Pro-democracy camp (Hong Kong)
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Politics and government of Hong Kong |
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The pro-democracy camp, also known as the pan-democracy camp, is a political alignment in
The pro-democrats generally embrace
The pro-democracy activists emerged from the youth movements in the 1970s and began to take part in electoral politics as the colonial government introduced representative democracy in the mid 1980s. The pro-democrats joined hands in pushing for greater democracy both in the transition period and after
In the
Ideology
One of the main goals of the pro-democracy camp is to achieve
The pro-democrats generally embrace
The pro-democrats are also divided by their approach for achieving democracy: the moderate democrats, represented by the
History
Early development
Members of the camp include social workers and social activists emerged from the 1970s youth movements. Many of them grouped themselves as the "social action faction", competing against the pro-Communist
After the
The pro-democrats maintained a relatively warm relationship with the Beijing government during the 1980s, as many of the pro-democrats supported the Chinese sovereignty in Hong Kong and the "high degree of autonomy" as ensured in the Sino-British Joint Declaration. They also saw the ideal of Hong Kong helping in China's
The pro-democrats also participated in electoral politics as direct elections were introduced in local levels in the 1980s, namely the
Tiananmen protests and last colonial years
The consolidation of its public support has its roots in opposition to the
The electoral alliance of United Democrats of Hong Kong and Meeting Point, together with other smaller political parties, groups and independents, won a historical landslide victory in the 1991 election, took 17 out of the 18 geographical constituency seats.
The Beijing government argued that the electoral reform introduced by Patten had violated the Joint Declaration and thus they no longer felt obliged to honour the promise of a "through train", a plan to keep the 1995 elected legislature into post-handover SAR era. A parallel Legislative Council, the Provisional Legislative Council, was formed in 1996 under the control of the Pro-Beijing camp, this became the Legislative Council upon the founding of the new SAR government in 1997, in which the pro-democrats except for the Association for Democracy and People's Livelihood boycotted it, deeming it as unconstitutional.[20]
Handover to China and 1 July 2003 protest
All of its members, except the
The pro-democracy camp was the strong opposition to the
As a result of the diversification of the pro-democracy elements, the use of "pan-democrats" gained in popularity, as it is typically meant to be non-denominational and all-inclusive.In the
2012 reform package and the Split
However, it triggered a major split within the camp and also in the Democratic Party. The Young Turks including the LegCo member Andrew Cheng quit the party and formed the Neo Democrats. The Democratic Party was accused by the LSD and the radicals of betraying democracy and its supporters. On the matter of whether to coordinate with the moderate democrats in the 2011 District Council elections, the League of Social Democrats was suffered in the factional fighting and the two of the three LSD legislators left the party in disarray and formed the People Power.[28] The People Power's campaign targeted pan-democracy parties in the 2011 District Council elections that had supported the reform package filled candidates to run against them but only won one seat of 62 contested.
Nevertheless, the People Power managed to win three seats in the
The chairman of the Democratic Party Albert Ho represented the pan-democracy camp to run in the 2012 Chief Executive election. On election day the pan-democrats declined to vote for neither Henry Tang nor Leung Chun-ying and called for a blank vote from the electors.[30]
2014 Umbrella Revolution
In March 2013, all 27 democratic legislators formed the
Many new political groups emerged from the Umbrella Revolution often distanced themselves from the pan-democrats. Many of whom, being labelled as "localists", criticised pan-democrats' failing in achieving democracy in the last 30 years. Many of them called for more "militant" tactics over pan-democrats' "non-violent" principles and "China–Hong Kong separation" over the some mainstream pan-democrats' mild "Chinese nationalist sentiment".[32] Some of them also criticised pan-democrats' demand of the vindication of the 1989 Tiananmen protests, as pursued by the Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements of China (HKASPDMC). There was also growing voice for Hong Kong independence from the Chinese rule, as many of whom deemed the "One Country, Two Systems" had failed.[33]
Continued division and anti-extradition protests
In the 2016 Legislative Council election, localist camp with different banners together took away 19 per cent of the vote share from the pan-democrats, in which the traditional pan-democrats secured only 36 per cent, 21 less than the previous election. The non-establishment forces secured 30 out of the 70 seats, in which pan-democrats took 23 seats. After the election, the 27-member pro-democrats' caucus rebranded themselves into "pro-democracy camp" or "G27", as three backers of the "self-determination" of Hong Kong, namely Nathan Law, Lau Siu-lai and Eddie Chu joined the caucus.[4] The "G27" soon became "G26" after Chu left the caucus shortly afterwards.
In the
On 14 July 2017,
The pro-democrats suffered a defeat in the
The pro-democrats fiercely opposed the
2020 resignation en masse
The Hong Kong national security law promulgated by the NPCSC in June 2020 gave sweeping power to the Hong Kong government to suppress the opposition whoever was perceived as the "threat of the national security". In the subsequently postponed Legislative Council election in September 2020, 12 pro-democracy and localist candidates were disqualified by the returning officers for breaching the national security law, including three Civic Party incumbent legislators Alvin Yeung, Kwok Ka-ki and Dennis Kwok, as well as Kenneth Leung.[41] The pro-democracy camp was divided whether to stay in the extended legislative term or to quit as they deemed the disqualifications as unlawful. In the end, 19 of the 22 pro-democrats remained in the Legislative Council.[42]
In November 2020, the NPCSC applied the national security law to disqualify the four sitting legislators whose candidacies were previously invalidated. In response, the pro-democrat convenor and Democratic Party chairman Wu Chi-wai announced the remaining 15 pro-democracy legislators were to resign en masse in protest to the decision, declaring the death of the "One Country, Two Systems" and separation of power in Hong Kong. The mass resignations left virtually no opposition in the Legislative Council.[5][43][44]
Convenor
A caucus-like mechanism, without whips, was established on 8 October 2004 and was then known as "Lunchbox Conference", as legislators discussed local and political issues during luncheon on every Fridays. The convenor was the nominal leader of the camp but did not contain any real powers.[38] It was renamed as "Pro-Democracy Camp Meetings" after 2016 election.[45] The conference ceased to function after en masse resignations in 2020.
Portrait | Convenor | Constituency | Took office | Left office | Party | LegCo | Ref | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cyd Ho | Hong Kong Island | 8 October 2004 | 5 October 2012 | Civic Act-up | 3rd | |||
4th | ||||||||
Labour | [46] | |||||||
Emily Lau | New Territories East | 5 October 2012 | September 2013 | Democratic | 5th | [47] | ||
Frederick Fung | District Council (Second) | September 2013 | 15 September 2014 | ADPL
|
[48] | |||
Alan Leong | Kowloon East | 16 September 2014 | 9 September 2015 | Civic | [49] | |||
Cyd Ho | Hong Kong Island | 10 September 2015 | 28 September 2016 | Labour | [50] | |||
James To | District Council (Second) | 28 September 2016 | 25 August 2017 | Democratic | 6th | [51] | ||
Charles Mok | Information Technology | 25 August 2017 | 9 July 2018 | Prof Commons | [52] | |||
Claudia Mo | Kowloon West | 9 July 2018 | 28 September 2019 | HK First | [53] | |||
Tanya Chan | Hong Kong Island | 28 September 2019 | 29 September 2020 | Civic | [54] | |||
Wu Chi-wai | Kowloon East | 29 September 2020 | 30 November 2020 | Democratic | [55] |
Political parties
This list includes the major political parties and groups in Hong Kong:
- social liberal.
- geographical constituencies of the 2016 Legislative Council election.
- League of Social Democrats, a radical social-democratic political party established in 2006.
- social democratic party founded by veteran politician Lee Cheuk-yan of the Hong Kong Confederation of Trade Unions(CTU) in 2012.
- People Power, a radical democratic group backed by businessman Stephen Shiu. It was first formed in 2011 as a breakaway group from the League of Social Democrats, citing disagreements with the party stance on the Democratic Party's compromise with the Beijing government on the 2010 Hong Kong electoral reform. It suffered a split in 2013 when Civic Passion was formed.
- Hong Kong Association for Democracy and People's Livelihood, a political party catering to grassroots interest with a strong basis in Sham Shui Po. Established on 26 October 1986, it was one of the three major pro-democracy groups along with the Meeting Point and the Hong Kong Affairs Society in the 1980s.
- HK First, a localist party that was initially established in 2013 as a parliamentary group in the LegCo. The party is led by Claudia Mo.
- Neighbourhood and Worker's Service Centre, a small pro-grassroots group and party formed in 1985 and based in Kwai Chung. Leung Yiu-chung has been its sole legislator since 1995.
- 2018 by-election.
- Professional Commons, a professional-based group which consists of pro-democracy legislators elected through the professional functional constituencies.
- pro-Republic of China party chaired by Johnny Mak. It is the only member of the pro-ROC camp with elected representatives left in the region.
Civil groups
- Alliance for True Democracy
- April Fifth Action
- Civil Human Rights Front
- Democracy Groundwork
- Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements of China
- Hong Kong Confederation of Trade Unions
- Hong Kong Federation of Students
- Hong Kong Professional Teachers' Union
- Socialist Action (Hong Kong)
Electoral performance
Chief Executive elections
Election | Candidate | Party | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1996 | Did not contest | ||||
2002 | Did not contest | ||||
2005 | Lee Wing-tat | Democratic | Not nominated | ||
2007 | Alan Leong | Civic | 123 | 15.93 | |
2012 | Albert Ho | Democratic | 76 | 7.24 | |
2017 | Leung Kwok-hung[a] | LSD | Not nominated | ||
2022 | Did not contest |
Legislative Council elections
Election | Number of popular votes |
% of popular votes |
GC seats |
FC seats |
EC seats |
Total seats | +/− | Status |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1991 | 843,888[b] | 61.63 | 16 | 7 | − | 20 / 60
|
13 | — |
1995 | 557,515 | 61.13 | 16 | 10 | 3 | 29 / 60
|
11 | — |
1998 | 982,249 | 66.36 | 15 | 5 | 0 | 20 / 60
|
— | Minority |
2000 | 799,249 | 60.56 | 16 | 5 | 0 | 21 / 60
|
1 | Minority |
2004 | 1,105,388 | 62.44 | 18 | 7 | 25 / 60
|
3 | Minority | |
2008 | 901,707 | 59.50 | 19 | 4 | 23 / 60
|
3 | Minority | |
2012 | 1,036,998 | 57.26 | 18 | 9 | 27 / 70
|
4 | Minority | |
2016 | 781,168 | 36.02 | 13 | 10 | 23 / 70
|
3 | Minority | |
2021 | Did not contest | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 / 90
|
0 | Extra-parliamentary |
Municipal elections
Election | Number of popular votes |
% of popular votes |
UrbCo seats |
RegCo seats |
Total elected seats |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1989 | 68,831 | 32.38 | 5 / 15
|
5 / 12
|
10 / 27
|
1991 | 200,877 | 51.28 | 6 / 15
|
7 / 12
|
14 / 27
|
1995 | 287,226 | 51.51 | 18 / 32
|
16 / 27
|
34 / 59
|
District Council elections
Election | Number of popular votes |
% of popular votes |
Total elected seats |
+/− |
---|---|---|---|---|
1988 | 139,982 | 22.16 | 61 / 264
|
24 |
1991 | 170,757 | 32.11 | 83 / 272
|
22 |
1994 | 280,707 | 40.89 | 146 / 346
|
48 |
1999 | 325,829 | 40.18 | 157 / 390
|
22 |
2003 | 477,596 | 45.54 | 198 / 400
|
38 |
2007 | 445,781 | 39.15 | 127 / 405
|
56 |
2011 | 464,512 | 39.34 | 103 / 412
|
16 |
2015 | 581,058 | 40.20 | 126 / 431
|
25 |
2019 | 1,674,083 | 57.10 | 388 / 452
|
265 |
2023 | Not Enough Nominations | N/A | 0 / 470
|
388 |
See also
- Jimmy Lai
- Liberalism in Hong Kong
- Localism in Hong Kong
- Socialism in Hong Kong
- Pro-democracy camp (Macau)
- Pro-democracy movement (Myanmar)
- Pro-Taiwan camp (Hong Kong)
- Moderate groups (Hong Kong)
Notes
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