Projectile

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A projectile is an object that is propelled by the application of an external

In ballistics mathematical equations of motion are used to analyze projectile trajectories through launch, flight, and impact.

Motive force

Railguns utilize electromagnetic fields to provide a constant acceleration along the entire length of the device, greatly increasing the muzzle velocity.

Some projectiles provide

An explosion, whether or not by a weapon, causes the debris to act as multiple high velocity projectiles. An explosive weapon or device may also be designed to produce many high velocity projectiles by the break-up of its casing; these are correctly termed fragments.

In sports

In projectile motion the most important force applied to the ‘projectile’ is the propelling force, in this case the propelling forces are the muscles that act upon the ball to make it move, and the stronger the force applied, the more propelling force, which means the projectile (the ball) will travel farther. See pitching, bowling.

As a weapon

Delivery projectiles

Many projectiles, e.g. shells, may carry an explosive charge or another chemical or biological substance. Aside from explosive payload, a projectile can be designed to cause special damage, e.g. fire (see also early thermal weapons), or poisoning (see also arrow poison).

Kinetic projectiles

This section is an excerpt from Kinetic energy weapon.[edit]

A

supersonic or even up to hypervelocity — and collide with their targets, converting its kinetic energy and relative impulse into destructive shock waves, heat and cavitation. In kinetic weapons with unpowered flight, the muzzle velocity or launch velocity often determines the effective range and potential damage

of the kinetic projectile.

Kinetic weapons are the oldest and most common ranged weapons used in

electromagnetically launched projectiles, such as railguns, coilguns and mass drivers. There are also concept weapons that are accelerated by gravity, as in the case of kinetic bombardment weapons designed for space warfare

.

The term hit-to-kill, or kinetic kill, is also used in the military aerospace field to describe kinetic energy weapons accelerated by a rocket engine. It has been used primarily in the anti-ballistic missile (ABM) and anti-satellite weapon (ASAT) fields, but some modern anti-aircraft missiles are also kinetic kill vehicles. Hit-to-kill systems are part of the wider class of kinetic projectiles, a class that has widespread use in the anti-tank field.

Wired projectiles

Some projectiles stay connected by a cable to the launch equipment after launching it:

• for guidance: wire-guided missile (range up to 4,000 metres or 13,000 feet)
• to administer an electric shock, as in the case of a Taser (range up to 10.6 metres or 35 feet); two projectiles are shot simultaneously, each with a cable.
• to make a connection with the target, either to tow it towards the launcher, as with a whaling harpoon, or to draw the launcher to the target, as a grappling hook does.

Typical projectile speeds

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Equations of motion

An object projected at an angle to the horizontal has both the vertical and horizontal components of velocity. The vertical component of the velocity on the y-axis is given as ${\displaystyle V_{y}=U\sin \theta }$ while the horizontal component of the velocity is ${\displaystyle V_{x}=U\cos \theta }$. There are various calculations for projectiles at a specific angle ${\displaystyle \theta }$:

1. Time to reach maximum height. It is symbolized as (${\displaystyle t}$), which is the time taken for the projectile to reach the maximum height from the plane of projection. Mathematically, it is given as ${\displaystyle t=U\sin \theta /g}$ where ${\displaystyle g}$ = acceleration due to gravity (app 9.81 m/s²), ${\displaystyle U}$ = initial velocity (m/s) and ${\displaystyle \theta }$ = angle made by the projectile with the horizontal axis.

2. Time of flight (${\displaystyle T}$): this is the total time taken for the projectile to fall back to the same plane from which it was projected. Mathematically it is given as ${\displaystyle T=2U\sin \theta /g}$.

3. Maximum Height (${\displaystyle H}$): this is the maximum height attained by the projectile OR the maximum displacement on the vertical axis (y-axis) covered by the projectile. It is given as ${\displaystyle H=U^{2}\sin ^{2}\theta /2g}$.

4. Range (${\displaystyle R}$): The Range of a projectile is the horizontal distance covered (on the x-axis) by the projectile. Mathematically, ${\displaystyle R=U^{2}\sin 2\theta /g}$. The Range is maximum when angle ${\displaystyle \theta }$ = 45°, i.e. ${\displaystyle \sin 2\theta =1}$.

See also

• Atlatl
• Ballistics
• Gunpowder
• Bullet
• Impact depth
• Kinetic bombardment
• Shell (projectile)
• Projectile point
• Projectile use by animals
• Arrow
• Dart
• Missile
• Sling ammunition
• Spear
• Torpedo
• Range of a projectile
• Space debris
• Trajectory of a projectile

Notes

References

• Heidi Knecht (29 June 2013). Projectile Technology. Springer Science & Business Media.
  ISBN 978-1-4899-1851-2
  .

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Projectiles.

Look up projectile in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Open Source Physics computer model
• Projectile Motion Applet
• Another projectile Motion Applet