Pro-independence movements in the Russian Civil War
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Pro-independence movements in the Russian Civil War within the territory of the former
Russian Soviet Republic which sought to conquer them. They were often supported politically or militarily by the Entente Powers. Some of them co-operated with the Russian White movement, but others were in conflict with it. Many pro-independence movements emerged after the dissolution of the Russian Empire and fought in the Russian Civil War.[1]
The following list presents some of the pro-independence movements and the conflicts they were involved in during this period.
Western periphery
Finland (independence from 1917)
United Baltic Duchy
Baltic State(Lasted from April to September 1918)- Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (1918)
Estonia (independence from 1918)
Latvia (independence from 1918)
Lithuania (independence from 1918)
Poland (independence from 1918)
Soviet Republic of Naissaar
invaded by the Russian SFSR and then partitioned between Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania and the Ukrainian SSR)
Belarus (independence 1918–1919; invaded by the Russian SFSR and then partitioned between Poland and the Belarusian SSR)
Crimea (independence 1917–1918; invaded by the Russian SFR, later restored for a short while by the Ukrainian army, invaded and annexed by the Russian SFSR in 1921)
Moldavian Democratic Republic (united with Romania in 1918)
European Russia
- East European Russia
Bashkiria (autonomy and de facto independence 1917–1919; joined the Russian SFSR)
Idel-Ural (independence 1917–1918; annexed by the Russian SFSR)
Provisional Regional Government of the Urals
- North European Russia
North Ingria
Committee of Uhtua- Republic of Uhtua
- Provisional Government of White Karelia
Provisional Government of Karelia- Olonets Government of Southern Karelia
- Karelian United Government
- Republic of Eastern Karelia
- Karelian Temporary Committee
- Center Committee Karelian Village of Uhtua
- South European Russia
Kuban Rada (formed into April, 1917. Became the Kuban People's Republic in 1918)- Kuban People's Republic (independence 1918–1920; annexed by the Russian SFSR)
Don Republic (independence 1918–1919; annexed by the Russian SFSR)
Eastern periphery
Siberian regionalism
Buryat-Mongolia
Yakutia
Green Ukraine
Tungus Republic
Far Eastern Republic. (De facto independent 1920–1922; merged with the RSFSR)
Caucasus
Transcaucasia
Azerbaijan (independence 1918–1920; invaded by the Russian SFSR and transformed into the Azerbaijan SSR)
Armenia (independence 1918–1921; invaded by the Russian SFSR and transformed into the Armenian SSR)
- Georgian–Armenian War
- Armenian–Azerbaijani War
- Turkish–Armenian War
Georgia (independence 1918–1921; invaded by the Russian SFSR and transformed into the Georgian SSR)
- Georgian–Ossetian conflict
- Georgian–Armenian War
- Sochi conflict
- Red Army invasion of Georgia
Kars Republic
Caucasian Emirate
Mughan
Centrocaspian Dictatorship
United Republics (independence 1917–1922; annexed by the Russian SFSR)
Socialist Soviet Republic of Gilan
Central Asia
Basmachi
Alash Autonomy
Confederated Republic of Altai
"second" Confederated Republic of Altai
Khiva
Emirate of Bukhara
Turkestan Autonomy- Transcaspian Government
Semirechye Cossacks
Legacy
With the exception of the Baltic states, the pro-independence movements were ultimately unsuccessful in achieving their goals, with most territories succumbing to Soviet rule. Pro-independence sentiment remained in exile, with
2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
.
References
- ISBN 978-1-84603-271-4.