Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism

Add links
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism (or Proto-Aryan paganism) was the beliefs of the speakers of

Proto-Indo-Iranian and includes topics such as the mythology, legendry, folk tales, and folk beliefs of early Indo-Iranian culture. By way of the comparative method, Indo-Iranian philologists, a variety of historical linguist, have proposed reconstructions of entities, locations, and concepts with various levels of security in early Indo-Iranian folklore and mythology (reconstructions are indicated by the presence of an asterisk). The present article includes both reconstructed forms and proposed motifs from the Proto-Indo-Iranian period, generally associated with the Sintashta culture (2050–1900 BCE).[1]

Divine beings

See also: Indo-Aryan superstrate in Mitanni
Proto-Indo-Iranian reconstruction Indo-Aryan Iranian Mitanni Etymology Notes
*Háǰʰiš
Ahi
 		Aži – –
*Aryamā́ Skt Aryaman Av. Airiiaman – –
*Bʰagás Skt Bhaga OPers. *Baga[2][a] – OPers. *Baga is inferred from Bāgayādi, month of the feast *Bagayāda- ('worshiping Baga = Mithra').[2] The etymology indicates a societal deity that distributes wealth and prosperity.[5][6] Slavic bog ('god') and bogátyj ('rich') are generally seen as loanwords from Iranian.[7]
*Ćarwa[8] Skt Śarva[8] YAv. Sauruua[8] – Perhaps related to ToB śer(u)we, ToA śaru 'hunter'.[8] Probably meaning 'hunter' (cf.
Śiva in Sanskrit. Name of one the daēuua (demons) in Young Avestan.[8]
*Dyauš[9] Skt Dyáuṣ[9] OAv. diiaoš[9] – From PIE *dyēus, the daylight-sky god.[9] Meaning 'heaven, daylight sky'. Name of the inherited
Dyēus
for further information.
*Hagníš[10] Skt Agni[10] YAv. Dāšt-āɣni[10] From PIE *h₁n̥gʷnis, the fire as an active force.[10] Name of the inherited Proto-Indo-European fire-god (cf. Lith. Ugnis, Alb.
H1n̥gʷnis
for further information.
*Hāpam-nápāts[11] Skt Apā́m nápāt[11] YAv. apᶏm napāt[11] – From PIE *h2ep- ('water') and *h2nepot- ('grandson, descendant').[11] Meaning 'Grandsons of the Waters'.[11] See Apam Napat for further information.
*Haramati[12] Skt Arámati[12] Av. Ārmaiti[12] – No known IE cognate.[12] Goddess of obedience and piety. Cf. Skt arámanas ('obedient') and Av. ārmaiti ('piety, devotion').[12]
*HatHarwan[13] Skt Átharvan[13] YAv. Āθrauuan[13] – Perhaps a borrowing from a Central Asian language (cf. ToA atär, ToB etre 'hero').[13] Name of a primordial priest. The Sanskrit cognate is the name of the primordial priest, while the Young Avestan form designates the first social class (i.e. the priests). Scholars have rendered the stem *HatHar- as a 'religious-magical fluid' or 'magical potency'.[13]
*Hwi(H)waswant[14] Skt
Vivásvant[14]
 		YAv. Vīuuanhvant[14] – From PIE *h2ues- 'dawn'.[14] Meaning 'morning dawn'. Father of *YamHa (see below). Cf. Skt vaivasvatá and Av. vīuuaŋhuša- ('descending from Vivasvant').[14]
(?) *Wr̥trás[15] Skt
Vṛtrá[15]
 		YAv. Vǝrǝθraɣna[15] – No known IE cognate.[15] *wr̥trás means 'defence' (the original meaning may have been 'cover'). Skt
Vṛtrá is the name of a demon slain by Indra, often depicted as a cobra. YAv. Vǝrǝθraɣna, meaning 'breaking of defence, victory', is the name of a god. Cf. also Middle Persian Wahrām ('war god, god of victory'). The Arm. god Vahagn is a loanword from Iranian.[15]
*Hušā́s[16] Skt Uṣás[16] OAv. Ušå[16] – From PIE *h₂éws-ōs, the Dawn-goddess.[16] Name of the dawn-goddess.
H₂éwsōs
for further information.
*Índras[17] Skt Índra[17] YAv. Indra[17] Mit. Indara[18] No known IE cognate.[17] –
*Krćānu ~ *Krćāni[19] Skt Kṛśā́nu[19] YAv. Kərəsāni[19] – No known IE cognate.[19] Divine being associated with the Soma. In Sanskrit, the divine archer that guards the celestial Soma; in Young Avestan, name of a hostile king driven away by Haoma.[19]
*Mánuš Skt Manu[20] Av. *Manūš[20] – From PIE *Manu- ('Man', 'ancestor of humankind'; cf. Germ. Mannus).[20] Av. *Manūš.čiθra ('image of Manuš') is inferred from Old Persian Manūščihr, the name of a high priest.[20]
*Mitrás Skt Mitrá Av. Miθra Mit. Mitra[18] See Mitra.
Skt Nā́satyā[21] Av. Nā̊ŋhaiθya[21] Mit. Našattiya[18] Probably from PIE *nes- ('save, heal'; cf. Goth. nasjan).[21] Skt Nā́satyā is another name for the
Divine Twins
.
*Pr̥tHwíH[22] Skt Pṛth(i)vī́[22] YAv. ząm pərəθβīm[22] – From PIE *pleth₂wih₁ 'the broad one'.[22] Name of the deified earth. The Sanskrit poetic formula kṣā́m ... pṛthivī́m ('broad earth') is identical to YAv. ząm pərəθβīm (id.)
Dʰéǵʰōm
for further information.
*PuHšā́[23] Skt Pisán[23] – – From PIE *p(e)h2uson (cf. Grk Πάων < *pausōn).[23] Name of a herding-god, protector of roads, inspector of creatures.[23]
*Sušna[24] Skt Śúsna[24] Sh. sāɣ(d)[24] – From PIE ḱues-.[24] Name of a malevolent being. Proto-Iranian *sušnā- is inferred from Sh. sāɣ̌(d) ('big snake, dragon').[24]
*Tritá[25] Skt Tritá[25] YAv. θrita[25] – From PIE trito 'third'.[25] Mythical hero; one of the first preparers of the Soma.[25]
Skt
Váruṇa
 		Av. *Vouruna(?)[26] Mit. Aruna[18] The Indo-Iranian ancestry is supported by Mitanni Aruna.
Ahura Mazdā or Apam Napat.[26]
*Ućan[27] Skt Uśánā[27] YAv. Usan[27] – Probably a non-IE name based on the same root as *ućig- ('sacrificer').[27] Name of a sage.[27]
*HwaHyúš and *HwáHatas[28] Skt Vāyú and Vā́ta[28] OAv. Vaiiu and Vāta[28] – From PIE *h2ueh1iu and *h2ueh1nto.[28] Gods of winds.[28]
*YámHas[29] Skt
Yamá[29]
 		Av. Yima[29] – From PIE *imH-o 'twin'.[29] Meaning 'twin'; inherited from Proto-Indo-European (cf. Old Norse Ymir, the primeval giant). In Indo-Iranian, name of the mythical primeval man, first presser of the Soma, and son of the god *Hui(H)uasuant .[29] Cognate to the Indic goddess Yamuna, a deified river. See Indo-European cosmogony for further information.

Location

Proto-Indo-Iranian reconstruction Indo-Aryan Iranian Etymology Notes
*Háćmā[30] Skt áśman[30] YAv. asman[30] From PIE *h₂éḱmōn, 'stone, stone-made weapon; heavenly vault of stone'.[31][32] Skt áśman means 'stone, rock, sling-stone, thunderbolt', YAv. asman 'stone, sling-stone, heaven'.
Perkwunos (Heavenly vault of stone)
for further information.

Entities

Proto-Indo-Iranian reconstruction Meaning Indo-Aryan Iranian Etymology Notes
*daywás[33] god, deity Skt devá[33] OAv. daēuua[33] From PIE *deywós 'celestial > god'.[33] The Iranian word is at the origin of the div, a creature of Persian mythology, later spread to Turkic and Islamic mythologies.[34]
*daywiH[35] goddess Skt devī́[35] YAv. daēuuī[35] From PIE *deywih2 'goddess'.[35]
*g(h)andh(a)rwas- ~ g(h)andh(a)rbhas-[36] Skt gandharvá[36] YAv. gandərəba[36] No known IE cognate.[36] Group of mythical beings.
*Hasuras[37] god, lord Skt ásura[37] Av. ahura[37] From PIE *h₂ems-u- < *h₂ems- ('to give birth').[37] According to Asko Parpola and Václav Blažek, the word has been borrowed into Finno-Ugric/Uralic languages as *asera- (Parpola) or *asɤrɜ- (Blazek), both meaning 'lord, prince, leader'.[38][39]

Other

Proto-Indo-Iranian reconstruction Meaning Indo-Aryan Iranian Etymology Notes
*bhišáj[40] 'healer' Skt bhišáj-[40] OAv. biš-[40] No known IE cognate.[40]
*dać-[41] 'to offer, worship' Skt dáś-[41] OAv. dasəma[41] From PIE *deḱ-.[41]
*diuiHa[42] 'heavenly, divine' Skt divyá[42] – From PIE *diwyós 'heavenly, divine'.[42]
*gau(H)-[43] 'call, invoke' Skt gav(i)[43] – From PIE gewh2-.[43] cf. also Osset. argawyn < *agraw- ('to perform a church service').[43]
*grH-[44] 'song of praise, invocation' Skt gír[44] OAv. gar-[44] From PIE gwerH-.[44]
*(H)anću[45] 'Soma plant' Skt amśú-[45] YAv. ᶏsu-[45] Presumably a loanword.[45]
*HaHpriH[46] 'wishing, blessing, invocation' Skt āprī́[46] YAv. āfrī[46] No known IE cognate.[46]
*Hiáj[2] 'to worship, sacrifice' Skt yaj[2] Av. yaz-[2] From PIE *hieh2ǵ-.[2]
*Hiájata[47] 'worthy of worship, sacrifice' Skt yajatá[47] Av. yazata-[47] From PIE *hieh2ǵ-.[47]
*Hiájna[48] 'worship, sacrifice' Skt yajna[48] Av. yasna-[48] From PIE *hieh2ǵ-.[48]
*Hiša[49] 'refreshing libation' Skt ídā[49] OAv. īžā[49] No known IE cognate.[49]
*Hižd-[50] 'to invoke, worship'[50] Skt īd-[50] OAv. īšas-[50] From PIE *h2eisd-.[50]
*(H)rši[51] 'seer'[51] Skt ṛ́si[51] OAv. ərəšiš[51] No known IE cognate.[51]
*Hrta[52] 'truth, (world-)order' Skt ṛtá[52] OAv. aša, arəta[52] From PIE *h2rtó.[52]
*HrtaHuan[53] 'belonging to Truth' Skt ṛtā́van[53] OAv. ašauuan[53] From PIE *h2rtó.[53]
*j́hau-[54] 'pour, sacrifice, offer'[54] Skt hav[54] Av. ā-zuiti[54] From PIE *ǵheu-.[54]
*j́hau-tar[55] 'priest' Skt hótar[55] Av. zaotar[55] From PIE *ǵheu-.[55]
*j́hau-traH[56] 'sacrificial pouring' Skt hótrā[56] YAv. zaoθrā[56] From PIE *ǵheu-.[56]
*namas[57] 'to worship, honour' Skt námas[57] Av. nəmah[57] From PIE *némos.[57]
*sauma[58] 'Soma-plant', a deified drink Skt sóma[58] YAv. haoma[58] No known IE cognate.[58] Probably referring to ephedra.[58]
*uájra[59] Mythical weapon Skt vájra[59] YAv. vazra[59] From PIE *ueh2ǵ-.[59] Mythical weapon associated with Indra in India and with Mithra in Iran. Cf. Arm. varz ('stick'), a loanword from Iranian.[59]
*uand(H)[60] 'to praise, honour' Skt vandi[60] YAv. vandaēta[60] No known IE cognate.[60]
*ućig[61] 'sacrificer' Skt uśíj[61] OAv. usij[61] Likely a borrowing from a Central Asian language.[61] Skt uśíj is an epithet of sacrificers and of Agni. OAv. usij designates a 'sacrificer which is hostile towards the Zoroastrian religion'.[61]
*uipra[62] 'exctasic, inspired' Skt vípra[62] YAv. vifra[62] No known IE cognate.[62] See Viprata for further information.
*urata[63] 'rule, order, religious commandment, observance' Skt vratá[63] OAv. uruuata[63] No known IE cognate.[63]

See also

Footnotes

  1. Young Avesta: baɣa- appears as an epithet for Ahura Mazda, the Moon and Miθra, while a compound hu-baɣa- refers to female deities.[3][4]

References

  1. ISBN 978-1-009-26175-3
    . Retrieved 2023-11-16.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Lubotsky 2011, s.v. yaj-.
  3. S2CID 244036366
    .
  4. doi:10.1163/29497833-00201005
    .
  5. ^ Thieme, Paul. "Classical Literature". In: India, Pakistan, Ceylon. Edited by W. Norman Brown, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1960, p. 75. https://doi.org/10.9783/9781512814866-014
  6. ^ Boyce, Mary (1996). "THE GODS OF PAGAN IRAN". In: A History of Zoroastrianism, The Early Period. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 57-58. doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004294004_003
  7. ISBN 978-90-04-15504-6
    .
  8. ^ a b c d e Lubotsky 2011, s.v. śarva-.
  9. ^ a b c d e Lubotsky 2011, s.v. dyáv-.
  10. ^ a b c d e Lubotsky 2011, s.v. agni-.
  11. ^ a b c d e Lubotsky 2011, s.v. nápāt-.
  12. ^ a b c d e Lubotsky 2011, s.v. arámati-.
  13. ^ a b c d e Lubotsky 2011, s.v. ártharvan-.
  14. ^ a b c d e Lubotsky 2011, s.v. vivásvant-.
  15. ^ a b c d e Lubotsky 2011, s.v. vṛtrá-.
  16. ^ a b c d e Lubotsky 2011, s.v. usás-.
  17. ^ a b c d Lubotsky 2011, s.v. índra-.
  18. ^ a b c d e Fournet 2010.
  19. ^ a b c d e Lubotsky 2011, s.v. kṛśā́nu-.
  20. ^ a b c d Lincoln 1975, pp. 134–136.
  21. ^ a b c d Frame, Douglas (2009). "Hippota Nestor - 3. Vedic". Center for Hellenic Studies. Archived from the original on 20 September 2019.
  22. ^ a b c d e Lubotsky 2011, s.v. pṛithvī́-.
  23. ^ a b c d Lubotsky 2011, s.v. pisán-.
  24. ^ a b c d e Lubotsky 2011, s.v. śúsna-.
  25. ^ a b c d e Lubotsky 2011, s.v. tritá-.
  26. ^
    ISBN 978-2-8017-0012-9
    .
  27. ^ a b c d e Lubotsky 2011, s.v. uśánā-.
  28. ^ a b c d e Lubotsky 2011, s.v. vā́ta- and vāyú-.
  29. ^ a b c d e Lubotsky 2011, s.v. yamá
  30. ^ a b c d Lubotsky 2011, s.v. áśman-.
  31. ^ a b Orel 2003, p. 169.
  32. ^ a b Kroonen 2013, p. 220.
  33. ^ a b c d Lubotsky 2011, s.v. devá-.
  34. Enzyklopädie des Märchens Online, edited by Rolf Wilhelm Brednich, Heidrun Alzheimer, Hermann Bausinger, Wolfgang Brückner, Daniel Drascek, Helge Gerndt, Ines Köhler-Zülch, Klaus Roth and Hans-Jörg Uther. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2016 [1981]. p. 569. https://www-degruyter-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/database/EMO/entry/emo.3.099/html
    . Accessed 2023-01-16.
  35. ^ a b c d Lubotsky 2011, s.v. devī́-.
  36. ^ a b c d Lubotsky 2011, s.v. gandharvá-.
  37. ^ a b c d Lubotsky 2011, s.v. ásura-.
  38. ISBN 978-0190226923
    .
  39. doi:10.1515/9783110185164.162
    .
  40. ^ a b c d Lubotsky 2011, s.v. bhišáj-.
  41. ^ a b c d Lubotsky 2011, s.v. dáś-.
  42. ^ a b c Lubotsky 2011, s.v. divyá-.
  43. ^ a b c d Lubotsky 2011, s.v. gav(i).
  44. ^ a b c d Lubotsky 2011, s.v. gír-.
  45. ^ a b c d Lubotsky 2011, s.v. amśú-.
  46. ^ a b c d Lubotsky 2011, s.v. āprī́-.
  47. ^ a b c d Lubotsky 2011, s.v. yajatá-.
  48. ^ a b c d Lubotsky 2011, s.v. yajñá-.
  49. ^ a b c d Lubotsky 2011, s.v. íd-.
  50. ^ a b c d e Lubotsky 2011, s.v. īd-.
  51. ^ a b c d e Lubotsky 2011, s.v. ṛ́si-.
  52. ^ a b c d Lubotsky 2011, s.v. ṛtá-.
  53. ^ a b c d Lubotsky 2011, s.v. ṛtā́van-.
  54. ^ a b c d e Lubotsky 2011, s.v. hav-.
  55. ^ a b c d Lubotsky 2011, s.v. hótar-.
  56. ^ a b c d Lubotsky 2011, s.v. hótrā-.
  57. ^ a b c d Lubotsky 2011, s.v. námas-.
  58. ^ a b c d e Lubotsky 2011, s.v. sóma-.
  59. ^ a b c d e Lubotsky 2011, s.v. vájra-.
  60. ^ a b c d Lubotsky 2011, s.v. vandi-.
  61. ^ a b c d e Lubotsky 2011, s.v. uśíj-.
  62. ^ a b c d Lubotsky 2011, s.v. vípra-.
  63. ^ a b c d Lubotsky 2011, s.v. vratá-.

Bibliography

  • Fournet, Arnaud (2010). "About the Mitanni Aryan gods". Journal of Indo-European Studies. 38 (1–2): 26–40.
  • Lubotsky, Alexander (2011), "Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon", Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project, Brill.
  • ISBN 3-533-03826-2
    .

Further reading
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proto-Indo-Iranian_paganism&oldid=1222961348"