Processo Revolucionário em Curso

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Processo Revolucionário em Curso
Porto, Portugal
1975.
Date11 March – 25 November 1975 (1975-03-11 – 1975-11-25)
LocationPortugal
Motive
Participants
Outcome
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The Processo Revolucionário em Curso (PREC, English: Ongoing Revolutionary Process) was the period during the

labor movement-inspired period was marked by political turmoil, right-wing and left-wing violence,[1][2][3] instability, the nationalization of companies and forcible occupation and expropriation of private lands.[4]

Background

Main articles:
Movimento das Forças Armadas

By 1974, half of Portugal's

Mozambique, it faced several guerrilla groups, like the Soviet-backed MPLA in Angola and FRELIMO in Mozambique. Losses in its conscript army, increasing military expenses, and the determination of the government to remain in control of the overseas territories disillusioned and radicalized the junior officers (the "captains") and even led right-of-center General António de Spínola to openly criticize the government's colonial policy. The junior officers formed the backbone of the military revolt against Caetano and the eventual overthrow of the Estado Novo
regime.

Portugal's right-wing, authoritarian dictatorship had taken root when Salazar assumed the role of Prime Minister in 1932 having been Minister of Finance since 1928.

fascist dictatorship heavily influenced by the corporatist ideas of Benito Mussolini in Italy. This was evidenced in the formation of the Estado Novo – the new state – and the permanent rule of the governing party. Trade unions were to be vertically integrated into the state machine. By 1974, this lack of democracy in a western European country came under increasing criticism from within and abroad. Amnesty International
was formed after the experience of its founder who encountered examples of torture in Portugal.

Salazar's personal ideology was pro-Catholic, anti-communist anti-

mercantilist
. While the two countries on the Iberian peninsula experienced economic growth in the 1960s and 1970s – largely as a source of low cost labour and tourist destinations – poverty and illiteracy remained high. Portugal experienced high levels of emigration and this remains a feature of the economy today.

The revolution led to an explosion of political activity with sixty political parties active at one point. The

nationalisation. By different estimates, sixty to eighty per cent of the economy was taken over after the revolution. For many on the left in Portugal, the 1974 revolution had overthrown both the Estado Novo dictatorship and those economic forces that had benefited from it and marked the beginning of the establishment of a much sought-after dictatorship of the proletariat in a truly Socialist state.[6] Only in the 1980s did the centre-right, with pro-market sensibility and entrepreneurial vision, gain power in Portugal and started the privatization or reprivatization of Soviet-style state concerns while maintaining democracy.[7][8][9]

The revolution

Main article: Carnation Revolution

Two indirect consequences of the Carnation Revolution were a collapse of the economy and dislocation of hundreds of thousands of people who returned from the colonies to Portugal as refugees.

The retornados

"Retornados" redirects here. For the 2013 film, see The Returned (2013 film).
retornados,[10][11]
ranging from 500,000 to 1 million after the revolution.

The retornados (from the Portuguese verb "retornar", to return) are a Portuguese population who fled their overseas colonies during the decolonization process which was managed by the revolutionary

Francoists. These groups carried out a number of attacks and bombings during the Hot Summer of 1975, mostly in the north of Portugal, while the MDLP was involved in the attempted coup of 11 March. When Spínola and his allies came to power in November, the MDLP disbanded, the ELP continued its campaign. When Portuguese Timor achieved its independence in 1975, the territory was invaded by Indonesia
nine days later, and thousands of civilians were massacred.

The term retornado is seen as a derogative, as most of them prefer the term "refugee".[16][17]

Post-colonial

After the fall of the Portuguese Empire and the overseas territories' independence, Angola would later enter into a decades long civil war which became a proxy war for the Soviet Union, Cuba, South Africa, and the United States. 800,000 Angolans would die either as a direct consequence of the war or of malnutrition and disease; Mozambique would also enter into a devastating civil war that left it as one of the poorest and least developed nations in the world; and East Timor was invaded by Indonesia, resulting in an estimated 200,000 civilian casualties during the subsequent occupation.

Economy

Main article: Economic history of Portugal

The Portuguese economy had changed significantly by 1973 prior to the revolution. Compared with its position in 1961: Total output (GDP at factor cost) had grown by 120 percent in real terms. Clearly, the pre-revolutionary period was characterized by robust annual growth rates for GDP (6.9 percent), industrial production (9 percent), private consumption (6.5 percent), and gross fixed capital formation (7.8 percent).[18]

Shortly after the Carnation Revolution, the change of direction from a purely pro-

Junta de Salvação Nacional (National Salvation Junta).[citation needed
]

In the longer term, the revolution led to democracy and Portugal's 1986 entrance into the European Economic Community.[20]

In the agricultural sector, the collective farms set up in

which?][citation needed
], about 900,000 hectares (2,200,000 acres) of agricultural land were occupied between April 1974 and December 1975 in the name of land reform; about 32% of the occupations were ruled illegal. In January 1976, the government pledged to restore the illegally occupied land to its owners, and in 1977, it promulgated the Land Reform Review Law. Restoration of illegally occupied land began in 1978.

Political changes

Main article: Portuguese transition to democracy

First Republic took power in 1910 from a monarchy in decline and itself lasted only sixteen years until 1926. Under the Republic, parliamentary institutions worked poorly, and political and economic power remained concentrated. Corruption and economic mismanagement were widespread. The Republican leadership took Portugal into World War I with significant expenditure and loss of life. A military coup d'état ended the First Republic in 1926. This was the beginning of a dictatorship that evolved into the Estado Novo
regime.

In the early 1960s, independence movements in the Portuguese overseas provinces of Angola, Mozambique and Guinea in Africa, resulted in the Portuguese Colonial War (1961–1974). Throughout the colonial war period Portugal had to deal with increasing dissent, arms embargoes and other punitive sanctions imposed by most of the international community.

In April 1974 a bloodless

Portuguese legislative election of 1976
.

See also

References

  1. ^ "A 'cruzada branca' contra 'comunistas e seus lacaios'".
  2. ^ "Portugal à lei da bomba".
  3. MARCELINO DA MATA FOI TORTURADO PELO MRPP", António Lobo Xavier, TVI https://tvi24.iol.pt/videos/opiniao/gostava-que-mais-jornais-tivessem-referido-que-marcelino-da-mata-foi-torturado-pelo-mrpp/602da1270cf2951d9a0ca3b6
  4. ^ Hammond, John L. Building popular power: Workers' and neighborhood movements in the Portuguese revolution. Monthly Review Press, 1988.
  5. ^ Salazar was also Minister of Finance in 1926 for two weeks.
  6. ^ Porto Editora – Constituição de 1976 na Infopédia [em linha]. Porto: Porto Editora. [consult. 2023-09-24 10:36:53]. Disponível em https://www.infopedia.pt/$constituicao-de-1976
  7. ^ "O dia em que a economia passou para o Estado e não voltou a ser a mesma". TVI Notícias (in Portuguese). Retrieved 24 September 2023.
  8. ^ Porto Editora – Nacionalizações 1975 na Infopédia [em linha]. Porto: Porto Editora. [consult. 2023-09-24 10:21:31]. Disponível em https://www.infopedia.pt/$nacionalizacoes-1975
  9. ^ "As privatizações foram positivas para Portugal na década de 80, quando ajudou a desenvolver o mercado de capitais, a integração económica europeia, a adopção da moeda única e a redução da dívida pública." https://estudogeral.sib.uc.pt/bitstream/10316/90352/1/Tesis%20Leon%20alterado%20jo%C3%A3o.pdf
  10. ^ Flight from Angola, The Economist (16 August 1975).
  11. Time Magazine
    (Monday, 7 July 1975).
  12. ISSN 0031-2746
    .
  13. ^ Flight from Angola, The Economist (16 August 1975).
  14. Time Magazine
    (Monday, 7 July 1975).
  15. ISBN 0-521-58596-1
  16. ^ Matos, Helena. "Os retornados começaram a chegar há 40 anos". Observador (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 11 January 2024.
  17. ^ Curado, Paulo (17 January 2015). ""Para a maioria dos colonos, a possibilidade de abandonar África era nula"". PÚBLICO (in Portuguese). Retrieved 11 January 2024.
  18. ^ "Portugal - Economic Growth and Change". countrystudies.us. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
  19. ^ ECO (5 May 2023). "O atraso estrutural de Portugal". ECO (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 7 September 2023.
  20. ^ "Portugal".
  21. ^ Flight from Angola, The Economist (16 August 1975).
  22. Time Magazine
    (Monday, 7 July 1975).

External links

  • BBC website article on Portuguese revolution [1]
  • A huge resource of newspaper articles from across Europe in 1974 and after [2]
  • EU website [3]
  • AFP article on thirtieth anniversary of Portuguese revolution [4]
  • Portugal Timeline on history website [5]
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