Proto-Villanovan culture

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The Proto-Villanovan culture was a late Bronze Age culture that appeared in Italy in the first half of the 12th century BC and lasted until the 10th century BC, part of the central European Urnfield culture system (1300-750 BCE).

History

The proto-Villanovan culture was part of the central European

Settlements, usually of small dimensions, were generally built on hills and circumscribed with fortifications. The economy was mostly based on agro-pastoral activities, metallurgy and trades.

Society

Burial rites

The proto-Villanovans practiced cremation. The ashes were placed in Urnfield-style double-cone shaped funerary urns, often decorated with geometric designs, and then buried in the ground. Elite graves containing jewelry, bronze armor, and horse harness fittings were separated from ordinary graves, showing for the first time the development of a highly hierarchical society, so characteristic of Indo-European cultures.^[6]

Regionalization

After a period of considerable uniformity from north to south, the Proto-Villanovan culture shows a process of

References

1. ^ ^{a b c} M. Gimbutas Bronze Age Cultures in Central and Eastern Europe pp. 339–345
2. ^ John M. Coles The Bronze Age in Europe: An Introduction to the Prehistory of Europe C. 2000–700 BC, pp. 422
3. ^ ^{a b} "PROTOVILLANOVIANO in "Enciclopedia dell' Arte Antica"". www.treccani.it (in Italian). Retrieved 2023-01-05.
4. ^ Andrea Cardarelli The collapse of the Terramare culture and growth of new economic and social system during the late Bronze Age in Italy
5. ^ Soren, David; Martin, Archer (2015). Art and Archaeology of Ancient Rome. Midnight Marquee Press, Incorporated. p. 9.
6. ^ "Le grandi avventure dell'archeologia (I misteri delle civiltà scomparse) - Libro Usato - Curcio - | IBS". www.ibs.it (in Italian). Retrieved 2023-01-08.
7. ^ Antonio et al. 2019, Table 2 Sample Information, Row 36.

Sources

• Antonio, Margaret L.; et al. (November 8, 2019). "Ancient Rome: A genetic crossroads of Europe and the Mediterranean".
  PMID 31699931
  .

See also

• Villanovan culture
• Latial culture
• Este culture

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