Prison healthcare
The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. (May 2021) |
Prison healthcare is the
Scope of field
Prison populations create specific medical needs, based on the communal nature of prison life and differing rates of imprisonment for different demographics. For example, general
The separation of prison healthcare from other medical specialties and healthcare systems leads to its isolation and stigmatization as a field,[3]: 120 despite some countries' promise for "equivalence" in healthcare between prison and non-prison patients.[2]: 224
Healthcare policy and services in prisons recognise the differences in health needs between women and men. Women in prison have specific needs in relation to menstruation,[6] pregnancy, post-partum health, contraception[7] mental health and menopause. The United Nations Rules for the Treatment of Women Prisoners and Non-custodial Measures for Women Offenders (2010) outline standards for care of women offenders and prisoners and are known as the 'Bangkok Rules'.[8]
History
Before 1775,
: 22Prison medicine began, in its most rudimentary form, in
Training
Prison healthcare is not currently a primary component of
Ethics and rights
The secondary status of healthcare in prisons and the marginalization and dependency most prisoners experience as a "captive population" pose
The UN
Oftentimes, medical research and studies conducted by doctors on prisoners were unethical and led to detrimental health effects for these prisoners. A prime example occurred from 1913 to 1951 when Doctor
Another example of the unethical experimentation on prisoners is the case of Doctor Albert Kligman, a famous dermatologist at the University of Pennsylvania who is more known for his discovery of
In many instances, the incarcerated also received prison plastic surgery; approximately 500,000 people were operated on between 1910 and 1995. By 1990, 44 states and eight federal prisons offered plastic surgery in some form. Many of these surgeries were considered "cosmetic" operations, and involved facelifts, blepharoplasties, chin augmentation, scar removal, and more, the goal being to reduce recidivism, based on psychological theories surrounding lookism. They also offered a way to subvert the "ugly laws" that discriminated against people based on their appearance, which intersected with racism and poverty. These surgeries were supported by the government, and, to begin with, by the public.
Another relevant case of the unethical experimentation on prisoners involves the case of
Countries
Ghana
Like other countries, prisoners in Ghana are at high risk for HIV and hepatitis C.[19]: 350 The relationship between prisons and the national Ghana Health Service is also weak, leading to disorganized care.
United Kingdom
Within the last several decades, the number of prisoners in England and Wales has almost doubled. As a result, the prisons are overcrowded and the health of the prisoners is at a higher risk.[17]
Health care in prisons has been commissioned by
The House of Commons
The UK has practiced some privatization for its prison healthcare. For example, Care UK provides healthcare for people in about 30 prisons.[25] LloydsPharmacy won a contract for pharmacy services in the 15 Scottish prisons in May 2019. The contract for £17 million runs until April 2022.[30]
United States
Before the 1960s, prisons determined what healthcare they would provide with little state or federal oversight, due to the US'
With increased care came increased costs.
Prison is often the first place that people in the USA are able to receive medical treatment that they couldn't afford outside.
The Society of Correctional Physicians is a non-profit physician organization founded in August, 1992 as national educational and scientific society for the advancement of correctional medicine, and became the American College of Correctional Physicians in 2015.[40]
See also
- Healthcare for LGBT prison patients
- Correctional nursing
- Experimentation on prisoners
- Forensic nursing
- Menopause in incarceration
- Mental health among female offenders in the United States
- Mental health court
- Mentally ill people in United States jails and prisons
- Prison plastic surgery
- Prisoner suicide
References
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- ^ PMID 29028567.
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- ^ S2CID 13392848.
- ^ PMID 27776722.
- ^ Lee, Jean. "5 pads for 2 cellmates: Period inequity remains a problem in prisons". USA TODAY. Retrieved 2022-03-13.
- ^ Kronmeyer, Bob (2022-01-14). "Female contraception policies at US prisons and jails". Contemporary Ob/Gyn Journal. Vol 67 No 02. 67 (2).
- ^ "UN Bangkok Rules". Penal Reform International. Retrieved 2022-03-13.
- ^ PMID 32036547.
- ^ S2CID 149759420.
- ^ Payne, Joseph Frank (1889). . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 20. pp. 66–68.
- ^ Villermé, Louis-René (1820). "On Prisons as They Are and as They Should Be by Louis-René Villermé 1820". Retrieved 30 May 2021.
- ^ Goyau, Pierre-Louis-Théophile-Georges (1912). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 15. .
- ^ a b "Improving the health and wellbeing for women in prison - UK Health Security Agency". ukhsa.blog.gov.uk. Retrieved 2022-03-13.
- ^ Sawyer, Wendy (2018-01-09). "The Gender Divide: Tracking women's state prison growth". www.prisonpolicy.org. Retrieved 2022-03-13.
- ^ PMID 14744711.
- ^ JSTOR 23278732.
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- ^ Reiter, Keramet (April 2009). "Experimentation on prisoners: persistent dilemmas in rights and regulations" (PDF). California Law Review. 97 (2): 501–566. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 September 2015.
- ^ Goodman, Howard. "Studying prison experiments Research: For 20 years, a dermatologist used the inmates of a Philadelphia prison as the willing subjects of tests on shampoo, foot powder, deodorant, and later, mind-altering drugs and dioxin". baltimoresun.com. Retrieved 2021-10-13.
- S2CID 226501324.
- ^ a b "Prisoners 'should get same healthcare as general population'". Guardian. 2 November 2016. Retrieved 3 December 2017.
- ^ "Prisoners hospitalised because of lack of access to medicines, MPs find". The Pharmaceutical Journal. 5 November 2018. Retrieved 24 February 2024.
- ^ "Prisoners face 'year-long' waits for hospital beds". Health Service Journal. 28 May 2019. Retrieved 8 July 2019.
- ^ "Women in prison: standards to improve health and wellbeing". GOV.UK. Retrieved 2022-03-13.
- ^ "Gender Specific Standards to Improve Health and Wellbeing for Women in Prison in England" (PDF). Public Health England. 2018.
- ^ "Lloyds given £17m contract to run pharmacy services in Scottish prisons". Pharmaceutical Journal. 3 May 2019. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
- ISBN 978-0807871003.
- ^ Woodward, Colin Edward (2018-03-22). "The Arkansas prison scandal". Arkansas Times. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
- ^ a b c Zielbauer, Paul von; Plambeck, Joseph (27 February 2005). "As Health Care in Jails Goes Private, 10 Days Can Be a Death Sentence". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 19 November 2018. Retrieved 30 April 2021.
- PMID 23206825. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
- ^ Matt York (26 February 2018). "How Bad is Prison Health Care? Depends on Who's Watching". The Marshall Project. Associated Press. Retrieved 30 April 2021.
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- ^ Collier, Lorna (October 2014). "Incarceration nation". Monitor on Psychology. 45 (9). American Psychological Association. Retrieved 2017-01-18.
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- ^ "American College of Correctional Physicians". www.accpmed.org. Retrieved 2015-10-26.
Further reading
- Ashe, Michael Jr.; Conklin, Thomas. The Public Health Model of Correctional Health Care (Report). Ludlow, MA: Hampden County Correctional Center.
- Carvalho, Sérgio Garófalo de; Santos, Andreia Beatriz Silva dos; Santos, Ivete Maria (September 2020). "A pandemia no cárcere: intervenções no superisolamento". Ciência & Saúde Coletiva. 25 (9): 3493–3502. PMID 32876243.
- Hewson, Thomas; Shepherd, Andrew; Hard, Jake; Shaw, Jennifer (July 2020). "Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of prisoners". The Lancet Psychiatry. 7 (7): 568–570. PMID 32563298.
- Kaufman, A.; Holbrook, J.; Collier, I.; Farabaugh, L.; Jackson, R.; Johnston, T. (1979). "Prison Health and Medical Education". Academic Medicine. 54 (12): 925–931. PMID 513094.
- McKelvey, B (1977). American Prisons: A History of Good Intentions. Montclair, NJ: Patterson Smith Publishing.
- McLeod, Katherine E.; Butler, Amanda; Young, Jesse T.; Southalan, Louise; Borschmann, Rohan; Sturup-Toft, Sunita; Dirkzwager, Anja; Dolan, Kate; Acheampong, Lawrence Kofi; Topp, Stephanie M.; Martin, Ruth Elwood; Kinner, Stuart A. (March 2020). "Global Prison Health Care Governance and Health Equity: A Critical Lack of Evidence". American Journal of Public Health. 110 (3): 303–308. PMID 31944844.
- Nweze, Victor Nnanna; Anosike, Udochukwu Godswill; Ogunwusi, Janet Folasayo; Adebisi, Yusuff Adebayo; Lucero-Prisno, Don Eliseo (November 2021). "Prison health during the COVID-19 era in Africa". Public Health in Practice. 2: 100083. PMID 33521740.
- Pitts, Andrea J. (2019). "Carceral Medicine and Prison Abolition: Trust and Truth-telling in Correctional Healthcare". In Sherman, Ben; Goguen, Stacey (eds.). Overcoming Epistemic Injustice: Social and Psychological Perspectives. New York: Rowman and Littlefield. pp. 221–236.
- Priestley, P. (1985). Victorian Prison Lives: English Prison Biography, 1820-1914. London: Methuen & Co.
- Romero, María Luisa; Stalman, Luisa; Hidalgo Solà, Azul (14 April 2021). The Covid-19 Pandemic and Prison Policy in Latin America (PDF) (Report). Peter D. Bell Rule of Law Program.
- Van Hout, Marie-Claire; Mhlanga-Gunda, Rosemary (December 2019). "Prison health situation and health rights of young people incarcerated in sub-Saharan African prisons and detention centres: a scoping review of extant literature". BMC International Health and Human Rights. 19 (1): 17. PMID 31118008.
- Williams, Marie; Thomson, Louise; Butcher, Elizabeth; Morriss, Richard; PMID 33215193.