Protestantism in Indonesia

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Betlehem Church in Wamena, Papua
Blenduk Church in Semarang, built in European architecture
regency of Indonesia

Protestantism (

Confucianism. It constitutes the bulk of Christianity in Indonesia
, which is the second largest religion in the country after Islam.

According to

Protestant.[1] A nationwide census of 2018 noted that 7.6% (20,250,000) of the population considering themselves Protestant, largest in Southeast Asia.[2]

Batak Protestant Christian Church, founded in 1861 by German Lutheran missionary Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen, is the largest one.[8]

History

Protestantism arrived in Indonesia during the Dutch East Indies colonization. By the mid-1700s a significant

Mennonite denominations.[10] In 1835, the Dutch king decreed that one church council would fuse and oversee the Protestant denominations in the Dutch colony.[11]

Demographics

Zebaoth Church in Bogor, West Java

In 2018, Protestants made up 7.43% of the population.[12]

On the island of

Huria Kristen Batak Protestant is a Lutheran denomination founded by Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen. It is the largest Protestant denomination in Indonesia and has over 4 million congregants.[13] The relatively large number of "denominations" per capita in Indonesia may be due to the significant number of different ethnic groups in Indonesia. Many Indonesian Protestants tend to congregate based more on ethnicity than liturgical differences.[14]

Reformed denominations

Messiah Cathedral megachurch, captured from Kemayoran Street, Jakarta

The

Reformed faith was brought by Dutch missionaries beginning in the 17th century. Many of these churches are members of the World Communion of Reformed Churches:[15]

Members of the International Conference of Reformed Churches

Members of World Reformed Fellowship

  • Reformed Evangelical Church in Indonesia[18]

Lutheran denominations

A Batak Christian Protestant Church in Balige, North Sumatra, built circa 1917.

Indonesian churches recognized by the Lutheran World Federation as Lutheran or affiliated with Lutheran are:

  • Banua Niha Keriso Protestan (BNKP) – The Protestant Church in Nias Island
  • Gereja Angowuloa Masehi Indonesia Nias (AMIN) – Christian Communion of Indonesia in Nias
  • Gereja Kristen Luther Indonesia (GKLI) – Indonesian Christian Lutheran Church
  • Gereja Kristen Protestan Angkola (GKPA) – Christian Protestant Angkola Church
  • Gereja Kristen Protestan di Mentawai (GKPM) – Protestant Christian Church in Mentawai
  • Gereja Kristen Protestan Indonesia (GKPI) – Christian Protestant Church in Indonesia
  • Gereja Kristen Protestan Pakpak Dairi (GKPPD) – Pakpak Dairi Protestant Christian Church
  • Gereja Kristen Protestan Simalungun (GKPS) – Simalungun Protestant Christian Church
  • Gereja Punguan Kristen Batak (GPKB) – Batak Christian Community Church
  • Gereja Protestan Persekutuan (GPP) – The United Protestant Church
  • Huria Kristen Batak Protestan (HKBP) – Protestant Christian Batak Church
  • Huria Kristen Indonesia (HKI) – The Indonesian Christian Church
  • Orahua Niha Keriso Protestan
    (ONKP) - Communion of Protestant Christian Church

HKI, GMB, GKPS, GKPI, GKLI, GKPA, GPP, and GKPPD all split from HKBP.[19] GKLI maintains a strong relationship with the Norwegian Lutheran Church. GKPM was founded by HKBP missionaries.[20] Although the BNKP and HKBP have historically cooperated, no official relationship exists between those entities. AMIN split from BNKP and retains more of a Lutheran identity.[21]

Gereja Lutheran Indonesia (GLI) is affiliated with the Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference. GLI is closely associated with the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod in the United States. GLI has offices in Jakarta and operates a seminary, Sekolah Tinggi Teologi Lutheran (STTL), in Yogyakarta. GLI has large congregations on Java and in West Timor, as well as posts in Papua and Kalimantan.[22][23]

See also

References

  1. ^ CIA Factbook
  2. ^ "Statistik Umat Menurut Agama di Indonesia" (in Indonesian). Kementerian Agama Republik Indonesia. 15 May 2018. Archived from the original on 3 September 2020. Retrieved 15 November 2020. Muslim 231.069.932 (86.7), Christian 20.246.267 (7.6), Catholic 8.325.339 (3.12), Hindu 4.646.357 (1.74), Buddhist 2.062.150 (0.77), Confucianism 117091 (0.03), Other 299617 (0.13), Not Stated 139582 (0.06), Not Asked 757118 (0.32), Total 266.534.836
  3. ^ Ricklefs 1991, pp. 28, 62.
  4. ^ Vickers 2005, p. 22.
  5. ISBN 981-230-297-2
    .
  6. ^ Encyclopedia of Protestantism: 4-volume Set by Hans J. Hillerbrand, chapter on Indonesia, p. 824
  7. ^ "Indonesia - (Asia)". Reformed Online. Reformed Online. Retrieved 7 October 2006.
  8. ^ Encyclopedia of Protestantism: 4-volume Set by Hans J. Hillerbrand, chapter on Indonesia, p. 337
  9. ISBN 978-90-04-17026-1
    , retrieved 30 November 2010
  10. ISBN 978-90-04-17026-1
    , retrieved 30 November 2010
  11. ISBN 978-90-04-17026-1
    , retrieved 30 November 2010, Protestants - European or Indonesian - living in the major cities mostly belonged to the Protestant Church in the Dutch East Indies, the Indische Kerk. The status of this church was in some respects quite different from that of the Catholic community, because it was placed more directly under government authority. By a decree of 11 December 1835 the Dutch king, Willem I, commanded the fusion of the Lutheran and Reformed denominations (only effected in 1854), and the establishment of one church council for the whole colony (realised in 1844).
  12. ^ "Statistik Umat Menurut Agama di Indonesia" (in Indonesian). Kementerian Agama Republik Indonesia. 15 May 2018. Archived from the original on 3 September 2020. Retrieved 15 November 2020. Muslim 231.069.932 (86.7), Christian 20.246.267 (7.6), Catholic 8.325.339 (3.12), Hindu 4.646.357 (1.74), Buddhist 2.062.150 (0.77), Confucianism 71.999 (0.03), Others/Traditional faiths 112.792 (0.04), Total 266.534.836
  13. ^ Muanda, Colette (January 2011). "2010 World Lutheran Membership Details" (PDF). LWF Statistics 2010. Geneva, Switzerland: [Lutheran World Federation]. p. 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 September 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2011.
  14. ISBN 978-90-04-17026-1
    , retrieved 30 November 2010, It is remarkable that in the merger of the BKP with the BNKP the choice for unification was made on cultural rather than denominational grounds. While the Batunese congregations show distinctly Lutheran traits, especially in liturgical matters, the sense of communion is determined by ethno-cultural relations. Similar language and customary law, and especially family links between Nias and the Batu Islands, by far outweigh eccliastical tradition.
  15. ^ "Member churches | Bringing together 80 million Reformed Christians worldwide". Archived from the original on 2012-08-08. Retrieved 2013-08-18.
  16. ^ International Conference of Reformed Churches
  17. ^ "The International Conference of Reformed Churches". Archived from the original on 2014-08-27. Retrieved 2013-03-15.
  18. ^ "The World Reformed Fellowship - Membership List". Archived from the original on 2012-07-30. Retrieved 2013-02-17.
  19. ISBN 978-90-04-17026-1
    , retrieved 30 November 2010
  20. ISBN 978-90-04-17026-1
    , retrieved 30 November 2010
  21. ISBN 978-90-04-17026-1
    , retrieved 30 November 2010
  22. ^ "Gereja Lutheran Indonesia". Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference. Retrieved 24 Oct 2014.
  23. ^ "Indonesia". Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Syno. Retrieved 24 Oct 2014.

Further reading

External links
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