Pronunciation of English ⟨ng⟩

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

In English, the

voiced velar stop, as in longer /ˈlɒŋɡər/, which had been the original pronunciation of the digraph up until Early Modern English when the /ɡ/ sound was lost in most words, giving /ŋ/ a phonemic status in English. Another pronunciation is /n/, as in angel /ˈnəl/ and one pronunciation of longevity /lɒnˈɛvɪti/ (alternatively pronounced with /ŋ/, /lɒŋˈɛvɪti/
, by analogy with long).

NG-coalescence

In Old English and Middle English, any ng sequence stood for two sounds: the velar nasal [

n] and [ŋ
] to be the same sound), the g is literally dropped for those speakers who use [ɪn] etc. for -‍ing.

G-dropping

G-dropping in English is a

Sociolinguists
often refer to this variable by the notation (ing).

G-dropping is most frequently observed in present participles, whose -‍ing suffix meets the criteria for the variation. For example, with G-dropping, the word singing may be pronounced as [ˈsɪŋɪn], [ˈsɪŋɨ̞n] or [ˈsɪŋən], and spelled as singin' to emphasize that the g has been "dropped". According to phonetician John C. Wells, "it is safe... to make the generalization" that G-dropping exists in all communities where there is an English-speaking working class, the only exception being in South Africa, where the working class does not have English as a first language.[2] G-dropping can be popularly seen in pop culture, music, movies, many Southern states in the United States, as well as African American English.[3]

History

G-dropping is a linguistic phenomenon that has been studied by

socioeconomic class. It is more common among the lower working class, but is sometimes found in the casual speech of other classes. G-dropping has been seen to be more common among males than females. It was a fashionable pronunciation in 18th-century England. The stereotypical U-RP pronunciation of huntin', shootin' and fishin' features G-dropping in all three words: [ˈhʌntɪn ˈʃuːtɪn ən ˈfɪʃɪn].[5]

Linguistic phenomenon

When "dropping a g", the speaker turns the /ɪŋ/ sequence to [ɪn], as in taking [ˈteɪkɪn]. In dialects with the

ɨ̞] does not participate in syllabic consonant formation, being phonemically /ɪ/.[6][7][8]

However, /ɪŋ/ is also realized as [in] when the raising of /ɪ/ to [i] before the underlying /ŋ/ (found in various dialects of North American English) is applied even after the "g" is dropped, leading to a variant pronunciation [ˈteɪkin] by speakers from not just California but also from other Western states, Midwestern areas including the Upper Midwest[9][10] and even Canada.[11] Speakers who use the [in] variant use it only for the underlying /ɪŋ/, which makes taking with a dropped "g" no longer homophonous with taken. This pronunciation is otherwise incorrect and was described as a "corruption of the language" to listeners.[12] A reverse phenomenon has been reported to occur in New Zealand English, in which even the stressed instances of the KIT vowel are central [ə] (with the height being somewhat variable) that is not distinct from the schwa phoneme /ə/ (hence the stereotypical NZE pronunciation of "fish and chips" as /ˌfəʃ ən ˈtʃəps/, sounding like "fush and chups" to Australians). However, the typical allophone before any phonetic velar nasal (stressed or otherwise) is [ɪ], as in other dialects. When the G is dropped, the behavior mirrors the General American pattern ([ˈtæɪkən] etc.)[13]

Monosyllabic words that have a stressed "-ing" ending like sing or king are not affected by G-dropping. When writing, an apostrophe can be used in place of the ⟨g⟩ to indicate it has been dropped.[14]

There are some syntactic restraints on g-dropping as well. Most commonly, the feature will be found mostly with progressives and particles, and not as commonly in adjectives.[6]

Modern usage

Demographics

A study from the 1950s previously mentioned[clarification needed] showed that southern areas of the US are more likely to use "g-dropping", with young men being the higher demographic.[6] Many in North America associate this linguistic feature with lower class societies.[6] This has been reinforced by pop culture references where the less educated characters were more likely to be seen dropping the "g", for example in Uncle Tom's Cabin.[15]

As previously said, G-dropping is more prevalent in some southern areas of the United States; and we can see a clear example in Appalachian English.[16] A foundational study by Wolfram and Christian's Appalachian Speech which analyzed counties in West Virginia found that the dropping of "g" was clearly more predominant than in other parts of the country.[16]

This linguistic feature can also be seen in African-American English. A study showed that African-American English speakers drop the "G" 54% of the time, and the proportion is even higher for those in the working class.[16]

Popular culture

Music

Although G-dropping has been heavily stigmatized in some dialects, it is not perceived as abnormal when sung and occurs commonly in popular music.[3] Both the sound change and spelling are used for example Bob Dylan's Blowin' in the Wind employs ⟨n'⟩ to explicitly indicate g-dropping.[3]

In African American Vernacular English, the phonological action of g-dropping is seen as commonplace in the language, so much so that this trait bleeds into other facets of the culture such as music. Arguably, the genre of hip-hop has been most influential on young African American urban communities.[17] There are several linguistic aspects to be studied, and "g-dropping" happens to be amongst them when in songs, words like "something" or "thumping" are pronounced as [ˈsʌmθɨ̞n] and [ˈθʌmpɨ̞n].[17]

Movies

G-dropping can be heard in various types of Canadian media, especially their movies. G-dropping can be heard in the 1970 Canadian movie Goin' Down the Road. The film follows two boys who travel from an impoverished, rural area to Toronto in search of fame. The G-dropping is used to emphasize the socio-economic position of the two main characters; G-dropping is common in the working class of Cape Breton Island.[18]

Changes affecting the -‍thing suffix

In Cockney, the -‍thing suffix, often affected by the G-dropping like -‍ing, can be pronounced with a voiceless [k] instead. This yields [ˈnʌfɪŋk] for "nothing". This [k] can be preglottalized ([ˈnʌfɪŋʔk]) just like the underlying voiceless stops in "think", "limp" and "tint": [fɪŋʔk, lɪmʔp, tɪnʔt]. However, the nasal is frequently lost in all of these cases, being realized instead as a mere nasalization of the preceding vowel: [ˈnʌfɪ̃ʔk] etc. The [k] can disappear too, leaving a mere glottal stop behind: [ˈnʌfɪ̃ʔ], just like /p/ and /t/ in the same environment. John C. Wells states these realizations of -‍thing are best analyzed as /θɪŋk/.[19]

References