Procyonidae
Procyonidae Temporal range: Early Miocene to Holocene
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From top left to bottom right: Potos )
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Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Mammalia |
Order: | Carnivora |
Superfamily: | Musteloidea |
Family: | Procyonidae Gray, 1825 |
Type genus | |
Procyon Storr, 1780
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Genera | |
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Procyonidae (
Characteristics
Procyonids are relatively small animals, with generally slender bodies and long tails, though the common raccoon tends to be bulky.
Because of their general build, the Procyonidae are often popularly viewed as smaller cousins of the
Due to their omnivorous diet, procyonids have lost some of the adaptations for flesh-eating found in their carnivorous relatives. While they do have carnassial teeth, these are poorly developed in most species, especially the raccoons. Apart from the kinkajou, procyonids have the dental formula: 3.1.4.23.1.4.2 for a total of 40 teeth. The kinkajou has one fewer premolar in each row: 3.1.3.23.1.3.2 for a total of 36 teeth.
Most members of Procyonidae are solitary; however, some species form groups. Coati females will form bands of 4 to 24 individuals that forage together,[6] while Kinkajous have been found to form social groups of two males and one female.[7] Certain Procyonids give birth to one offspring like ringtails, olingos, and kinkajous while raccoons and coatis give birth to litters that range in size from 2 to 6 offspring.[8][9][10][11]
Evolution
Procyonid fossils once believed to belong to the genus
Genetic studies have shown that kinkajous are a sister group to all other extant procyonids; they split off about 22.6 Ma ago.[17] The clades leading to coatis and olingos on one branch, and to ringtails and raccoons on the other, separated about 17.7 Ma ago.[13] The divergence between olingos and coatis is estimated to have occurred about 10.2 Ma ago,[13] at about the same time that ringtails and raccoons parted ways.[13][14] The separation between coatis and mountain coatis is estimated to have occurred 7.7 Ma ago.[18]
Classification
There has been considerable historical uncertainty over the correct classification of several members. The
The traditional classification scheme shown below on the left predates the recent revolution in our understanding of procyonid
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- FAMILY PROCYONIDAE
- Subfamily Procyoninae (nine species in four genera)
- Tribe Procyonini
- Subtribe Procyonina
- Raccoons, Procyon
- Crab-eating raccoon, Procyon cancrivorus
- Cozumel raccoon, Procyon pygmaeus
- Common raccoon, Procyon lotor
- Raccoons, Procyon
- Subtribe Nasuina
- Nasua
- South American coati or ring-tailed coati, Nasua nasua
- White-nosed coati, Nasua narica
- Nasuella
- Western mountain coati, Nasuella olivacea
- Eastern mountain coati, Nasuella meridensis
- Nasua
- Subtribe Procyonina
- Tribe Bassariscini
- Bassariscus
- Ringtail, Bassariscus astutus
- Cacomistle, Bassariscus sumichrasti
- Bassariscus
- Tribe Procyonini
- Subfamily Potosinae (five species in two genera)
- Potos
- Kinkajou, Potos flavus
- Bassaricyon
- Northern olingo or Gabbi's olingo, Bassaricyon gabbii
- Eastern lowland olingo, Bassaricyon alleni
- Western lowland olingo, Bassaricyon medius
- Olinguito, Bassaricyon neblina
- Potos
- Subfamily Procyoninae (nine species in four genera)
Phylogeny
Several recent molecular studies have resolved the phylogenetic relationships between the procyonids, as illustrated in the cladogram below.[14][13][19][20]
Procyonidae |
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Extinct taxa
Below is a list of extinct taxa (many of which are fossil genera and species) compiled in alphabetical order under their respective subfamilies.
- Procyonidae J.E. Gray, 1825
- †Broilianinae Dehm, 1950
- †Broiliana Dehm, 1950
- †B. dehmi Beaumont & Mein, 1973
- †B. nobilis Dehm, 1950
- †Stromeriella Dehm, 1950
- †S. depressa Morlo, 1996
- †S. franconica Dehm, 1950
- †Broiliana Dehm, 1950
- Potosinae Trouessart, 1904
- †Parapotos J.A. Baskin, 2003
- †P. tedfordi J.A. Baskin, 2003
- †Parapotos J.A. Baskin, 2003
- Procyoninae J.E. Gray, 1825
- †Arctonasua J.A. Baskin, 1982
- †A. eurybates J.A. Baskin, 1982
- †A. fricki J.A. Baskin, 1982
- †A. floridana J.A. Baskin, 1982
- †A. gracilis J.A. Baskin, 1982
- †A. minima J.A. Baskin, 1982
- †Bassaricyonoides J.A. Baskin & Morea, 2003
- †B. stewartae J.A. Baskin & Morea, 2003
- †B. phyllismillerae J.A. Baskin & Morea, 2003
- Bassariscus Coues, 1887
- †B. antiquus Matthew & Cook, 1909
- †B. casei Hibbard, 1952
- †B. minimus J.A. Baskin, 2004
- †B. ogallalae Hibbard, 1933
- †B. parvus Hall, 1927
- †Chapalmalania Ameghino, 1908
- †C. altaefrontis Kraglievich & Olazábal, 1959
- †C. ortognatha Ameghino, 1908
- †Cyonasua Ameghino, 1885 [=Amphinasua Moreno & Mercerat, 1891; Brachynasua Ameghino & Kraglievich 1925; Pachynasua Ameghino, 1904]
- †C. argentina Ameghino 1885
- †C. argentinus (Burmeister, 1891)
- †C. brevirostris (Moreno & Mercerat, 1891) [=Amphinasua brevirostris Moreno & Mercerat, 1891]
- †C. clausa (Ameghino, 1904) [=Pachynasua clausa Ameghino, 1904]
- †C. groeberi Kraglievich & Reig, 1954 [=Amphinasua groeberi Cabrera, 1936]
- †C. longirostris (Rovereto, 1914)
- †C. lutaria (Cabrera, 1936) [=Amphinasua lutaria Cabrera, 1936]
- †C. meranii (Ameghino & Kraglievich 1925) [=Brachynasua meranii Ameghino & Kraglievich 1925]
- †C. pascuali Linares, 1981 [=Amphinasua pascuali Linares, 1981]
- †C. robusta (Rovereto, 1914)
- †Edaphocyon Wilson, 1960
- †E. lautus J.A. Baskin, 1982
- †E. palmeri J.A. Baskin & Morea, 2003
- †E. pointblankensis Wilson, 1960
- Nasua Storr, 1780
- †N. pronarica Dalquest, 1978
- †N. mastodonta Emmert & Short, 2018
- †N. nicaeensis Holl, 1829
- †Parahyaenodon Ameghino, 1904
- †P. argentinus Ameghino, 1904
- †Paranasua J.A. Baskin, 1982
- †P. biradica J.A. Baskin, 1982
- †Probassariscus Merriam, 1911
- †P. matthewi Merriam, 1911
- Procyon Storr, 1780
- †P. gipsoni Emmert & Short, 2018
- †P. megalokolos Emmert & Short, 2018
- †P. rexroadensis Hibbard, 1941
- †Protoprocyon Linares, 1981 [=Lichnocyon J.A. Baskin, 1982]
- †P. savagei Linares, 1981 [=Lichnocyon savagei J.A. Baskin, 1982]
- †Tetraprothomo Ameghino, 1908
- †T. argentinus Ameghino, 1908
- †Arctonasua J.A. Baskin, 1982
- †Broilianinae Dehm, 1950
References
- OCLC 62265494.
- PMID 16012099.
- S2CID 17883651.
- OCLC 233832204.
- S2CID 209332127.
- S2CID 53170578.
- .
- ^ Jirik, Kate. "LibGuides: North American Ringtail (Bassariscus astutus) Fact Sheet: Reproduction & Development". ielc.libguides.com. Retrieved 15 November 2022.
- ^ Jirik, Kate. "LibGuides: Kinkajou (Potos flavus) Fact Sheet: Summary". ielc.libguides.com. Retrieved 15 November 2022.
- ^ "Coati | San Diego Zoo Animals & Plants". animals.sandiegozoo.org. Retrieved 15 November 2022.
- ^ "Raccoon Nation ~ Raccoon Facts | Nature | PBS". Nature. 7 February 2012. Retrieved 15 November 2022.
- ISBN 978-0-87196-871-5.
- ^ PMID 24003317.
- ^ PMID 17174109.
- PMID 21125025.
- ^ R. L. Carroll. 1988. Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution
- ^ PMID 20138220.
- ProQuest 1999244770.
- ^ a b Helgen, K. M.; Kays, R.; Helgen, L. E.; Tsuchiya-Jerep, M. T. N.; Pinto, C. M.; Koepfli, K. P.; Eizirik, E.; Maldonado, J. E. (August 2009). "Taxonomic boundaries and geographic distributions revealed by an integrative systematic overview of the mountain coatis, Nasuella (Carnivora: Procyonidae)". Small Carnivore Conservation. 41: 65–74. Retrieved 20 August 2013.
- PMID 28472434.
External links
- Data related to Procyonidae at Wikispecies
- Media related to Procyonidae at Wikimedia Commons