Prussian Academy of Sciences
The Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences (German: Königlich-Preußische Akademie der Wissenschaften) was an academy established in Berlin, Germany on 11 July 1700, four years after the Prussian Academy of Arts, or "Arts Academy," to which "Berlin Academy" may also refer.[1][2][3] In the 18th century, when French was the language of science and culture, it was a French-language institution.
Origins
Prince-elector Frederick III of Brandenburg, Germany founded the Academy under the name of Kurfürstlich Brandenburgische Societät der Wissenschaften ("Electoral Brandenburg Society of Sciences") upon the advice of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, who was appointed president. Unlike other Academies, the Prussian Academy was not directly funded out of the state treasury. Frederick granted it the monopoly on producing and selling calendars in Brandenburg, a suggestion from Leibniz. As Frederick was crowned "King in Prussia" in 1701, creating the Kingdom of Prussia, the Academy was renamed Königlich Preußische Sozietät der Wissenschaften ("Royal Prussian Society of Sciences"). While other Academies focused on a few topics, the Prussian Academy was the first to teach both sciences and humanities. In 1710, the Academy statute was set, dividing the Academy into two sciences and two humanities classes. This was not changed until 1830, when the physics-mathematics and the philosophy-history classes replaced the four old classes.[1][2]
Frederick the Great
The reign of
As a French-language institution its publications were in French such as the Histoire de l'Académie royale des sciences et belles lettres de Berlin which was published between 1745 and 1796.
A linguistics historian from
19th century
Beginning in 1815, research businesses led by Academy committees (such as the Greek-Roman Archeology Committee or the Oriental Committee) were founded at the Academy. They employed mostly scientists to work alongside the corresponding committee's members. University departments emanated from some of these businesses after 1945.
20th century
On 25 November 1915 Albert Einstein presented his field equations of general relativity to the Academy.
Under
Following
Notable members
- Christoph Ludwig von Stille 1696–1752, curator
- Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, founding president 1700
- Jacob Paul von Gundling
- Dimitrie Cantemir, foreign member 1714
- Gassen von Stein, Vice President, Doctor and member; 1732
- Leonhard Euler 1741–1766
- Montesquieu, foreign member 1746
- Voltaire, c. 1750
- Denis Diderot, foreign member 1751
- Asmus Ehrenreich von Bredow, Lieutenant General, 30 November 1753[8]
- Johann Heinrich Lambert, c. 1763
- Joseph-Louis Lagrange 1766–1786
- Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, foreign member 1769
- Immanuel Kant, foreign member 1786
- Heinrich Friedrich von Diez, honorary member 1814
- Friedrich Schleiermacher, proper member 1810
- Hermann von Helmholtz, corresponding member 1857; foreign member 1870; proper member 1871
- Heinrich von Wild, corresponding member, 1881.[9]
- Ferdinand Georg Frobenius, proper member 1893
- Max Planck, proper member 1894
- William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin, foreign member 1900 (bi-centenary of the academy)[10]
- Friedrich Max Müller, foreign member 1900 (bi-centenary of the academy)[10]
- Josiah Willard Gibbs, corresponding member, 1900 (bi-centenary of the academy)[10]
- Henry Augustus Rowland, corresponding member, 1900 (bi-centenary of the academy)[10]
- Sir John Burdon-Sanderson, corresponding member, 1900 (bi-centenary of the academy)[10]
- William James, corresponding member, 1900 (bi-centenary of the academy)[10]
- Sir John Pentland Mahaffy, corresponding member, 1900 (bi-centenary of the academy)[10]
- Alexander Stuart Murray, corresponding member 1900 (bi-centenary of the academy)[10]
- Francis Llewellyn Griffith, corresponding member, 1900 (bi-centenary of the academy)[10]
- Frederic William Maitland, corresponding member, 1900 (bi-centenary of the academy)[10]
- Philipp Lenard, proper member 1905
- Fritz Haber
- Albert Einstein, proper member 1914
- Kurt Sethe, corresponding member 1920; proper member 1930
- Hermann Grapow, proper member 1938
References
- ^ MacTutor History of Mathematics archive. August 2004. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
- ^ a b c "Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities". Akademienunion.de. Archived from the original on 27 June 2013. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
- ^ "History of the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities". Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
- ^ Mary Terrall, "The Culture of Science in Frederick the Great's Berlin," History of Science, Dec 1990, Vol. 28 Issue 4, pp 333–364
- ^ Hans Aarsleff, "The Berlin Academy under Frederick the Great," History of the Human Sciences, May 1989, Vol. 2 Issue 2, pp 193–206
- ISBN 978-3-939818-14-4(English and German), p. 59-69.
- ^ Notzoldt, Peter; Walther, Peter Th. (2004). "The Prussian Academy of Sciences during the Third Reich". Minerva: A Review of Science, Learning and Policy. 42 (4): 421–444. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
- ISBN 3-05-002153-5, S. 45
- ^ "Heinrich Wild – Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften". www.bbaw.de. Retrieved 2023-10-12.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Latest intelligence – The Berlin Academy of Sciences". The Times. No. 36094. London. 20 March 1900. p. 6.
Further reading
- President of the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities (Pub.) A History of more than 300 Years. Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities. Formerly the Prussian Academy of Sciences. BBAW, Berlin 2009, ISBN 978-3-939818-14-4(English and German)
- Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften (Hrsg.): Vertrieben aus rassistischen Gründen. Ausstellung im Rahmen des Berliner Themenjahres 2013 „Zerstörte Vielfalt. Berlin 1933–1938–1945“, BBAW, Berlin 2013 ISBN 978-3-939818-48-9
External links
- MacTutor, The Berlin Academy of Science, University of St. Andrews, Scotland.
- History of the Academy of the Sciences (in German)
- Conference Reports of the Prussian Academy of Sciences (in German) at wikisource
- Scholars and Literati at the Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences (1700–1800), Repertorium Eruditorum Totius Europae – RETE