Protector (title)

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Protector, sometimes spelled protecter, is used as a title or part of various historical titles of heads of state and others in authority.

Political and administrative

Heads of state

Iran

Wakil ar-Ra`aya (rendered as Protector of the People) was the (or a?) title of the Persian imperial Monarch under the

Shahanshah
. The founding ruler adopted the style; it appears that his successors used the same style, although documentation is obscure

  • 1773 - 1 March 1779 Mohammad Karim Khan Zand (b. c.1707 - d. 1779)
  • 6 March 1779 - 1779 Abu al-Fath Khan Zand (1st time) (b. 1755 - d. 1787) - jointly with 6 March 1779 - 19 June 1779 Mohammad Ali Khan Zand (b. 1760 - d. 1...)
  • 19 June 1779 - 22 August 1779 Abu al-Fath Khan Zand (2nd time)
  • 22 August 1779 - 14 March 1781 Mohammad Sadeq Khan Zand (d. 1782)
  • 15 March 1781 - 11 February 1785 Ali Morad Khan Zand (d. 1785)
  • 12 February 1785 - 17 February 1785 Baqer Khan Khorasakani
  • 18 February 1785 - 23 January 1789 Jaafar Khan Zand (d. 1789)
  • 23 January 1789 - 10 May 1789 Seyd Morad Khan Zand
  • 10 May 1789 - 30 October 1794 Lotf Ali Khan Zand (b. c.1766 - d. 1794); he again adopted the traditional style Shahanshah March 1794 - 30 October 1794

Europe

  • Lord Protector (plural: Lords Protectors) is a title that has been used at times in British constitutional law for the head of state.
  • In Iceland, one Sovereign was styled Alls Íslands Verndari og Hæstráðandi til Sjós og Lands ("Protector and supreme authority of all of Iceland on land and sea") 25 June - 22 August 1809 (an intermezzo between Danish Governors styled Stiftamtmadur): Jørgen Jørgensen (b. 1780 - d. 1841; nicknamed Hundadagakonungur "the Dog-Day King").
  • In
    Riigihoidja
    , a single Head of state and Head of government of that Baltic republic, 24 January 1934 - 24 April 1938 (acting to 3 September 1937), Konstantin Päts (b. 1874 - d. 1956), earlier five times State Elder, thereafter the first and only President before the Soviet takeover.
  • In Finland (linguistically close to Estonian), State Protector is a common rendering, besides Regent, of two Finnish Heads of State 18 May 1918 - 27 July 1919, the first incumbent being also the last of the previous — untitled — acting heads of state.
  • In the elective kingdom called "Commonwealth" of Poland & Lithuania (August 1655 – 23 February 1660), King
    Karl X Gustaf
    (b. 1622 - d. 1660) (as King of Sweden), in Polish Karol X Gustaw, was styled Protektor Rzeczypospolitej ('Protector of the Republic', i.e. the (Polish-Lithuanian) Commonwealth) as challenger to the duly elected king Jan II Kazimierz during the middle part of his reign (17 January 1649 - 16 September 1668).

Americas

  • in the Dominican Republic: 4 August 1865 - 15 November 1865, his first non-consecutive presidential term: José María Cabral y de Luna (b. 1819 - d. 1899)
  • in Haiti: Sylvain Salnave (b. 1826 - d. 1870), one of the three members of the previous Provisional Government, was President 4 May 1867 - 27 December 1869 and Protector of the Republic to 16 June 1867
  • in present
    Central American Federation
    on July 2
  • in
    José Francisco de San Martín
    y Matorras (b. 1778 - d. 1850)
  • in the
    José Andrés de Santa Cruz y Villavicencio y Calumana (b. 1792 - d. 1865; Military) Supreme Protector 28 October 1836 - 20 February 1839 (also Bolivian
    President 24 May 1829 - 20 February 1839)
  • in Brazil, 12 October 1822 - 15 November 1889, the imperial style was Imperador Constitucional e Defensor Perpétuo (Constitutional Emperor and perpetual defender)

Foreign hegemons

Napoleonic France

  • in most of Germany, east of the Rhine, except Prussia, from 25 July 1806 to 19 October 1813, the French Emperor,
    Fürstprimas
    ('Prince-primate').
  • Bonaparte had a similar position in Switzerland (then called the
    Landamano della Svizzera (in Italian), fell simply to the chief magistrate
    of the canton hosting it.

Nazi Germany

Fictitious

The self-styled Emperor Norton I of the United States included among his titles "Protector of Mexico."

Colonial administration

Religious

Catholic

Since the thirteenth century it has been customary at Rome to confide to some particular Cardinal a special solicitude in the Roman Curia for the interests of a given religious order or institute, confraternity, church, college, city, nation, etc. Such a person is known as a Cardinal Protector.

Islamic

The title Hâdim ül Haramain ish Sharifain or Khādim al-Ḥaramayn al-Sharifayn,

Successor of the Prophet of the Lord of the Universe
, i.e. Caliph; both remained part of the full style of his successors on the throne.

See also

Sources and references

  •  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domainHerbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)