Proteales

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Proteales
Temporal range: Early Cretaceous - recent
Protea cynaroides
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Proteales
Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl[1]
Families
Synonyms
synonymy
  • Meliosmales
    C. Y. Wu et al.
  • Nelumbonales
    Martius
  • Nelumbonanae
    Reveal
  • Nelumbonidae
    Takhtajan
  • Nelumbonineae
    Shipunov
  • Nelumbonopsida
    Endlicher
  • Platanales
    Martius
  • Proteanae
    Takhtajan
  • Proteinae
    Reveal
  • Proteopsida
    Bartling
  • Sabiales
    Takhtajan
  • Sabianae
    Doweld

Proteales is an order of flowering plants consisting of three (or four) families. The Proteales have been recognized by almost all taxonomists.

The representatives of the Proteales are very different from each other due to their very early divergence. What they have in common is seeds with little or no endosperm. The ovules are often atropic.

The oldest fossils of Proteales are of the nelumbonaceous genus Notocyamus from the Barremian stage of the Early Cretaceous of Brazil.[2]

Families

Within the classification system of

superorder Proteiflorae, also called Proteanae; The APG II system (of 2003) also recognizes this order, placing it in the clade Eudicots
, with the following circumscription:

  • order Proteales

with "+ ..." = optionally separate family (that may be split off from the preceding family).

The APG III system of 2009 followed this same approach, but favored the narrower circumscription of the three families, firmly recognizing three families in Proteales: Nelumbonaceae, Platanaceae, and Proteaceae.[1] The Angiosperm Phylogeny Website, however, suggests the addition of Sabiaceae, which the APG III system did not place in any order in the eudicots, would be sensible.[3]

The APG IV system of 2016 added family Sabiaceae to the order.[4]

Well-known members of the Proteales include the proteas of South Africa, the banksia and macadamia of Australia, the planetree, and the sacred lotus. The origins of the order are clearly ancient, with evidence of diversification in the mid-Cretaceous, roughly over 100 million years ago. Of notable interest is the family's modern distribution; the Proteaceae is predominantly a Southern Hemisphere family, while the Platanaceae and Nelumbonaceae are Northern Hemisphere plants.

Classification

The current

APG IV classification represents a slight change from the APG I
system of 1998, which firmly did accept family Platanaceae as being separate from the order. Under APG IV, this is the current circumscription of the order:

  • order Proteales

Cronquist

The Cronquist system of 1981 recognized such an order and placed it in subclass Rosidae in class Magnoliopsida [=dicotyledons]. It used this circumscription:

  • order Proteales

Dahlgren; Thorne; Engler; and Wettstein

The

Dicotyledones
. These systems used the following circumscription:

  • order Proteales
  • family Proteaceae

References

  1. ^
    doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x
  2. ISSN 2045-2322
    .
  3. ^ Stevens, P. F. (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 12, July 2012 [and more or less continuously updated since]. Proteales. Accessed online: 9 June 2013.
  4. doi:10.1111/boj.12385
    .
  • Media related to Proteales at Wikimedia Commons
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