With print, both literacy and the availability of texts increased, and solitary reading became the norm.

The invention of printing also changed the occupational structure of European cities.

Printers emerged as a new group of artisans for whom literacy was essential, while the much more labour-intensive occupation of the scribe naturally declined. Proof-correcting arose as a new occupation, while a rise in the numbers of booksellers
and librarians naturally followed the explosion in the numbers of books.

Educational impact

Gutenberg's printing press had profound impacts on universities as well. Universities were influenced in their "language of scholarship, libraries, curriculum, [and] pedagogy"[53]

The language of scholarship

Before the invention of the printing press, most written material was in Latin. However, after the invention of printing the number of books printed expanded as well as the vernacular. Latin was not replaced completely, but remained an international language until the eighteenth century.[53]

University libraries

At this time, universities began establishing accompanying libraries. "Cambridge made the chaplain responsible for the library in the fifteenth century but this position was abolished in 1570 and in 1577 Cambridge established the new office of university librarian. Although, the University of Leuven did not see a need for a university library based on the idea that professor were the library. Libraries also began receiving so many books from gifts and purchases that they began to run out of room. However, the issue was solved in 1589 by a man named Merton who decided books should be stored on horizontal shelves rather than lecterns.[53]

Curriculum

The printed press changed university libraries in many ways. Professors were finally able to compare the opinions of different authors rather than being forced to look at only one or two specific authors. Textbooks themselves were also being printed in different levels of difficulty, rather than just one introductory text being made available.[53]

Comparison of printing methods

Comparison of printing methods[54]
Printing process Transfer method Pressure applied Drop size
Dynamic viscosity
 Ink thickness on substrate Notes Cost-effective run length
Offset printing rollers 1 MPa 40–100 Pa·s 0.5–1.5 μm high print quality > 5,000 (A3 trim size, sheet-fed)[55]

> 30,000 (A3 trim size, web-fed)[55]

Rotogravure rollers 3 MPa 50–200 mPa·s 0.8–8 μm thick ink layers possible,
excellent image reproduction,
edges of letters and lines are jagged[56] 		> 500,000[56]
Flexography rollers 0.3 MPa 50–500 mPa·s 0.8–2.5 μm high quality (now HD)
Letterpress printing platen 10 MPa 50–150 Pa·s 0.5–1.5 μm slow drying
Screen-printing
 pressing ink through holes in screen 1000–10,000 mPa·s[57] < 12 μm versatile method,
low quality
Electrophotography
 electrostatics 5–10 μm thick ink
Liquid electrophotography image formation by Electrostatics and transfer while fixing High PQ, excellent image reproduction, wide range of media, very thin image
Inkjet printer
 thermal 5–30 picolitres (pl) 1–5 mPa·s[58] < 0.5 μm special paper required to reduce bleeding < 350 (A3 trim size)[55]
Inkjet printer
 piezoelectric 4–30 pl 5–20 mPa s < 0.5 μm special paper required to reduce bleeding < 350 (A3 trim size)[55]
Inkjet printer
 continuous 5–100 pl 1–5 mPa·s < 0.5 μm special paper required to reduce bleeding < 350 (A3 trim size)[55]
Transfer-print
 thermal transfer film or water release decal mass-production method of applying an image to a curved or uneven surface
Aerosol-jet printer Aerosolized inks carried by gas 2–5 microns in diameter 1–1000 mPa s < 1 μm Good printing resolution,
High quality[57][59]
Digital Printer from Design Print Shop
Digital Printers can now not just print leaflets and documents, but also scan, fax, copy and make booklets plus more.

Digital printing

Main article: Digital printing

By 2005, digital printing accounted for approximately 9% of the 45 trillion pages printed annually around the world.[60]

Printing at home, an office, or an engineering environment is subdivided into:

  • small format (up to ledger size paper sheets), as used in business offices and libraries
  • wide format (up to 3' or 914mm wide rolls of paper), as used in drafting and design establishments.

Some of the more common printing technologies are:

  • blueprint – and related chemical technologies
  • daisy wheel
    – where pre-formed characters are applied individually
  • dot-matrix
    – which produces arbitrary patterns of dots with an array of printing studs
  • line printing – where formed characters are applied to the paper by lines
  • heat transfer
    – such as early fax machines or modern receipt printers that apply heat to special paper, which turns black to form the printed image
  • inkjet
    – including bubble-jet, where ink is sprayed onto the paper to create the desired image
  • electrophotography – where toner
    is attracted to a charged image and then developed
  • laser – a type of xerography where the charged image is written pixel by pixel using a laser
  • solid ink printer – where solid sticks of ink are melted to make liquid ink or toner

Vendors typically stress the total cost to operate the equipment, involving complex calculations that include all cost factors involved in the operation as well as the capital equipment costs, amortization, etc. For the most part, toner systems are more economical than inkjet in the long run, even though inkjets are less expensive in the initial purchase price.

Professional

Indigo Digital Press
series, and the InfoPrint 5000. The iGen3 and Nexpress use toner particles and the Indigo uses liquid ink. The InfoPrint 5000 is a full-color, continuous forms inkjet drop-on-demand printing system. All handle variable data, and rival offset in quality. Digital offset presses are also called direct imaging presses, although these presses can receive computer files and automatically turn them into print-ready plates, they cannot insert variable data.

Small press and fanzines generally use digital printing. Prior to the introduction of cheap photocopying, the use of machines such as the spirit duplicator, hectograph, and mimeograph was common.

Printing payment self service kiosk

3D printing

Main article: 3D printing

3D printing is a form of manufacturing technology where physical objects are created from three-dimensional digital models using 3D printers. The objects are created by laying down or building up many thin layers of material in succession. The technique is also known as additive manufacturing, rapid prototyping, or fabricating.[61]

In the 1980s, 3D printing techniques were considered suitable only for the production of functional or aesthetic prototypes, and a more appropriate term for it at the time was rapid prototyping.[62][63] As of 2019, the precision, repeatability, and material range of 3D printing have increased to the point that some 3D printing processes are considered viable as an industrial-production technology, whereby the term additive manufacturing can be used synonymously with 3D printing.[64][65][66] One of the key advantages of 3D printing[67][68] is the ability to produce very complex shapes or geometries that would be otherwise infeasible to construct by hand, including hollow parts or parts with internal truss structures to reduce weight. Fused deposition modeling (FDM), which uses a continuous filament of a thermoplastic material, is the most common 3D printing process in use as of 2020.[69][70]

Gang run printing

Gang run printing is a method in which multiple printing projects are placed on a common paper sheet in an effort to reduce printing costs and paper waste. Gang runs are generally used with sheet-fed printing presses and process color jobs, which require four or eight separate plates that are hung on the plate cylinder of the press. Printers use the term "gang run" or "gang" to describe the practice of placing many print projects on the same oversized sheet. Basically, instead of running one postcard that is 4 x 6 as an individual job the printer would place 15 different postcards on 20 x 18 sheet, therefore using the same amount of press time the printer will get 15 jobs done in roughly the same amount of time as one job.

Printed electronics

Printed electronics is the manufacturing of electronic devices using standard printing processes. Printed electronics technology can be produced on cheap materials such as paper or flexible film, which makes it an extremely cost-effective method of production. Since early 2010, the printable electronics industry has been gaining momentum and several large companies, including Bemis Company and Illinois Tool Works have made investments in printed electronics and industry associations including OE-A and FlexTech Alliance are contributing heavily to the advancement of the printed electronics industry.[71][72]

Printing terminologies

Printing terminologies are the specific terms used in the printing industry.

  • Airshaft – Device used in manufacturing
  • Anilox – Method to provide a measured amount of ink
  • Basis weight
     – The mass per unit of area of paper
  • Ben-Day dots
     – Printing and photoengraving technique
  • Bleed (printing) – Type of printing technique
  • Broadsheet – Largest newspaper format
  • California Job Case
     – Case with compartments to store the movable type used in letterpress printing
  • Camera-ready – Document technically ready to print
  • Card stock – Paper, thicker and more durable than normal writing or printing paper
  • Catchword – word placed at the foot of a page that anticipates the first word of the following page
  • CcMmYK color model – Six-color printing process
  • CMYK color model – Subtractive color model, used in color printing
  • Colophon (publishing) – Brief statement of a book's own information, such as publisher, location, and date of publication
  • Color bleeding (printing) – effect of areas of colored inks or dyes spreading into unwanted areas
  • Composing stick – Tool used in printing to assemble metal type into words and lines
  • Computer to film – Printing process
  • Computer to plate – Imaging technology used in printing
  • Continuous tone – Image in which each point has a single color
  • Die (philately) – Engraved image of a stamp on metal
  • Dot gain – Phenomenon in offset lithography
  • Dots per centimeter
     – Measure of dot density
  • Dots per inch – Measure of dot density
  • Double truck – A pair of facing pages
  • Dry transfer – Type of decal
  • Dultgen – Printing technique
  • Duotone – Superimposition of one contrasting colour halftone over another color halftone
  • Duplex printing – double-sided printing
  • Edition (printmaking) – number of prints struck from one plate
  • Error diffusion – Type of halftoning
  • Flong – Temporary negative paper mould made from an impression
  • Folio (printing)
     – Technical term describing the format or size of a book
  • For position only – Materials used as placeholders in a layout
  • Frisket – Protective sheet on a printing hand press
  • Galley proof – First proofs printed from type, usually before breaking into pages
  • Gang run printing – Printing multiple projects on a common paper sheet
  • Grammage – The mass per unit of area of paper
  • Grey component replacement – a part of color separation process
  • Halftone – Printing process
  • Hand mould – Tool used in injection molding and printing
  • Hellbox – Bin for cast metal sorts after printing
  • Hexachrome – Six-color printing process designed by Pantone Inc
  • Hot stamping – Method of relief printing
  • Imposition – Step in the prepress printing process
  • Inkometer – Instrument for measuring the adhesiveness of ink
  • Iris printer – Color inkjet printer for prepress proofing
  • Iron-on – Image that can be transferred to fabric by the application of heat and pressure
  • Job Definition Format – technical standard
  • Key plate – Plate that prints the detail in an image
  • Keyline – Line that separates color and monochromatic areas
  • Kodak Proofing Software
  • Mezzotint – Printmaking technique
  • Nanotransfer printing – Additive and high resolution metal printing technique
  • Non-photo blue – Shade of blue not detected by film
  • Overprinting – Process of printing one color over another
  • Pagination – Process of dividing content into discrete pages
  • Paste up – Method of preparing copy for photographing to make a printing plate
  • Pre-flight (printing) – Process of reviewing digital files before publication
  • Prepress – Processes and procedures that occur between the creation of a print layout and the final printing
  • Prepress proofing – usually serves as an agreement between customer and printer and as a color reference guide for adjusting the press before the final press run
  • Press check (printing) – Verifies color on press v. color proof.
  • Registration black
     – in color printing, the precise aligning of plates or stencils, usually by means of special marks
  • Rich black – Black ink mixed with other colors for a darker tone
  • Set-off (printing) – ink passing from one printed sheet to another because the ink has not had the chance to dry, which causes the sheets of paper to stick together
  • Spot color – Type of ink or pigment used in printing
  • Stochastic screening
  • Transfer-print
     – method of decorating ceramics by transferring an engraved printed design
  • Trap (printing) – printing technique to overcome registration problems
  • Under color removal – Color separation process in printing

See also

  • Color printing – Reproductive printing with color
  • Cloud printing – printing using cloud computing
  • Converters (industry)
     – Specialist in combining raw materials to create new products
  • Dickerson combination press – Printing press invented mid 1950s
  • Electrotyping – Chemical method for forming metal parts
  • Flexography – Form of printing process
  • In-mould decoration – method of decorating moulded plastics
  • In-mould labelling – Plastic production process
  • Jang Yeong-sil – Korean inventor (1390–1442)
  • Laurens Janszoon Coster – Dutch purported inventor of printing press
  • Letterpress printing – Technique of relief printing using a printing press
  • Music engraving – Process of drawing music notation at high quality for reproduction
  • Music printing
  • Print on demand – Printing business process
  • Printed T-shirt
     – Style of inexpensive fabric shirt
  • Printing press check
     – Verifies color on press v. color proof.
  • Security printing – Field of the printing industry for banknotes and other security products
  • Textile printing – Method for applying patterns to cloth using printing techniques
  • Waterless printing – Lithographic printing process that uses silicone plates instead of water to control ink placement
  • Early American publishers and printers
  • The influence of the internet on the printing industry

Major sources

  • Bolza, Hans (1967). "Friedrich Koenig und die Erfindung der Druckmaschine". Technikgeschichte. 34 (1): 79–89.
  • ISBN 0-521-08690-6
    .    ; also published in Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd., 1986.

Notes

  1. ^ An early method of reproduction that has been traced to the second century is the practice of using needles pushed through a stencil onto the target paper, fabric or plaster, to provide guidelines for subsequent artwork:[2] this cannot reasonably be described as printing.

References

  1. ^ a b Tsien 1985, p. 8.
  2. ^ Tsien 1985, p. 146.
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    . At the present time, the only known authoritative account of the invention of movable type by a commoner named Pi Sheng (c. 990–1051) is the contemporary record of Shen Kua (1031–[1095]) [...] Although the process went into eclipse after its inception, it was a complete invention and fully four hundred years ahead of Gutenberg.
  5. ^ a b "Great Chinese Inventions". Minnesota-china.com. Archived from the original on December 3, 2010. Retrieved July 29, 2010.
  6. ^ Rees, Fran. Johannes Gutenberg: Inventor of the Printing Press Archived April 6, 2023, at the Wayback Machine
  7. ^ "Cat 262: Printed dated copy of the Diamond Sutra". idp.bl.uk. Archived from the original on December 8, 2022. Retrieved December 8, 2022.
  8. ^ a b Tsien 1985, pp. 149, 150
  9. ISBN 978-1861893352
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  10. ^ Early Printing in Korea. Korea Cultural Center Archived 2009-02-08 at the Wayback Machine
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  12. ^ Gutenberg and the Koreans: Cast-Type Printing in Korea's Goryeo Dynasty (918–1392). Rightreading.com
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  19. ^ See Geoffrey Roper, Muslim Printing Before Gutenberg and the references cited therein.
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  24. ^ Polenz, Peter von. (1991). Deutsche Sprachgeschichte vom Spätmittelalter bis zur Gegenwart: I. Einführung, Grundbegriffe, Deutsch in der frühbürgerlichen Zeit (in German). New York/Berlin: Gruyter, Walter de GmbH.
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  27. Thomas Franklin Carter
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  28. ISBN 978-0-13-923897-0
    .
  29. ^ Briggs, Asa and Burke, Peter (2002) However, more correctly it should be described as the other way around. Gutenberg's form of metal movable type was extremely similar to the Korean Jikji's, which was printed 78 years prior to the Gutenberg Bible. A Social History of the Media: from Gutenberg to the Internet, Polity, Cambridge, pp. 15–23, 61–73.
  30. ISBN 0-06-016590-1
    , p. 241.
  31. ISBN 978-0-14-020343-1
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  32. Encyclopædia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite DVD
    – entry "printing"
  33. ^ Polenz, Peter von. (1991). Deutsche Sprachgeschichte vom Spätmittelalter bis zur Gegenwart: I. Einführung, Grundbegriffe, Deutsch in der frühbürgerlichen Zeit (in German). New York/Berlin: Gruyter, Walter de GmbH.
  34. ^ In 1997, Time–Life magazine picked Gutenberg's invention to be the most important of the second millennium. In 1999, the A&E Network voted Johannes Gutenberg "Man of the Millennium". See also 1,000 Years, 1,000 People: Ranking The Men and Women Who Shaped The Millennium Archived October 12, 2007, at the Wayback Machine which was composed by four prominent US journalists in 1998.
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Further reading


Early printers manuals

The classic manual of early hand-press technology is

  • Moxon, Joseph (1962) [1683–1684]. Herbert, Davies; Carter, Harry (eds.). Mechanick Exercises on the Whole Art of Printing (reprint ed.). New York: Dover Publications.
A somewhat later one, showing 18th century developments is
  • Stower, Caleb (1965) [1808]. The Printer's Grammar (reprint ed.). London: Gregg Press.

External links

Look up printing in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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