Province of Ljubljana
The Province of Ljubljana (
During World War II, Italy occupied the vertically hashed black area, including Gottschee area. (Solid black western part being annexed by Italy already with the Treaty of Rapallo ). After 1943, Germany took over the Italian occupational area, as well.
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Background
During World War II, the
Territory
After the attack on Yugoslavia by Germany and
- Third Reich);
- The eastern portions of Inner Carniola (the present-day municipalities of Logatec, Cerknica, Bloke, and Loška Dolina),
- The city of Ljubljana and its southern suburbs. The northern suburbs (Šentvid) were under the occupation of the Greater German Reich.
The Kingdom of Italy occupied Marindol and other villages that had previously belonged to the Banovina of Croatia, Milić-Selo, Paunović-Selo, Žunić-Selo, Vukobrati, Vidnjevići, and Vrhovci. These villages were annexed to the municipality of Črnomelj as part of the Province of Ljubljana, despite being predominantly inhabited by Orthodox Serbs.
After the war the inhabitants of those areas demanded to be returned to the
Administration
The Italian period
Pre-resistance
Compared to the German policies in the northern Nazi-occupied area of Slovenia and the forced
The central area of Slovenia was first occupied by the
Also, the Consult was created as an advisory council of the High Commissioner's office. It was composed by members of local economic and professional associations, as well as of those political party leaders that were willing to collaborate with Italian authorities.
Post-resistance and war crimes against the Slovene civil population
The initial tolerant policies of the Italian administration did not last long. After the establishment of the
As noted by Minister of Foreign Affairs in Mussolini government, Galeazzo Ciano, when describing a meeting with secretary general of the National Fascist Party Aldo Vidussoni who wanted Italian army to kill all the Slovenes:
(...) I took the liberty of saying they (the Slovenes) totaled one million. It doesn't matter - he replied firmly - we should model ourselves upon ascari (auxiliary Eritrean troops infamous for their cruelty) and wipe them out".[5]
General
The Province of Ljubljana saw the deportation of 25,000 people, which equaled 7.5% of the total population. The operation, one of the most drastic in Europe, filled up
Italians put the
On February 25, 1942, only two days after the
The violence against the Slovene civil population easily matched the German.[9] For every major military operation, General M. Roatta issued additional special instructions, including one that the orders must be "carried out most energetically and without any false compassion".[10]
One of Roatta's soldiers wrote home on July 1, 1942: "We have destroyed everything from top to bottom without sparing the innocent. We kill entire families every night, beating them to death or shooting them."[11] The idea that Italian excesses in violence was due to anger or grief at the loss of comrades is false, since the process of killing and mass execution was a consequence of Fascist propaganda, de-humanizing the Slovenes as racially inferior.[12][13]
After the war, Roatta was on the list of the most sought after
Structure
The province was divided into five districts (Italian: distretti) based around the pre-existing Yugoslav district boundaries, plus the city of Lubiana. Each district was further sub-divided into municipalities (Italian: comuni). The five districts were:[16]
- Lubiana (28 municipalities)
- Longatico (11 municipalities)
- Novo Mesto (31 municipalities)
- Cernomegli (11 municipalities)
- Cocevie (13 municipalities)
The German period (1943–1945)
After the
Administration
During the Italian period (1941–1943), the province was ruled by a high commissioner; for most of its history this post was held by
After the German occupation in September 1943, Leon Rupnik was named president of the province. He managed to establish a fairly autonomous provincial administration with the help of a small circle of collaborators.
Armed formations
In 1942 so called village guards started appearing spontaneously, as a self-defense against partisan revolutionary violence. They turned to Italians for weapons and equipment, and the Italians soon organized them as a part of
After the capitulation of Italy most of the Slovene
While the war was still going on some of the leaders of the 'White Guard' underwent a military court-martial in
On the Allied side there was the
Ending
The area of the Province of Ljubljana after the Second World War was united with the rest of
Some of its territory was returned to Croatia but some was subsequently claimed by Slovenia.
The bulk of its territory is now the
See also
- Liberation Front of the Slovenian People
- Anti-Communist Volunteer Militia
References
- ^ Gregor Joseph Kranjc (2013).To Walk with the Devil, University of Toronto Press, Scholarly Publishing Division, p. 5
- ISBN 978-0-521-84515-1.
- ISBN 978-88-6576-106-9.
- ^ Santarelli, Enzo (1979). Scritti politici: di Benito Mussolini; Introduzione e cura di Enzo Santarelli (in Italian). p. 196.
- ISBN 1-931313-74-1
- Le Monde Diplomatique, May Issue.
- ^ James H. Burgwyn: "General Roatta's war against the partisans in Yugoslavia: 1942", Journal of Modern Italian Studies, Volume 9, Number 3, September 2004, pp. 314-329(16), link by IngentaConnect
- ^ Vurnik, Blaž (22 April 2016). "Kabinet čudes: Ljubljana v žičnem obroču" [Cabinet of Curiosities: Ljubljana in the Barbed Wire Ring]. Delo.si (in Slovenian).
- ISBN 0-691-08697-4
- ^ Giuseppe Piemontese (1946): Twenty-nine months of Italian occupation of the Province of Ljubljana. Page 10.
- ^ James Walston, a historian at the American University of Rome. Quoted in Rory, Carroll. Italy's bloody secret. The Guardian. (Archived by WebCite®), The Guardian, London, UK, June 25, 2003
- ^ Niall MacGalloway (2014): Book review of the Amedeo Osti Guerrazzi's book The Italian Army in Slovenia. Strategies of Antipartisan Repression, 1941–1943, 'Diacronie: Studi Di Storia Contemporanea'. No. 20, Vol. 4
- ^ Amedeo Osti Guerrazzi (2013): The Italian Army in Slovenia. Strategies of Antipartisan Repression, 1941–1943, New York, Palgrave Macmillan.
- ^ Effie G. H. Pedaliu (2004) Britain and the 'Hand-over' of Italian War Criminals to Yugoslavia, 1945-48. Journal of Contemporary History. Vol. 39, No. 4, Special Issue: Collective Memory, pp. 503-529 (JStor.org preview)
- ^ Rory, Carroll. Italy's bloody secret. The Guardian. (Archived by WebCite®), The Guardian, London, UK, June 25, 2003
- ^ Davide Rodogno. Fascism's European empire. Cambridge, England, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2006 Pp. 419.
Further reading
- Ballinger, P. (2002). History in exile: memory and identity at the borders of the Balkans. Princeton University Press, ISBN 0-691-08697-4
- ISBN 1-929631-35-9
- Guerrazzi, Amedeo Osti (2013): 'The Italian Army in Slovenia. Strategies of antipartisan Repression, 1941-1943', New York, Palgrave Macmillan
- Giuseppe Piemontese (1946): Twenty-nine months of Italian occupation of the Province of Ljubljana