Proto-fascism
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Proto-fascism refers to the direct predecessor ideologies and cultural movements that influenced and formed the basis of
Italian Fascism.[1] Proto-fascist political movements include the Italian Nationalist Association (Associazione Nazionalista Italiana, ANI), the German National Association of Commercial Employees (Deutschnationaler Handlungsgehilfen-Verband, DHV) and the German National People's Party (Deutschnationale Volkspartei, DNVP).[2]
Other people who have been labeled proto-fascist because they shared an ideological basis with fascism include:
- Thomas Carlyle (1795–1881)[3]
- Goldwin Smith (1823–1910)[4][5]
- Georges Sorel (1847-1922)
- Georges Ernest Boulanger (1837–1891)[6]
- George Fitzhugh (1806–1881)[7]
- Madison Grant (1865-1937)
- Arthur de Gobineau (1816-1882)
- Jesus as depicted in the Gospel of John[8]
- John Ruskin (1819–1900)[9][10]
- Charles Maurras (1868–1952)[citation needed]
- Ion Dragoumis (1878–1920)[11][12]
- Edgar Julius Jung (1894–1934)[citation needed]
- D. H. Lawrence (1885–1930). The English philosopher Bertrand Russell characterized Lawrence as a "proto-German fascist".[13] This characterization is useful as a demarcation point between Fascism and proto-fascism. The former has totalitarian uniformity as its paradigm, but Russell is referring to Lawrence as a "nonconformist prophet" struggling with individual alienation, looking to the shared identity of ancestral blood and soil for reconnection i.e. an evolution of the German 19th-century Völkisch movement,[14][15] an ideology that was adopted by the National Socialist movement.
- Rudolf Steiner (1861–1925)[citation needed]
- Richard Wagner (1813-1883)[citation needed]
References
- ^ a b Spackman, Barbara. Fascist Virilities: Rhetoric, Ideology, and Social Fantasy in Italy. p. 78.
- ^ a b Davies, Peter; Lynch, Derek. The Routledge Companion to Fascism and the Far Right. London, England, UK; New York, New York, USA: Routledge. p. 94.
- ^ Broich, Ulrich; Dickinson, H. T.; Hellmuth, Eckhart; Schmidt, Martin. Reactions to Revolutions: The 1790s and Their Aftermath. p. 255.
- ISBN 978-1433100574.
- ISBN 9781138934221.
- ISBN 9780786490257.
- .
- ^ James Crossley and Robert J. Myles, Jesus: A Life in Class Conflict, Zer0 Books, 2023, pp. 260-261; Robert J. Myles, Opiate of Christ: or, John's Gospel and the Spectre of Class." Postscripts 7:3. 2016, 257-277.
- ^ McGovern, William Montgomery (1941). From Luther to Hitler. Harrap. p. 180.
- ISBN 9780873522502.
G. I. Morris in "Divine Hitler" ([Die Neueren Sprachen], 1935) cites his own experience . . . A headmaster had told his students that 'Ruskin and Carlyle were the first National Socialists.'
- ISBN 978-9754285277.
- ^ "Giánnis Mázis: "O Dragoúmis den écho kamía amfivolía óti ítan énas protofasístas"" Γιάννης Μάζης: "Ο Δραγούμης δεν έχω καμία αμφιβολία ότι ήταν ένας πρωτοφασίστας" [Yannis Mazis: "I have no doubt that Dragoumis was a proto-fascist"]. Εθνικόν Κράτος (in Greek). 4 June 2017. Retrieved 23 October 2018.
- ^ Russel, Bertrand (1951). The Autobiography of Bertrand Russell 1872-1914. Little, Brown and Company. p. 112.
- .
- S2CID 145167949.
- ISBN 978-1137514585.
- ^ Nation-building in 19th-century Italy: the case of Francesco Crispi[permanent dead link], Christopher Duggan, History Today, February 1, 2002
- ^ The Randolph Churchill of Italy, by David Gilmour, The Spectator, June 1, 2002 (Review of Francesco Crispi, 1818-1901: From Nation to Nationalism, by Christopher Duggan)
Sources
- ISBN 9781136145889.