Christianity in Israel
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Christianity (
Ten Christian churches are formally recognized under Israel's confessional system, for the self-regulation and state recognition of status issues, such as
Arab Christians are mostly adherents of the Melkite Greek Catholic Church (60% of Arab Christians in Israel).[4] Some 40% of all Israeli Christians are affiliated with the Melkite Greek Church, and some 30% with the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem.[4] Smaller numbers are split between the Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem, with 13% of Christians, as well as an unknown number of Russian Orthodox Christians, about 13,000 Maronites and other Syriac Christians, 3,000 to 5,000 adherents of Armenian churches, a community of around 1,000 Coptic Christians, and small branches of Protestants. The number of Christians in Israel is higher than in the Palestinian territories.
Israeli Christians are historically bound with neighbouring
History
Jesus and the Roman period
For Christians, the region that is today composed of Israel and Palestine is the Holy Land. According to traditional sources, Jesus, the central figure of Christianity, lived in Roman Judea. The Gospels in the Bible describe Jesus as having been born in Bethlehem (today located in the Palestinian territories) and grown up in Nazareth (today located in Israel).
Christians believe that Jesus was
Late antiquity and the Muslim conquest
In contrast to other groups of Christians in the Near East such as the largely
The Melkites, during the late Roman period and under the Byzantine Empire were Hellenised, and abandoned Western Aramaic languages in favor of Greek. By the 7th century, Jerusalem and Byzantine Syria Palaestina was a major center of Greek and Christian culture in the Orient.[11]
Following
The Crusades
During the middle ages the Holy Land was the scene of several military campaigns between Christians and Muslims. Following the Byzantines' confrontation with the Seljuk Turks and the fear of Turkish expansion, the Byzantine sought aid from the Western Christians. Pope Urban II proposed a holy war, the First Crusade in 1096. The call for a crusade gained momentum, promising indulgences for sins. Despite conflicts with Byzantine leaders, they captured Antioch and eventually Jerusalem. The conquests were marked by brutality and savagery against Muslims and Jews. The Second Crusade (1147-1148 CE) followed a generation later and aimed to recover lost territories. It faced internal strife and external betrayals, and resulted in failure. The Third Crusade (1189-1193 CE) was in response to Saladin's recapture of Jerusalem. Notable European leaders like Richard the Lion-heart fought in the Crusader, however they failed to recapture Jerusalem.[14]
The Fourth Crusade (1201-1204 CE) Initiated by Pope Innocent III, it faced financial and organizational challenges. Deviating from its intended path, the crusade sacked Zara and Constantinople, causing lasting damage to the Byzantine Empire. The Crusaders' actions accelerated the decline of the Byzantine Christians in the Eastern Mediterranean.[14]
The Ottoman Empire
Under the Muslim Ottoman Empire, Christians were considered dhimmis, non-Muslim subjects. Dhimmis were granted the freedom to practice their religion under certain conditions and were given a level of communal autonomy as outlined in the Millet system.[15] In exchange for the assurance of their safety and the protection of their property,[15] individuals falling under the dhimmi category were required to pay a tax known as jizya, exclusive to dhimmis.[16] Furthermore, dhimmis were bound by specific rules that didn't apply to Muslim citizens, including the prohibition from attempting to convert Muslims to their religious practices.[17]
Modern period
The territory of present-day Israel came under control of the British following the defeat and collapse of the Ottoman Empire at the end of the First World War. The British established an administration in the region called Mandatory Palestine. Following the Balfour Declaration (1917) and the visit of the Zionist Commission to Mandatory Palestine (1918), local Christians participated in forming groups which opposed Zionism, called the Muslim-Christian Associations.
During the Israeli War of Independence (1947-1949), Christians experienced mixed treatment from the Israeli forces. Generally, most Christians were allowed to remain in their homes. In other cases, however, Christian villages were depopulated, razed, and had their residents expelled, such as in Iqrit and Kafr Bir'im.[18] Massacres of Christians were conducted at the villages of Eilabun and Al-Bassa. Nazareth, at that time a town with a Christian majority,[19] was spared devastation after agreeing to halt resistance and surrender, and because Israel did not want to visibly provoke an outcry in the Christian world.[20]
According to the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs, since the
The Christian population in Israel has increased with the immigration of many
As of 2013[update], the Government - Christians Forum was formed in Jerusalem, under the umbrella of the Ministry of Public Security, to address the concerns of the Christian leaders and representatives in Israel, and in order to empower the relations between the government and Christian leaders and representatives in Israel.
A 2021 survey by CBS found that 84% of Christians were satisfied with life in Israel. The survey also found Arab Christian women were the most educated demographic in Israel.
In 2023 Moshe Gafni and Moshe Gafni submitted a bill that would have banned Proselytizing of Christianity in Israel.[29][30][31][32]
During the
Affiliations
Catholic Church
Six of the
According to 2020 estimates, Catholics make up more than half of all Christians in Israel.[35] The majority are of Arab descent, while a small community are of Hebrew descent.
Eastern Orthodox
Around 30% of Christians in Israel are adherents of the Eastern Orthodox Church,[4] mostly to the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem, which has jurisdiction over all Israel and Palestine. Eastern Orthodox Christians in Israel and Palestine have many churches, monasteries, seminaries, and other religious institutions all over the land, particularly in Jerusalem. Israel also has many followers of the Russian Orthodox Church, mainly through the immigration of many mixed families from the former Soviet Union (1989-late 1990s).
Oriental Orthodox
Oriental Orthodoxy in Israel is represented mainly by adherents of Armenian Apostolic Church, represented by Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem, and adherents of the Syriac Orthodox Church, headed by archbishop Severius Malke Mourad, patriarchal exarch of Jerusalem.[36]
Protestants
There has been a small Protestant community in Israel since the foundation of the state in 1948, composed of both Arab Christians who changed their religious affiliation to Protestant teachings and European and American residents moving to the area.
The
According to 2020 estimates, Protestants make up less than one in ten of Christians in Israel.[35]
Baptists
The Association of Baptist Churches in Israel was founded in 1965.[39]
Jehovah's Witnesses
Jehovah's Witnesses have been present for decades in Israel. They have faced some religious persecution in the past century. On March 8, 1997, a mob of over 250 ultra-orthodox Jews attacked one of their meeting halls.[40] By 1999 it was estimated there were about 850 Jehovah's Witnesses in Israel.[40] In 2020, the number of Jehovah's Witnesses was 1,957 active
Jewish Christians
Hebrew Christian movement
The Hebrew Christian movement of the 19th and early 20th centuries consisted of Jews who converted to Christianity as a result of Protestant missionary activity. It was incorporated into the later parallel Messianic Jewish movement in the late 1960s.
Messianic Jews
The number of Messianic Jews in Israel is estimated at around 20,000.[43][44]
In Jerusalem, there are twelve Messianic congregations[45][failed verification]. On 23 February 2007, Israel Channel 2 News released a news documentary about the growing number of Messianic Jews in Israel.[46]
Relations with other religions
Christian–Jewish relations
Background
The Israeli Declaration of Independence, issued in 1948, describes the country as a Jewish state but clearly extends religious freedoms to all of its inhabitants by stating that the State of Israel will ensure complete equality of social and political rights to all its inhabitants irrespective of religion, race or sex; it will guarantee freedom of religion, conscience, language, education and culture; it will safeguard the Holy Places of all religions.[48][49]
Tensions
Some
Prosperity of Christian community
Gabriel Naddaf argues that Israel is the only country in which Christian communities have been able to thrive in the Middle East.[60] However, there has also been criticism by Palestinian Christians of this claim, with such statements being called a "manipulation" of the facts.[61] Members of the Palestinian Christian community claim that such statements attempt to hide the discrimination that Arab Christians face within Israel due to alleged discrimination against Arabs as well as the effect of the occupation of the West Bank and Gaza on the Christian population in these areas.[62]
United Allies
Recently, there has been a steady undercurrent of Arab Christians who seek deeper integration into Israeli society. Under the leadership of Greek Orthodox priest
This new attitude is founded largely by the perception by some that only in Israel the Christian population is growing due to natural increase and no state persecution, seeing the entire Middle East, except Lebanon, as where Christianity is and has been rapidly on the decline. In addition, increasing numbers of Christian leaders and community members are pointing to Muslim violence as a threat to their way of life in Arab majority cities and towns.
Interfaith institutions
In 2008, Rabbi Shlomo Riskin, the chief rabbi of Efrat, established the Center for Jewish–Christian Understanding and Cooperation or CJCUC, the first Orthodox Jewish institution to dialogue with the Christian world on a religious and theological basis. The center, currently located in Jerusalem, engages in Hebraic Bible Study for Christians, from both the local community and from abroad, has organized numerous interfaith praise initiatives, such as Day to Praise, and has established many fund-raising initiatives such as Blessing Bethlehem which aim to aid the persecuted Christian community of Bethlehem, in part, and the larger persecuted Christian community of the Middle East region and throughout the world.
Christian–Muslim relations
A recent survey indicated that Christians in Israel are prosperous and well-educated – but some fear that Muslim intimidation will provoke an exodus to the West.[66] The Christian communities in Nazareth tend to be wealthier and better educated compared to other Arabs elsewhere in Israel, and Christians in Nazareth occupy the majority of the top positions in the town: three hospitals and bank managers, judges and school principals and faculties.[67] The socio-economic gap between the Christians wealth and Muslim poverty led sometimes to sectarian crises.[68]
Recently there has been an increase of anti-Christian incidents in the Nazareth area, inspired by the rise of jihadist forces in the Middle East. Many Christians have complained of being targeted by Muslims, whom they believe are trying to either drive them out of cities that have traditionally had large Christian populations, or to "persuade" them to convert.[66] In 1999, for example, radical Muslims in Nazareth rioted as they attempted to wrest land from a major Christian shrine to build a mosque.[66] In one incident during 2014, a flag of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant was installed in front of a church in Nazareth.[69]
There has also been increasing incitement and violence by the Muslims against Christians who voice their support for the Israel Defense Forces. In a recent case, the son of Gabriel Naddaf, a prominent Eastern Orthodox priest who is regarded as being pro-Israel, was severely beaten. Naddaf has experienced considerable hostility from Muslims in recent years.[70][71]
A 2015 study estimated that some 300 Christians were from a Muslim background in Israel.[72]
A 2016 study[73] by Pew research points to the convergence of political views of both Muslims and Christians over issues like – Israel cannot be a Jewish state and a democracy at the same time (Christians: 72%; Muslims: 63%), US being too supportive of Israel (Christians: 86%; Muslims: 75%), Israeli government not making enough efforts to make peace with Palestine (Christians: 80%; Muslims: 72%).
Demographics
Israel has a population of 182,000 Christians as of 2021, it is the only growing Christian community in the Middle East.[9][10]
Education
According to the study "Are Christian Arabs the New Israeli Jews? Reflections on the Educational Level of Arab Christians in Israel" by Hanna David from the
High school and matriculation exams
The
Higher education
Arab Christians are one of the most educated groups in Israel.[80][81] Statistically, Arab Christians in Israel have the highest rates of educational attainment among all religious communities, according to a data by Israel Central Bureau of Statistics in 2010, 63% of Arab Christians have had college or postgraduate education, the highest of any religious group.[82] Despite the fact that Arab Christians only represent 2.1% of the total Israeli population, in 2014 they accounted for 17.0% of the country's university students, and for 14.4% of its college students.[83] The percentage of Arab Christian women who are receiving higher education is also higher than that of other groups.[6] There are more Christians who have attained a bachelor's degree or higher academic degrees than the median Israeli population.[7]
The rate of students studying in the field of medicine was higher among Christian Arab students than that of all other sectors.[84]
In 2013, Arab Christian students were also the vanguard in terms of eligibility for higher education,[7] as the Christian Arab students had the highest rates of receiving Psychometric Entrance Test scores which make them eligible for acceptance into universities, data from the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics show that 61% of Arab Christians were eligible for university studies, compared to 50% of Jewish, 45% of Druze, and 35% of Muslim students.[85]
Socio-economic
In terms of their socio-economic situation, Arab Christians are more similar to the Jewish population than to the Muslim Arab population.
Largest communities
In 2019, approximately 70.2% of Arab Christians resided in the Northern District, 13.3% in the Haifa District, 9.5% in the Jerusalem District, 3.4% in the Central District, 2.7% in the Tel Aviv District and 0.5% in the Southern District.[91] Approximately 23.5% of Non-Arab Christians resided in the Tel Aviv District, 19.4% in the Haifa District, 17.5% in the Central District, 14.4% in the Northern District, 14.3% in the Southern District and 9.8% in the Jerusalem District.[92]
Nazareth has the largest Christian Arab population, followed by Haifa.[91] The majority of Haifa's Arab minority is Christian.[93] The Christian Arab communities in Nazareth and Haifa tend to be wealthier and better educated compared to other Arabs elsewhere in Israel.[94][68] Arab Christians also live in a number of other localities in the Galilee; such as Abu Snan, Arraba, Bi'ina, Deir Hanna, I'billin, Jadeidi-Makr, Kafr Kanna, Muqeible, Ras al-Ein, Reineh, Sakhnin, Shefa-Amr, Tur'an and Yafa an-Naseriyye.[95]
Localities such as Eilabun, Jish, Kafr Yasif and Rameh are predominantly Christians,[5] and nearly all the population of Fassuta and Mi'ilya are Melkite Christians.[96] Some Druze villages, such as Daliyat al-Karmel,[97] Ein Qiniyye, Hurfeish, Isfiya, Kisra-Sumei, Maghar, Majdal Shams and Peki'in, have small Christian Arab populations.[98] Mixed cities such as Acre, Jerusalem, Lod, Ma'alot-Tarshiha, Nof HaGalil, Ramla and Tel Aviv-Jaffa have significant Christian Arab populations.[98]
Northern District | Haifa District | Jerusalem District | Tel Aviv | Central District | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
City | Christian population |
% of total pop. |
Data from: | City | Christian population | % of total pop. |
Data from: | City | Christian population | % of total pop. |
Data from: | City | Christian population | % of total pop. |
Data from: | City | Christian population | % of total pop. |
Data from: |
Nazareth | 21,900 | 28.6% | 2018 | Haifa | 20,000: (of them 16.100 Arab Chr.) | 7.1% | 2018 | Jerusalem | 16,000: (of them 12.700 Arab Chr.) | 1.8% | 2018 | Tel Aviv | 7,000: (majority of them non-Arab Chr.) | 1% | 2018 | Ramla | 3,500 | 4.7 | 2019[101] |
Shefa-'Amr |
10,300 | 25.1% | 2018 | Isfiya | 1,700 | 13.7% | 2019[102] | Lod | 800 | 1.0% | 2019[103] | ||||||||
Nof HaGalil | 7,500 | 18.1% | 2019[104] | Daliyat al-Karmel | 17 | 0.1% | 2017[97] | ||||||||||||
I'billin | 5,600 | 42.8% | 2017 | ||||||||||||||||
Kafr Yasif | 5,200 | 52.2% | 2017 | ||||||||||||||||
Maghar | 4,700 | 21.0% | 2017 | ||||||||||||||||
Acre | 4,235 | 8.5% | 2019[105] | ||||||||||||||||
Eilabun | 4,000 | 70.8% | 2017 | ||||||||||||||||
Rameh | 3,800 | 50.0% | 2017 | ||||||||||||||||
Yafa an-Naseriyye | 3,500 | 18.5% | 2017 | ||||||||||||||||
Mi'ilya | 3,200 | 97.4% | 2017 | ||||||||||||||||
Fassuta | 3,100 | 99.8% | 2017 | ||||||||||||||||
Reineh | 2,900 | 15.4% | 2017 | ||||||||||||||||
Kafr Kanna | 2,200 | 10.1% | 2017 | ||||||||||||||||
Abu Snan | 2,100 | 15.4% | 2017 | ||||||||||||||||
Ma'alot-Tarshiha | 2,100 | 10.1% | 2017 | ||||||||||||||||
Jish | 1,900 | 63.5% | 2017 | ||||||||||||||||
Tur'an | 1,600 | 11.4% | 2017 | ||||||||||||||||
Sakhnin | 1,600 | 5.2% | 2017 | ||||||||||||||||
Jadeidi-Makr | 1,520 | 7.2% | 2019[106] | ||||||||||||||||
Peki'in | 1,222 | 20.8% | 2019[107] | ||||||||||||||||
Deir Hanna | 1,000 | 10.0% | 2017 | ||||||||||||||||
Bi'ina | 600 | 7.4% | 2017 | ||||||||||||||||
Kisra-Sumei | 317 | 3.6% | 2019[106] | ||||||||||||||||
Arraba | 310 | 1.2% | 2017 | ||||||||||||||||
Muqeible | 220 | 10.0% | 2017 | ||||||||||||||||
Hurfeish | 200 | 3.2% | 2017 | ||||||||||||||||
Yarka | 17 | 0.1% | 2019[108] | ||||||||||||||||
Majdal Shams | 11 | 0.1% | 2019[109] | ||||||||||||||||
Ein Qiniyye | 10 | 0.5% | 2019[110] |
- Note: The overwhelming majority of the Christians in the Northern District are Arab Christians.
Religiosity
Christians in Israel are generally more religious than Israeli Jews and Druze. Over half (57%) say religion is very important in their lives.[111] About one third (34%) pray daily and 38% report that they attend church at least once a week.[111] Israeli Christians also are more likely than Jews and Druze to participate in weekly worship services.[111] Nearly all (94%) Israeli Christians believe in God, of whom 79% say they are absolutely certain.[111]
Beliefs and practices
According to a
The majority of Christians are not comfortable with their child marrying outside of the faith.[113]
Identity
Christians in Israel are more likely than Jews, Muslims, and Druze to say they are proud of their identity.[114] About 89% say they have a strong sense of belonging to the Christian community.[114] Two thirds believe that they have a special responsibility to help fellow members of their religious group who are in need around the world.[114]
The nature of Christian identity varies among Christians as well. Christians in Israel are about evenly divided among those who say their identity is mainly a matter of religion (31%),
Aramean identity
In September 2014, Minister of the Interior
The first person to receive the "Aramean" ethnic status in Israel was 2 year old Yaakov Halul in Jish on October 20, 2014.[119]
Another milestone in recognizing Aramean minority as a distinct culture in Israel was made by Israeli court in 2019, which ruled that the Aramean minority could choose Jewish or Arab education, rather than making children with Aramean identity to be automatically designated to Arabic-language schools.[120]
The recognition of the
Many in Israeli academia advocate the recognition of the Aramean identity and have called on the government of Israel to promote the awareness regarding this issue on the basis of the international principle of ethnic self-determination as espoused by
Maps
-
Geographical distribution of the Arabic-speaking Christian population of Israel by statistical area.[124]
-
Geographical distribution of the Non-Arabic-speaking Christian population of Israel by statistical area.[124]
-
Geographycal distribution of the main ethno-cultural communities Haifa and Northern districts[124]
See also
- Arameans in Israel
- Assyrians in Israel
- Christianity and Judaism
- Christianity in the Middle East
- Christian Zionism
- Jewish Christian
- Palestinian Christians
- Religion in Israel § Christianity
- Religion in the Middle East § Christianity
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