Proclus
Proclus Lycius | |
---|---|
Achaea, Eastern Roman Empire | |
Other names | "The Successor" |
Era | Ancient philosophy |
Region | Western philosophy |
School | Neoplatonism |
Main interests | Metaphysics |
Notable ideas | Platonic theology |
Proclus Lycius (
Biography
The primary source for the life of Proclus is the eulogy Proclus, or On Happiness that was written for him upon his death by his successor, Marinus,[2] Marinus' biography set out to prove that Proclus reached the peak of virtue and attained eudaimonia.[2] There are also a few details about the time in which he lived in the similarly structured Life of Isidore written by the philosopher Damascius in the following century.[2]
According to Marinus,
Philosophy
One challenge with determining Proclus' specific doctrines is that the Neoplatonists of his time did not consider themselves innovators; they believed themselves to be the transmitters of the correct interpretations of Plato himself.[5] Although the neoplatonic doctrines are much different from the doctrines in Plato's dialogues, it's often difficult to distinguish between different Neoplatonic thinkers and determine what is original to each one.[5] For Proclus, this is largely only possible with Plotinus, the only other Neoplatonic writer for whom a significant amount of writings survive.[5]
Proclus, like Plotinus and many of the other
The particular characteristic of Proclus's system is his elaboration of a level of individual ones, called henads, between the One which is before being and intelligible divinity.[5] The henads exist "superabundantly", also beyond being, but they stand at the head of chains of causation (seirai) and in some manner give to these chains their particular character.[5] He identifies them with the Greek gods, so one henad might be Apollo and be the cause of all things apollonian, while another might be Helios and be the cause of all sunny things. Each henad participates in every other henad, according to its character. What appears to be multiplicity is not multiplicity at all, because any henad may rightly be considered the center of the polycentric system.[citation needed] According to Proclus, philosophy is the activity which can liberate the soul from a subjection to bodily passions, remind it of its origin in Soul, Intellect, and the One, and prepare it not only to ascend to the higher levels while still in this life, but to avoid falling immediately back into a new body after death.[citation needed] Because the soul's attention, while inhabiting a body, is turned so far away from its origin in the intelligible world, Proclus thinks that we need to make use of bodily reminders of our spiritual origin.[citation needed] In this he agrees with the doctrines of theurgy put forward by Iamblichus. Theurgy is possible because the powers of the gods (the henads) extend through their series of causation even down to the material world.[citation needed] And by certain power-laden words, acts, and objects, the soul can be drawn back up the series, so to speak. Proclus himself was a devotee of many of the religions in Athens, considering that the power of the gods could be present in these various approaches.[citation needed]
Works
Commentaries on Plato
The majority of Proclus's works are commentaries on dialogues of Plato (Alcibiades, Cratylus, Parmenides, Republic, Timaeus). In these commentaries, he presents his own philosophical system as a faithful interpretation of Plato, and in this he did not differ from other Neoplatonists, as he considered that "nothing in Plato's corpus is unintended or there by chance", that "Plato's writings were divinely inspired" (ὁ θεῖος Πλάτων ho theios Platon—the divine Plato, inspired by the gods), that "the formal structure and the content of Platonic texts imitated those of the universe",[6] and therefore that they spoke often of things under a veil, hiding the truth from the philosophically uninitiated. Proclus was however a close reader of Plato, and quite often makes very astute points about his Platonic sources.
Commentary on Timaeus
In his commentary on Plato's Timaeus Proclus explains the role the Soul as a principle has in mediating the Forms in Intellect to the body of the material world as a whole. The Soul is constructed through certain proportions, described mathematically in the Timaeus, which allow it to make Body as a divided image of its own arithmetical and geometrical ideas.
Systematic works
In addition to his commentaries, Proclus wrote two major systematic works.[7] The Elements of Theology (Στοιχείωσις θεολογική) consists of 211 propositions, each followed by a proof, beginning from the existence of the One (divine Unity) and ending with the descent of individual souls into the material world. The Platonic Theology (Περὶ τῆς κατὰ Πλάτωνα θεολογίας) is a systematization of material from Platonic dialogues, showing from them the characteristics of the divine orders, the part of the universe which is closest to the One.
We also have three essays, extant only in Latin translation: Ten doubts concerning providence (De decem dubitationibus circa providentiam); On providence and fate (De providentia et fato); On the existence of evils (De malorum subsistentia).[7]
Other works
Commentary on Euclid's Elements
Proclus, the scholiast to Euclid, knew Eudemus of Rhodes' History of Geometry well, and gave a short sketch of the early history of geometry, which appeared to be founded on the older, lost book of Eudemus. The passage has been referred to as "the Eudemian summary," and determines some approximate dates, which otherwise might have remained unknown.[8] The influential commentary on the first book of Euclid's Elements is one of the most valuable sources we have for the history of ancient mathematics,[9] and its Platonic account of the status of mathematical objects was influential.
In this work, Proclus also listed the first mathematicians associated with Plato: a mature set of mathematicians (
Lost works
A number of his Platonic commentaries are lost. In addition to the Alcibiades, the Cratylus, the Timaeus, and the Parmenides, he also wrote commentaries on the remainder of the dialogues in the Neoplatonic curriculum.[10] He also wrote a commentary on the Organon, as well as prolegomena to both Plato and Aristotle.[10]
Legacy
Proclus exerted a great deal of influence on Medieval philosophy, though largely indirectly, through the works of the commentator Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite.[11] This late-5th- or early-6th-century Christian Greek author wrote under the pseudonym Dionysius the Areopagite, the figure converted by St. Paul in Athens. Because of this fiction, his writings were taken to have almost apostolic authority. He is an original Christian writer, and in his works can be found a great number of Proclus's metaphysical principles.[12]
Another important source for the influence of Proclus on the Middle Ages is
A summary of Proclus's Elements of Theology circulated under the name
The crater Proclus on the Moon is named after him.
See also
Notes
- ISBN 978-0-691-02089-1.
- ^ a b c d Helmig & Steel 2011, 1. Life and Works.
- ^ Guthrie 1925.
- ^ Guthrie, Kenneth (1925). Marinus of Samaria, The Life of Proclus or Concerning Happiness (1925) pp.15–55.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Helmig & Steel 2011, 3.
- ^ Calian, Florin George (2013), ""Clarifications" of Obscurity: Conditions for Proclus's Allegorical Reading of Plato's Parmenides", Obscurity in medieval texts, pp. 15–31
- ^ a b Helmig & Steel 2020, A.
- ^ Gow 1884.
- ^ Heath 1908.
- ^ a b Helmig & Steel 2020, B.
- ^ a b c d e f Helmig & Steel 2011, 4. Influence.
- ^ Dodds 1992.
Bibliography
Proclus's works in Translation
- Elements of Theology:
- Proclus, approximately (1992). The Elements of Theology = Diadoxos stoixeiōsis theologikē (Second ed.). Oxford. ISBN 9780198140979.)
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- Proclus, approximately (1992). The Elements of Theology = Diadoxos stoixeiōsis theologikē (Second ed.). Oxford.
- Platonic Theology: A long (six volumes in the Budé edition) systematic work, using evidence from Plato's dialogues to describe the character of the various divine orders
- The Six Books of Proclus, the Platonic Successor, on the Theology of Plato Thomas Taylor translation.
- Commentary on Plato's Alcibiades
- Proclus (1971). Proclus' Commentary on Plato's Alcibiades I (Second ed.). Dordrecht. ISBN 9789401763271.)
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- Proclus (1971). Proclus' Commentary on Plato's Alcibiades I (Second ed.). Dordrecht.
- Commentary on Cratylus
- Proclus (2007). Proclus' Commetary on Plato's Cratylus. London. ISBN 9781472558190.)
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- Proclus (2007). Proclus' Commetary on Plato's Cratylus. London.
- Commentary on Plato's "Timaeus"
- Taylor, Thomas (1820). The Commentaries of Proclus on the Timaeus of Plato in Five Books; containing a treasury of Pythagoric and Platonic physiology. Translated from the Greek by Thomas Taylor. London.
- Proclus: Commentary on Plato's Timaeus. Volume 1. Book 1: Proclus on the Socratic State and Atlantis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2007. ISBN 9780511482656.
- Commentary on Plato's "Parmenides"
- Proclus (1992). Proclus' Commentary on Plato's Parmenides (1st Princeton pbk. print. with corrections, 1992 ed.). Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691020892.
- Proclus (1992). Proclus' Commentary on Plato's Parmenides (1st Princeton pbk. print. with corrections, 1992 ed.). Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
- Commentary on Plato's "Republic"
- A Commentary on the First Book of Euclid's "Elements"
- Proclus (1970). A Commentary on the First Book of Euclid's Elements. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691020907.
- Proclus (1970). A Commentary on the First Book of Euclid's Elements. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
- Elements of Physics
- Three small works: Ten Problems Concerning Providence; On Providence and Fate; On the Existence of Evils
- Proclus On Providence (in English and Ancient Greek). Translated by Steel, Carlos. London; New York: Bloomsbury Academic. 2007. ISBN 9781472501479.
- Proclus Ten Problems Concerning Providence (in English and Ancient Greek). Translated by Opsomer, Jan; Steel, Carlos. London; New Delhi; New York; Sydney: Bloomsbury. 2012. ISBN 9781472501783.
- Proclus On the Existence of Evils (in English, Ancient Greek, and Latin). Translated by Opsomer, Jan; Steel, Carlos. London; New York: Bloomsbury. 2014 [2003]. ISBN 9781472501035.
- On the Eternity of the World, De Aeternitate Mundi, Proclus (in English and Ancient Greek). Translated by Lang, Helen S.; Macro, A. D.; McGinnis, Jon. Berkeley; Los Angeles; London: University of California Press. 2001. ISBN 0520225546.
- Various Hymns
- Berg, R.M. van den (2001). Mansfeld, J.; Runia, D.T; Van Winden, J. C. M. (eds.). Proclus' Hymns. Philosophia Antiqua, A Series of Studies on Ancient Philosophy (in English and Ancient Greek). Vol. 90. Translated by Berg, R.M. van den. Leiden, Boston, Köln: Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. ISBN 9004122362.
- Commentary on the Chaldaean Oracles (fragments)
- Proclus the Successor on Poetics and the Homeric Poems (in English and Ancient Greek). Translated by Lamberton, Robert. Atlanta, Georgia, USA: Society of Biblical Literature. 2012. ISBN 9781589837119.
- Fragments of lost works
- Taylor, Thomas (1825). The Fragments that Remain of the Lost Writings of Proclus. Printed for the author, and sold by Black, Young, and Young.
The Liber de Causis (Book of Causes) is not a work by Proclus, but a summary of his work the Elements of Theology, likely written by an Arabic interpreter.
- Reading Proclus and the Book of Causes. Volume 2, Translations and Acculturations. Leiden. 2021. ISBN 9789004440685.)
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References
- Dodds, E. R. (1992). The Elements of Theology: A Revised Text with Translation, Introduction, and Commentary. Oxford University Press UK.
- Gow, James (1884). A Short History of Greek Mathematics. Cambridge University press.
- Heath(1908). "Proclus and His Sources". The Thirteen Books of Euclid's Elements Vol. 1. p. 29.
It is well known that the commentary of Proclus on Eucl. Book I is one of the two main sources of information as to the history of Greek geometry which we possess, the other being the Collection of Pappus
- Helmig, Christoph; Steel, Carlos (2011). "Proclus". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
- Helmig, Christoph; Steel, Carlos (2020). "Bibliography: Proclus' Complete Works (extant, lost, and spurious)". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Further reading
Monographs
- Cutino, Miriam (2023). Proclo – Lo stile e il sistema della teologia. Berlin: De Gruyter. ISBN 9783111084978.
- Post-Herulian Athens : aspects of life and culture in Athens, A.D. 267-529. Helsinki: Suomen Ateenan-instituutin säätiö. 1994. ISBN 9519529527.
- Kutash, Emilie (2011). Ten gifts of the demiurge : Proclus' commentary on Plato's Timaeus. London. ISBN 978-1-4725-1981-8.)
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - Rosán, Laurence Jay (2009). The philosophy of Proclus : the final phase of ancient thought (2nd ed.). Westbury: Prometheus Trust. ISBN 978-1898910442.
- Siorvanes, Lucas (1996). Proclus : neo-platonic philosophy and science. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0748607684.
- Spanu, Nicola (2021). Proclus and the Chaldean oracles : a study on Proclean exegesis, with a translation and commentary of Proclus' Treatise on Chaldean philosophy. Abingdon, Oxon. ISBN 9781000166378.)
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - Vargas, Antonio Luis (2021). Time's causal power: Proclus on the natural theology of time. Leiden; Boston: Brill. ISBN 9789004466678.
- Waithe, Mary Ellen (1987). A History of Women Philosophers : Ancient Women Philosophers 600 B.C. - 500 A.D. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. ISBN 9789400934979.
- KINESIS AKINETOS: A study of spiritual motion in the philosophy of Proclus, by Stephen Gersh
- From Iamblichus to Eriugena. An investigation of the prehistory and evolution of the Pseudo-Dionysius tradition, by Stephen Gersh
- The Philosophy of Proclus – the Final Phase of Ancient Thought, by L J Rosan
- The Logical Principles of Proclus' Stoicheiôsis Theologikê as Systematic Ground of the Cosmos, by James Lowry
Collections
- Neoplatonism and Indian thought. Norfolk: International Society for Neoplatonic Studies. 1982. ISBN 978-0-87395-546-1.
- Rosan, Laurence (1981). Harris, R. Baine (ed.). Neoplatonism and Indian Thought. State University of New York Press. pp. 45–49. ISBN 978-0873955461.
- Gersh, Stephen (2014). Interpreting Proclus : from antiquity to the renaissance. New York. ISBN 9780521198493.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - Neoplatonic philosophy : introductory readings. Indianapolis: Hackett Pub. Co. 2004. ISBN 0872207072.
- Hoine, Pieter d'; Martijn, Marije (2017). All from one : a guide to Proclus (First ed.). Oxford, United Kingdom. ISBN 978-0-19-964033-1.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - The Routledge Handbook of Neoplatonism. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon. 2014. ISBN 9781315744186.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - Brill's companion to the reception of Homer from the Hellenistic age to late antiquity. Leiden. 2022. ISBN 9789004472686.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - The philosophy of the commentators, 200-600 AD : a sourcebook. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. 2005. ISBN 0-8014-8987-3.
- On Proclus and his Influence in Medieval Philosophy, ed. by E.P. Bos and P.A. Meijer (Philosophia antiqua 53), Leiden-Köln-New York: Brill, 1992.
- The perennial tradition of neoplatonism, ed. by J. Cleary (Ancient and medieval philosophy, Series I, 24), Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1997.
Bibliographic resources
External links
- Article by Encyclopædia Britannica
- O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Proclus", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
- Editions and Translations Proclus – Hoger Instituut voor Wijsbegeerte
- Article at "The Encyclopedia of Goddess Athena"
- Five Hymns of Proclus Thomas Taylor translation.
- Fragments that Remain of the Lost Writings of Proclus Thomas Taylor translation.
- Commentaries of Proclus on the Timaeus of Plato, in Five Books Thomas Taylor translation.
- Ten Doubts Concerning Providence and On the Existence of Evils Thomas Taylor translation.
- Proclus's Life and Teachings
- Index page of the Proclus section for the "Plato Transformed" project at the University Leuven, Belgium.
- Commentary on Plato's Parmenides – (Greek text, scans of Cousin's edition)
- Catalogue of the Prometheus Trust "Thomas Taylor Series" which includes translations of many of the works of Proclus. The site has lengthy extracts of these.
- Scans of editions of Proclus' Hypotyposis and his commentary on Euclid 1 at wilbourhall.org (Classical Greek and Latin)
- On the Signs of Divine Possession – (partial translation of Proclus's work)
- On the Sacred Art – (translation and discussion of this surviving extract from a larger work by Proclus)
- On the Sacred Art (French introduction and Greek text)
- On the Sacred Art – Greek text and English translation
- Hypotyposis Astronomicon Hypotheseon – Greek text
- Proclus in English and Greek, Select Online Resources
- Works by Proclus at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
- Guide to Proclus, Elementa theologica. Manuscript, 1582 at the University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center