Propaganda in Fascist Italy
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Propaganda in Fascist Italy was used by the
History
Early Fascist Party (1919–1922)
From the formation of the
During those years, Fascist propaganda was mostly targeted at opposing the
In addition to attacking the Italian socialists through the pro-war Fascist newspaper Il Popolo d'Italia ("The People of Italy"), Mussolini often also attacked the liberal establishment of the Kingdom of Italy, which he regarded as responsible for the so-called "mutilated victory", a term used to describe Italian nationalists' dissatisfaction on the territorial rewards at the end of the Great War.[5]
In power (1922–1943)
Once Mussolini came in power, all propaganda efforts were grouped together under the press office;, and propaganda efforts were slowly organized until a Ministry of Popular Culture was created in 1937.[6] A special propaganda ministry was created in 1935 and claimed that its purpose was to tell the truth about Fascism, refute the lies of its enemies and clear up ambiguities that were only to be expected in so large and dynamic a movement.[7]
Themes
Personality cult
He was generally portrayed in a
Mussolini's youthfulness (when he took office, he became the youngest prime minister in
Legends of Mussolini defying death during the
Mussolini's humble origin was described with explicit parallels with the
In addition to being depicted as being chosen by
His overtly-belligerent image did not prevent Fascist newspapers from declaring he had done more for peace than anyone else, on the principle that Mussolini always did better than everyone else.
In order to improve the image of Fascist Italy in North Africa and the Levant and to gain support from the Arabs, Mussolini had himself declared the "Protector of Islam" during an official visit to Italian-occupied Libya in 1937.[28]
Action
War, conquest, and killing were praised as
Italian victories in the Spanish Civil War, in which the Royal Italian Army sent the Corpo Truppe Volontarie ("Corps of Volunteer Troops") to intervene on behalf of the Spanish Nationalists, were heralded in the Fascist state media.[40] The Italian invasion of Albania in 1939 was presented as a splendid act of aggression.[41] In the run-up to World War II, Mussolini's claim that he could field 8 million was quickly exaggerated to 9 million and then to 12 million.[42] The continually-bellicose pose created an embarrassment with the outbreak of World War II since failure to join the war would undermine the propaganda effect.[43]
The
Fascism's internal contradictions, such as its changing official doctrines, were justified by Mussolini as a product of its nature: a doctrine of action and a revolt against the conformity and alienation of bourgeois society:[49]
The Fascist accepts and loves life; he rejects and despises suicide as cowardly. Life as he understands it means duty, elevation, conquest; life must be lofty and full, it must be lived for oneself but above all for others, both near bye [sic] and far off, present and future.
— Benito Mussolini, The Doctrine of Fascism, 1933.[50]
Unity
National and social unity was symbolized by the
That was part of an explicit rejection of liberal individualism; the punitive aspect of the fasces, containing an axe, not being omitted.[56] Furthermore, Fascism was meant to be a totalitarian or total experience, since it was impossible to a Fascist only in politics, and it therefore overtly rejected liberalism's private and public spheres.[57] Fascism was not a party but a way of life.[58] The corporatist State was offered as a unifying form of politics, as opposed to liberal democracy.[59] Fascism and the state were identified, and everything was to be encompassed in the state.[60]
Work was presented as a social duty of every citizen, because Italy was greater than any individual purpose.[61] Beehives were presented as a model of industry and harmony.[62] Furthermore, the unity would allow the entire nation to throw itself into support of military necessity.[63] The sanctions imposed by the League of Nations while Fascist Italy invaded Ethiopia were used to unite the country against the "aggression".[64]
Empire
Besides its symbolic aspects, the fasces had been carried by the
Spazio vitale
Spazio vitale, living space, or vital space, was presented as needing conquest. It would strengthen the country by drawing off its surplus population and send landless peasants and the unemployed to work the earth, buy Italian goods and act as a garrison.[77] Millions of Italians could live in Ethiopia, and exaggerated claims were made of its resources.[78]
That would amend the situation after World War I in which Fascists alleged that the Allies had cheated Italy of expansion into the former Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires.[79]
Fertility
Even while arguing that the population had to be drained off, propaganda urged greater fertility and derided men who failed to produce children and women whose
Mussolini also called for a more rural Italy to increase births.[85]
The "battles" to reclaim land and increase grain production, Mussolini trumpeted, had produced enough that Italy could hold 10 million more people.[86]
Civilisation
Fascist rhetoric portrayed the attack on Ethiopia as advancing the cause of civilisation.[87] Other European nations were called on to stand with Italy against alleged "savage cannibals" and "slave-holders".[88]
That was backed up with one of their most impressive ceremonies, the Gold for the Fatherland initiative, which involved the donation of wedding rings and other forms of gold by Italian citizens in exchange for steel wristbands bearing the words "Gold for the Fatherland". Many Italians participated, and even Rachele Mussolini was known to have donated her wedding ring. The donated gold was then collected and used to fund the war effort.[89]
Anti-Ethiopian
During the war, propaganda was spread about exaggerated Ethiopian atrocities, both the abuse of prisoners and the misuse of the Red Cross symbol on military installations.[90]
Economics
A series of calculated lies was propagated to win support for the Ethiopian venture by claiming that Italy was self-sufficient in food, and enough oil had been stockpiled.[91]
Bolshevism
In his first speech as a deputy, Mussolini proclaimed that no dealings were possible between Communism and Fascism even while he proclaimed his willingness to work with other groups.[4]
The Spanish Civil War was presented as a crusade against Communism.[92]
Foreign culture
The influx of foreign culture was attacked.[93] "Americanism" was the object of an organised propaganda campaign that attacked as a "grease stain which is spreading through the whole of European life".[94] French and Russian novels and H. G. Wells's Outline of History were also attacked as contaminating youth.[95] British literature was used to show them as decadent as the French, their low birth rate was decried and it was proclaimed that Italy had saved Britain and France during World War I.[96]
Democracy
Democracy and liberalism were pronounced moribund, with praise cited that Fascism received everywhere and claims that the workers of
The Nazi rise to power was used as Germany's imitating Italy, which would soon be followed by other nations.[103]
The attack on Ethiopia was framed as Italy's vigour and idealism easily crushing the decadent, bloodless and cowardly democracies, especially as they supported barbarians over the "mother of civilizations".[104]
Plutocracies
The United States was particularly resented for its wealth and position.[94]
Joining World War II was presented as a war on decadent plutocracies.[105] The powers were also claimed to have prevented Italian imperialism.[67] Mussolini began to decry the oppression that Italy suffered as early as the peace negotiations of World War I and the first days of Fascism as a movement.[106]
Media
Newspapers
Authorities were allowed to confiscate newspapers on the grounds of publishing false information likely to incite class hatred or to bring the government into contempt.[6] Meanwhile, pro-Fascist journals were subsidized, and by 1926, government permission was needed to publish.[107]
Slogans
Slogans were widely used and especially inscribed on walls.[108]
Posters
Many of Italy's leading graphic artists produced Fascist posters.[109][110]
During World War II, to counter British pamphlets that proclaimed bombs the curse of
Exhibition
The Exhibition of the Fascist Revolution was devised as propaganda to recount Italian history to the March on Rome to engage the visitors with Fascist Italy emotionally.[108]
March
Two major marches were devised as propaganda: the March on Rome, which brought Mussolini to power, and the March of the Iron Will, the capturing of the Ethiopian capital.[80] The notion of a "march on Rome" was a concept to inspire heroism and sacrifice, and the Fascists made full use of the notion.[112]
Song
Songs were widely used for propaganda purposes. Even prior to coming to power, Mussolini had been praised in song.[26] Its anthem was Giovinezza ("Youth").[113]
Radio
With the spread of ownership of radio units during the Fascist regime, radio became the major tool for propagandising the population.
Film
In 1924, the Istituto Luce was set up by the fascist government to oversee cinema operations in Italy. The organisation's main role was the creation of newsreels shown before films. From 1934 to 1935, more efforts were made by the governments to control the Italian film industry. In 1934, Luigi Freddi headed the Direzione Generale per la Cinema, whose purpose was to censor films made that could be harmful for the Fascist government. That caused many American films to be banned and many Italian scripts to be modified. In 1935, the Ente Nazionale Industrie Cinematografiche (ENIC) was set up to make films after it had bought up a movie theatre chain, and it expanded in 1938 to regulate the number of foreign films coming into Italy.[117] The Fascist regime was never successful at making propagandist films show a political message. Film was not widely used for propaganda, as the Italian public was not interested in "serious" films that the government produced but wanted realistic films. However, censorship was heavily used to avoid unwanted material, and a governmental body was set up to produce documentaries on Fascist achievements.[118][119]
Schools
Curriculums for schools were immediately overhauled for Fascist purposes in a manner that the Nazis later admitted to imitating, and elementary schools soon spent twenty percent of their time teaching children to be good Fascists.[120] Teachers were removed if they did not conform, and textbooks were required to emphasize the "Fascist soul".[121]
Youth groups
Young Fascists and University Fascist Groups existed to channel talent to the Fascist Party and for several years were the party's only source of new members.[122] Students soon learned they had to join the university groups to advance.[123] Mussolini proclaimed their purpose to be inspiring the youth for power and conquests as Fascists.[124][125]
Up to the age of fourteen, the groups were mainly sports for physical fitness, but at fourteen, militaristic drills were added.[126] They were given songs and commandments to mold their views.[127] Everything from cultural institutes to camps was deployed to consolidate activities on Fascism.[121]
Dopolavoro
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Clothing
Italy implemented fashion standards to enforce certain political behavior. Attempting to strive women away from individuality, and bring them towards fascist conformity. [128]
See also
- American propaganda during World War II
- British propaganda during World War II
- Japanese propaganda during World War II
- Propaganda in Nazi Germany
- Propaganda in the Soviet Union
- The Doctrine of Fascism (1927)
- The Manifesto of the Italian Fasces of Combat (1919)
References
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- ^ Max Gallo, Mussolini's Italy, pp. 212–13 Macmillan Publishing Co. Inc., 1973 New York
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