Proetida
Proetida Temporal range:
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Aulacopleura konincki, Kosov u Berouna, Czech Republic | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Arthropoda |
Class: | †Trilobita |
Order: | †Proetida Fortey & Owens, 1975 |
Superfamilies | |
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Proetida is an order of
Description
These typically small trilobites resemble those of the order
Unlike the trilobites of the phacopid suborder
The thorax of proetids was made up of anywhere between 8–22 segments, but most commonly 10. Many also extend the backcorners of the headshield into so-called genal spines. These two features can aid in distinguishing proetids from some phacopid trilobites in the suborder Phacopina, to which they can be very similar.
Classification
Opinions about the composition of and the affinities within the proetids, and to other trilobites, have been very divergent over time. In 2011 it was suggested to retain in Proetida only the families Proetidae and Tropidocoryphidae. The remainder of the families should be combined in a new proposed order, Aulacopleurida (Adrian, 2011), that would consist of the families Aulacopleuridae, Brachymetopidae, Dimeropygidae, Rorringtoniidae, Scharyiidae, Bathyuridae, Telephinidae, Holotrachelidae and Hystricuridae (considered Proetida before), combined with the Ptychopariid families Alokistocaridae, Crepicephalidae, Ehmaniellidae, Marjumiidae, Solenopleuridae and Tricrepicephalidae.
The reasoning for this proposed split is based on differences in early larval stages. While the remaining Proetida taxa have globular larvae very unlike the adult form, the Aulacopleurids have adultlike larvae with paired spines.
The analysis identifies the taxa Asaphida, Olenina and Phacopida (including the Holotrachelidae) as sister groups. The earliest branch in Proetida is the family Hystricuridae. This is followed by a branch that consists of the families Dimeropygidae and Toernquistiidae. At the third node, the superfamily Aulacopleuroidea (consisting of Aulacopleuridae and Brachymetopidae) split off. The fourth branch is the family Scharyiidae. The fifth branch consists of the families Roringtoniidae and Tropidocoryphidae. The sixth node combines a restricted Bathyuridae split off from Bathyurella with the family Proetidae (including Phillipsiidae, which, according to Lamsdell, has been demoted to the subfamily Phillipsiinae).[3]
Taxonomy
The following superfamilies, families and genera are recognized:[4]
Superfamily Aulacopleuroidea
Family Aulacopleuridae
- Aulacopleura
- Aulacopleuroides
- Beggaspis
- Chamaeleoaspis
- Coignops
- Cyphaspides
- Cyphaspis
- Dixiphopyge
- Harpidella
- Latecephalus
- Malimanaspis
- Maurotarion
- Namuropyge
- Otarion
- Otarionides
- Protocyphaspides
- Pseudotrinodus
- Songkania
- Tilsleyia
Family Brachymetopidae
- Acutimetopus
- Asiagena
- Australosutra
- Brachymetopella
- Brachymetopus
- Cheiropyge
- Conimetopus
- Cordania
- Eometopus
- Loeipyge
- Mystrocephala
- Proetidea
- Radnoria
- Spinimetopus
Family Rorringtoniidae
Superfamily Bathyuroidea
Family Bathyuridae
- Acidiphorus
- Aksuaspis
- Aponileus
- Bathyurellus
- Bathyurus
- Benthamaspis
- Bolbocephalus
- Catochia
- Ceratopeltis
- Eleutherocentrus
- Ermanella
- Gignopeltis
- Grinnelaspis
- Hadrohybus
- Jeffersonia
- Licnocephala
- Lutesvillia
- Madaraspis
- Peltabellia
- Petigurus
- Platyantyx
- ?Proscharyia
- Psephosthenaspis
- Pseudoolenoides
- Punka
- Rananasus
- Randaynia
- Raymondites
- Sinobathyurus
- Strigigenalis
- Uromystrum
Family Dimeropygidae (including Celmidae)
Family Holotrachelidae
Family Hystricuridae
- Amblycranium
- Etheridgaspis
- Flectihystricurus
- Genalaticurus
- Glabretina
- Guizhouhystricurus
- Hillyardina
- Hintzecurus
- ?Holubaspis
- Hyperbolochilus
- Hystricurus
- Ibexicurus
- Lavadamia
- Nyaya
- Omuliovia
- Pachycranium
- Paenebeltella
- Parahystricurus
- Paraplethopeltis
- Politicurus
- Psalikilopsis
- Psalikilus
- Rollia
- Rossicurus
- Tanybregma
- ?Taoyuania
- Tasmanaspis
- Tersella
Family Raymondinidae? (including Glaphuridae) order placement considered uncertain by Adrain, 2011[5]
Family Telephinidae
- Carolinites
- Fialoides
- Goniophrys
- Oopsites
- Opipeuterella
- Paraphorocephala
- Phorocephala
- ?Pyraustocranium
- Telephina
- Telephops
Family Toernquistiidae
Superfamily Proetoidea
Family Phillipsiidae
- Acanthophillipsia
- Acropyge
- Ameropiltonia
- Ameura
- Ampulliglabella
- Anisopyge
- Archegonus
- Bedicella
- Breviphillipsia
- Carbonocoryphe
- Cummingella
- Delaria
- Ditomopyge
- Doublatia
- Griffithidella
- Griffithides
- Grossoproetus
- Hentigia
- Hesslerides
- Hildaphillipsia
- Iranaspidion
- Jimbokranion
- Kollarcephalus
- Microphillipsia
- Neoproetus
- Nipponaspis
- Novoameura
- Nunnaspis
- Paraphillipsia
- Persiax
- Phillibole
- Phillipsia
- Piltonia
- Pseudophillipsia
- Simulopaladin
- Spinibole
- Thaiaspis
- Thigriffides
- Timoraspis
- Triproetus
- Vidria
- Weania
Family Proetidae
- Aayemenaytcheia
- Aceroproetus
- Alaskalethe
- Altajaspis
- Anambon
- Anglibole
- Angustibole
- Anujaspis
- Appendicysta
- Aprathia
- Archaeocoryphe
- Ascetopeltis
- Astroproetus
- Australokaskia
- Bailielloides
- Bapingaspis
- Basidechenella
- Beleckella
- Belgibole
- Benesovella
- Bitumulina
- Blodgettia
- Bohemiproetus
- Bolivicrania
- Boliviproetus
- Bollandia
- Bonnaspidella
- Borealia
- Brevibole
- Burgesina
- Calybole
- Camsellia
- Carbonoproetus
- Carlopsia
- Carniphillipsia
- Ceratoproetus
- Chauffouraspis
- Chaunoproetoides
- Chaunoproetus
- Chiides
- Chiops
- Chlupacula
- Chuanqianoproetus
- Clavibole
- Comptonaspis
- Coniproetus
- Conophillipsia
- Constantina
- Coombewoodia
- Craspedops
- Crassibole
- Crassiproetus
- Cyphinioides
- Cyphoproetus
- Cyrtodechenella
- Cyrtoproetus
- Cyrtosymbole
- Cystispina
- Daihuaia
- Dayinaspis
- Dechenella
- Dechenelloides
- Dechenellurus
- Deinoproetus
- Deltadechenella
- Diabole
- Diacoryphe
- Drevermannia
- Dudu
- Dushania
- Effops
- Ejinoproetus
- Elegenodechenella
- Elimaproetus
- Elliptophillipsia
- Endops
- Engelomorrisia
- Ensecoryphe
- Eocyphinium
- Eocyrtosymbole
- Eodrevermannia
- Eomicrophillipsia
- Eopalpebralia
- Eosoproetus
- Eowinterbergia
- Erbenaspis
- Erbenites
- Evagena
- Exochops
- Flexidechenella
- Formonia
- Francenaspis
- Franconicabole
- Frithjofia
- Fuscinipyge
- Ganinella
- Gapeevella
- Geigibole
- Georhithronella
- Gerastos
- Gitarra
- Globusia
- Globusiella
- Globusoidea
- Gomiites
- Gracemerea
- Hassiabole
- Hedstroemia
- Helioproetus
- Helmutia
- Helokybe
- Humeia
- Humilogriffithides
- Hunanoproetus
- Hypaproetus
- Jinia
- Karginella
- Kaskia
- Kathwaia
- Kerpenella
- Khalfinella
- Kolymoproetus
- Kosovoproetus
- Krambedrysia
- Kulmiella
- Kulmogriffithides
- Lacunoporaspis
- Laevibole
- Langgonbole
- Latibole
- Latiglobusia
- Latiproetus
- Lauchellum
- Lichanocoryphe
- Linguaphillipsia
- Liobole
- Liobolina
- Longilobus
- Longiproetus
- Lophiokephalion
- Lugalella
- Luojiashania
- Macrobole
- Mahaiella
- Malayaproetus
- Malchi
- Mannopyge
- Megaproetus
- Menorcaspis
- Merebolina
- Metaphillipsia
- Mezzaluna
- Microspatulina
- Mirabole
- Monodechenella
- Moravocoryphe
- Moschoglossis
- Myoproetus
- Namuraspis
- Neogriffithides
- Neokaskia
- Nitidocare
- Nodiphillipsia
- Oehlertaspis
- Oidalaproetus
- Orbitoproetus
- Ormistonaspis
- Omlistonia
- Ormistoniella
- Osmolskia
- Otodechenella
- Paladin
- Palaeophillipsia
- Paleodechenella
- Palpebralia
- Panibole
- Parachaunoproetus
- Paradechenella
- Parafrithjofia
- Paraglobusia
- Paragriffithides
- Paramirabole
- Parangustibole
- Parapalpebralia
- Paraproetus
- Parawarburgella
- Particeps
- Parvidumus
- Paryfenus
- Pedinocoryphe
- Pedinodechenella
- Perexigupyge
- Perliproetus
- Phillibolina
- Philliboloides
- Phyllaspis
- Planilobus
- Planokaskia
- Plesiowensus
- Podoliproetus
- Pontipalpebralia
- Praedechenella
- Pragoproetus
- Prantlia
- Prodiacoryphe
- Proetocephalus
- Proetus
- Pseudobollandia
- Pseudocyrtosymbole
- Pseudodechenella
- Pseudodudu
- Pseudogerastos
- Pseudoproetus
- Pseudosilesiops
- Pseudospatulina
- Pseudowaribole
- Pudoproetus
- Pulcherproetus
- Pusillabole
- Raerinproetus
- Reediella
- Rhenocynproetus
- Rhenogriffides
- Richterella
- Rijckholtia
- Rosehillia
- Rugulites
- Schaderthalaspis
- Schizophillipsia
- Schizoproetina
- Schizoproetoides
- Schizoproetus
- Semiproetus
- Sevillia
- Silesiops
- Simaproetus
- Sinobole
- Sinocyrtoproetus
- Sinopaladin
- Sinoproetus
- Sinosymbole
- Skemmatocare
- Skemmatopyge
- Spatulata
- Spergenaspis
- Spinibolops
- Struveproetus
- Sulcubole
- Tawstockia
- Taynaella
- Tcherkesovia
- Tetinia
- Thaiaspella
- Thalabaria
- Thebanaspis
- Tropidocare
- Tschernyschewiella
- Typhloproetus
- Unguliproetus
- Vandergrachtia
- Vittaella
- Wagnerispina
- Waideggula
- Waigatchella
- Warburgella
- Waribole
- Weberiphillipsia
- Westropia
- Weyeraspis
- Winiskia
- Winterbergia
- Witryides
- Xenadoche
- Xenoboloides
- Xenocybe
- Xenodechenella
- Xiangzhongella
- Xiushuiproetus
- Yanshanaspis
- Yichangaspis
- Yishanaspis
- Yuanjia
- Zhegangula
- Zhejiangoproetus
Family Tropidocoryphidae
- Alberticoryphe
- Astycoryphe
- Bojocoryphe
- Buchiproetus
- Centriproetus
- Cornuproetus
- Cyrtosymboloides
- Dalarnepeltis
- Dalejeproetus
- Decoroproetus
- Denemarkia
- Diademaproetus
- Dipharangus
- Eopiriproetus
- Erbenicoryphe
- Eremiproetus
- Galbertianus
- Gracilocoryphe
- Gruetia
- Guilinaspis
- Ignoproetus
- Interproetus
- Koneprusites
- Krohbole
- Lardeuxia
- Laticoryphe
- Lepidoproetus
- Linguaproetus
- Lodenicia
- Longicoryphe
- Macroblepharum
- Miriproetus
- Nagaproetus
- Paraeremiproetus
- Paralardeuxia
- Paralepidoproetus
- Parvigena
- Perakaspis
- Phaetonellus
- Phaseolops
- Piriproetoides
- Piriproetus
- Pribylia
- Prionopeltis
- Prodrevermannia
- Proetina
- Proetopeltis
- Pterocoryphe
- Pteroparia
- Quadratoproetus
- Rabuloproetus
- Ranunculoproetus
- Remacutanger
- Richteraspis
- Rokycanocoryphe
- Sculptoproetus
- Slimanella
- Spinoproetus
- Stenoblepharum
- Tafilaltaspis
- Tropicoryphe
- Tropidocoryphe
- Vicinoproetus
- Voigtaspis
- Wolayella
- Xiphogonium
- Zetaproetus
References
- ^ Paleobiology Database. "PBDB: Proetida". Retrieved December 4, 2011.
- ^ Adrian, J.M. (2011). "Class Trilobita Walch, 1771". In Zhang, Z.Q. (ed.). Animal Biodiversity: An Outline of Higher-Level Classification and Survey of Taxonomic Richness (PDF). Zootaxa. Vol. 3148. Magnolia Press. pp. 104–109.
- .
- ^ Sam Gon III (April 21, 2008). "Order Proetida". A Guide to the Orders of Trilobites. Retrieved November 9, 2010.
- ^ "Zootaxa". biotaxa.org.