Przemyśl
Przemyśl | ||
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Przemyśl Cathedral with the city in the background | ||
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Przemyśl (Polish:
Przemyśl owes its long and rich history to the advantages of its geographic location. The city lies in an area connecting mountains and lowlands known as the Przemyśl Gate (Brama Przemyska), with open lines of transport, and fertile soil. It also lies on the navigable
Names
Different names in various languages have identified the city throughout its history. Selected languages include:
History
Origins
Przemyśl is the second-oldest city (after Kraków) in southeastern Poland, dating back to the 8th century.[4] It was the site of a fortified gord belonging to the Ledzianie (Lendians),[5] a West Slavic tribe. In the 9th century, the fortified settlement and the surrounding region became part of Great Moravia. Most likely, the city's name dates back to the Moravian period.[citation needed] Also, archeological remains testify to the presence of a Christian monastic settlement as early as the 9th century.[citation needed]
Upon the invasion of the
The city was mentioned by
The
Przemyśl later became part of the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia, from 1246 under Mongol suzerainty.Kingdom of Poland and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
In 1340, Przemyśl was retaken by the king
The prosperity came to an end in the middle of the 17th century, caused by the invading Swedish army during the Deluge, and a general decline of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The city decline lasted for over a hundred years, and only at the end of the 18th century did it recover its former levels of population. In 1754, the Latin Catholic bishop founded Przemyśl's first public library, which was only the second public library in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, with Warsaw's Załuski Library founded 7 years earlier. Przemyśl's importance at that time was such that when Austria annexed eastern Galicia in 1772 the Austrians considered making Przemyśl their provincial capital, before deciding on Lwów.[11] In the mid-18th century, Jews constituted 55.6% (1,692) of the population, Latin Catholic Poles 39.5% (1,202), and Greek Catholic Ruthenians 4.8% (147).[12]
Part of Austrian Poland
In 1772, as a consequence of the
In 1861, the Galician Railway of Archduke Charles Louis built a connecting line from Przemyśl to Kraków, and east to Lwów. In the middle of the 19th century, due to the growing conflict between Austria and Russia over the Balkans, Austria grew more mindful of Przemyśl's strategic location near the border with the Russian Empire. During the Crimean War, when tensions mounted between Russia and Austria, a series of massive fortresses, 15 km (9 mi) in circumference, were built around the city by the Austrian military.
In 1909, the Polish "Museum of the Przemyśl Land" was established in Przemyśl. It was an extremely important facility for the Polish population.
The census of 1910, showed that the city had 54,078 residents. Latin Catholics were the most numerous 25,306 (46.8%), followed by Jews 16,062 (29.7%) and Greek Catholics 12,018 (22.2%). 87% of the city's inhabitants spoke Polish. All Poles spoke Polish, and most Jews were bilingual and communicated in Yiddish and Polish, but owing to the inability to declare Yiddish, almost all Jews declared the Polish language.[13]
World War I (Przemyśl Fortress)
With technological progress in
In August 1914, at the beginning of the
Second Polish Republic
Population of Przemyśl, 1931
Latin Catholics (Poles) | 39 430 | (63,3%) |
Jews | 18 376 | (29,5%) |
Greek Catholics (Ukrainians) | 4 391 | (7,0%) |
Other denominations | 85 | (0,2%) |
Total | 62 272 |
At the end of World War I, Przemyśl became disputed between renascent Poland and the West Ukrainian People's Republic. On 1 November 1918, a local provisional government was formed with representatives of Polish, Jewish, and Ruthenian inhabitants of the area. However, on 3 November, a Ukrainian military unit overthrew the government, arrested its leader and captured the eastern part of the city. The Ukrainian army was checked by a small Polish self-defence unit formed of World War I veterans. Also, numerous young Polish volunteers from Przemyśl's high schools, later to be known as Przemyśl Orlęta, The Eaglets of Przemyśl (in a similar manner to more famous Lwów Eaglets), joined the host. The battlefront divided the city along the river San, with the western borough of Zasanie held in Polish hands and the Old Town controlled by the Ukrainians. Neither Poles nor Ukrainians could effectively cross the San river, so both opposing parties decided to wait for a relief force from the outside. That race was won by the Polish reinforcements and the volunteer expeditionary unit formed in Kraków arrived in Przemyśl on 10 November 1918. When the subsequent Polish ultimatum to the Ukrainians remained unanswered, on 11–12 November the Polish forces crossed the San and forced out the outnumbered Ukrainians from the city in what became known as the 1918 Battle of Przemyśl.
After the end of the
World War II
On 11–14 September 1939, during the
The border between the two invaders ran through the middle of the city along the San River until June 1941.
The town's population increased due to a large influx of Jewish refugees from the
The ghetto in Przemyśl was sealed off from the outside on 14 July 1942. By that time, there may have been as many as 24,000 Jews in the ghetto. On 27 July the
The Red Army retook the town from German forces on 27 July 1944. On 16 August 1945, a border agreement between the government of the Soviet Union and the Polish Provisional Government of National Unity, installed by the Soviets, was signed in Moscow. According to the so-called Curzon Line, the postwar eastern border of Poland was established several kilometres to the east of Przemyśl.
Post-war communism to present
In the postwar period, the border ran only 15 kilometres to the east of the city, cutting it off from much of its economic hinterland. Due to the killing of Jews in the
Climate
The climate is warm-summer humid continental (Köppen: Dfb). Despite its location in southeastern Poland, its winters may be colder than at higher latitudes, especially in the north-west of the country due to continentality.[29]
Climate data for Przemyśl (1971–2000 normals, extremes 1954–2001) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 14.4 (57.9) |
18.5 (65.3) |
24.0 (75.2) |
29.4 (84.9) |
31.5 (88.7) |
33.2 (91.8) |
34.0 (93.2) |
33.8 (92.8) |
30.7 (87.3) |
27.0 (80.6) |
21.8 (71.2) |
17.9 (64.2) |
34.0 (93.2) |
Mean maximum °C (°F) | 8.7 (47.7) |
10.1 (50.2) |
17.1 (62.8) |
21.9 (71.4) |
26.0 (78.8) |
28.3 (82.9) |
29.6 (85.3) |
29.5 (85.1) |
25.9 (78.6) |
21.8 (71.2) |
14.8 (58.6) |
9.7 (49.5) |
30.5 (86.9) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 0.3 (32.5) |
1.8 (35.2) |
6.8 (44.2) |
12.9 (55.2) |
18.6 (65.5) |
21.3 (70.3) |
22.9 (73.2) |
22.6 (72.7) |
18.1 (64.6) |
12.5 (54.5) |
5.6 (42.1) |
1.7 (35.1) |
12.1 (53.8) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | −2.5 (27.5) |
−1.4 (29.5) |
2.7 (36.9) |
8.1 (46.6) |
13.5 (56.3) |
16.3 (61.3) |
18.0 (64.4) |
17.4 (63.3) |
13.3 (55.9) |
8.3 (46.9) |
2.6 (36.7) |
−0.8 (30.6) |
7.9 (46.2) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −5.1 (22.8) |
−4.0 (24.8) |
−0.7 (30.7) |
3.8 (38.8) |
8.5 (47.3) |
11.6 (52.9) |
13.3 (55.9) |
12.6 (54.7) |
9.4 (48.9) |
4.9 (40.8) |
0.1 (32.2) |
−3.2 (26.2) |
4.2 (39.6) |
Mean minimum °C (°F) | −15.6 (3.9) |
−13.2 (8.2) |
−8.4 (16.9) |
−2.3 (27.9) |
1.7 (35.1) |
6.2 (43.2) |
8.9 (48.0) |
7.1 (44.8) |
2.7 (36.9) |
−2.6 (27.3) |
−7.6 (18.3) |
−14.3 (6.3) |
−19.0 (−2.2) |
Record low °C (°F) | −30.0 (−22.0) |
−30.4 (−22.7) |
−26.1 (−15.0) |
−5.7 (21.7) |
−2.4 (27.7) |
1.4 (34.5) |
5.0 (41.0) |
2.3 (36.1) |
−3.2 (26.2) |
−6.9 (19.6) |
−21.0 (−5.8) |
−25.6 (−14.1) |
−30.4 (−22.7) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 26.8 (1.06) |
27.6 (1.09) |
31.3 (1.23) |
51.9 (2.04) |
75.6 (2.98) |
88.8 (3.50) |
94.9 (3.74) |
68.9 (2.71) |
68.3 (2.69) |
50.9 (2.00) |
38.3 (1.51) |
38.9 (1.53) |
658.8 (25.94) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 14.9 | 14.0 | 14.2 | 13.3 | 14.2 | 15.2 | 13.8 | 12.3 | 12.6 | 13.7 | 15.0 | 17.0 | 170.1 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
82.3 | 82.3 | 77.0 | 72.8 | 75.3 | 76.5 | 76.6 | 78.1 | 80.2 | 81.4 | 83.1 | 84.4 | 79.2 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 49.2 | 64.8 | 107.9 | 143.7 | 210.5 | 214.7 | 233.2 | 220.6 | 138.5 | 96.0 | 51.3 | 36.4 | 1,558.6 |
Source: Meteomodel.pl (humidity 1961-1990)[30] |
Climate data for Przemyśl (Podwinie), elevation: 279 m or 915 ft, 1961–1990 normals and extremes | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 13.6 (56.5) |
18.5 (65.3) |
24.0 (75.2) |
29.4 (84.9) |
30.2 (86.4) |
33.2 (91.8) |
33.2 (91.8) |
33.5 (92.3) |
30.0 (86.0) |
27.0 (80.6) |
21.8 (71.2) |
17.9 (64.2) |
33.5 (92.3) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −0.6 (30.9) |
1.2 (34.2) |
6.3 (43.3) |
13.1 (55.6) |
18.5 (65.3) |
21.2 (70.2) |
22.7 (72.9) |
22.4 (72.3) |
18.5 (65.3) |
13.2 (55.8) |
6.4 (43.5) |
1.5 (34.7) |
12.0 (53.7) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | −3.5 (25.7) |
−2.0 (28.4) |
2.2 (36.0) |
8.1 (46.6) |
13.3 (55.9) |
16.3 (61.3) |
17.6 (63.7) |
17.0 (62.6) |
13.5 (56.3) |
8.7 (47.7) |
3.5 (38.3) |
−1.0 (30.2) |
7.8 (46.1) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −6.4 (20.5) |
−4.8 (23.4) |
−1.1 (30.0) |
3.7 (38.7) |
8.3 (46.9) |
11.4 (52.5) |
13.0 (55.4) |
12.4 (54.3) |
9.4 (48.9) |
5.0 (41.0) |
0.8 (33.4) |
−3.5 (25.7) |
4.0 (39.2) |
Record low °C (°F) | −30.0 (−22.0) |
−30.4 (−22.7) |
−26.1 (−15.0) |
−5.7 (21.7) |
−2.4 (27.7) |
1.4 (34.5) |
5.0 (41.0) |
2.3 (36.1) |
−3.2 (26.2) |
−6.8 (19.8) |
−21.0 (−5.8) |
−25.5 (−13.9) |
−30.4 (−22.7) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 29 (1.1) |
29 (1.1) |
34 (1.3) |
48 (1.9) |
76 (3.0) |
97 (3.8) |
100 (3.9) |
77 (3.0) |
55 (2.2) |
42 (1.7) |
40 (1.6) |
40 (1.6) |
667 (26.2) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 7.2 | 6.8 | 7.1 | 8.2 | 10.7 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 9.4 | 8.1 | 7.1 | 8.3 | 8.4 | 103.7 |
Source: NOAA[31] |
Transport
The main Przemyśl railway station is called Przemyśl Główny, and is located in the city center. About 40 trains depart every day, including trains to many cities in Poland, as well as in Germany, Austria, the Czech Republic and Ukraine.
The main road connection to the rest of Poland is provided by the A4 motorway that passes about 15 km north of the city center.
The closest international airport is Rzeszów–Jasionka, about 90 km away by road.
Main sights
Due to the long and rich history of the city, there are many sights in and around Przemyśl, of special interest to tourists, including the Old Town, which is listed as a Historic Monument of Poland,[2] with the Rynek, the main market square.
Among the historic buildings and museums, opened to visitors, are:
- Old Town Market Square
- The Great Przemyśl Cathedral
- Muzeum Diecezjalne (the diocesan museum)
- Casimir III the Greatin the 14th century
- Carmelite Church, 17th century late-Renaissance church
- Ukrainian Greek Catholiccathedral
- Reformed Franciscan church and monastery, founded in 1627
- Franciscan Church, from mid-18th-century in a baroque style
- Lubomirski Palace, an eclectic style palace of the Lubomirski familyconstructed in 1885
- Przemyśl Główny train station built in 1895
- Zasanie Synagogue
- New Synagogue (Przemyśl), built in 1918
- Salesians Church, built 1912-23 in Gothic Revivalstyle
- Muzeum Narodowe (the National Museum), contains a collection of icons, second only to the one in Sanok in size
- Muzeum Dzwonów i Fajek (the Museum of Bells and Pipes)
- Kopiec Tatarski, a mound to the south of the city where a 16th-century Tatar khan was supposedly buried. The Tatarska Góra TV toweris built on the mound.
- Przemyśl Fortress
- World War I cemeteries (Cmentarz Wojskowy)
- Civil Defense Shelter – Schron Kierowania Obroną Cywilną[32]
- Railway bridge designed by Gustave Eiffel[33]
-
Cathedral of Przemyśl
-
Renaissance houses on the Old Town Market Square
-
The northern wing of the Przemyśl Castle
-
Greek Catholic Cathedral of St. John the Baptist, former Jesuit church
-
Franciscan Church of Saint Mary Magdalene
-
Salesian church
-
National Museum in Przemyśl
-
Fort W XII „Werner” (today museum) near Przemyśl
-
Tatar mound
-
Railway bridge
Education
- Wyższa Szkoła Administracji i Zarządzania
- Wydział zamiejscowy w Rzeszowie
- Wyższa Szkoła Gospodarcza
- Wyższa Szkoła Informatyki i Zarządzania
- Nauczycielskie Kolegium Języków Obcych
- Nauczycielskie Kolegium Języka Polskiego
Sport
- Czuwaj Przemyśl – football club
- AZS Czuwaj Przemyśl– handball club
- Polonia Przemyśl – football club
Politics
Krosno/Przemyśl constituency (2023 elections)
Members of Sejm elected from Krosno/Przemyśl constituency
Law and Justice
- Marek Kuchciński
- Anna Schmidt
- Piotr Uruski (SP)
- Piotr Babinetz
- Teresa Pamuła
- Tadeusz Chrzan
- SP)
Civic Coalition
- Joanna Frydrych (PO)
- Marek Rząsa (PO)
Third Way
- Bartosz Romowicz (PL2050)
Confederation
- Andrzej Zapałowski
Twin towns
Przemyśl is
- Chivasso, Italy
- Eger, Hungary
- Kamianets-Podilskyi, Ukraine
- Lviv, Ukraine
- Paderborn, Germany
- South Kesteven, United Kingdom
- Truskavets, Ukraine
Notable people
- Jerzy Bartmiński (1939–2022), Polish linguist and ethnologist, lecturer at the UMCS
- Avraham Ben-Yitzhak (1883–1950), Israeli poet
- Ben Bernanke (born 1953), American economist
- Svetozar Boroević (1856–1920), Austro-Hungarian Army Marshal
- Jan Borukowski, Bishop of Przemyśl (1524–1584)
- Helene Deutsch, née Rosenbach (1884–1982), Polish-American psychoanalyst
- Karl Duldig (1902–1986), Austrian-Australian sculptor
- Sejm Marshal
- Mark Gertler (1891–1939), British painter
- Leonid Gobyato (1875–1915), Russian military designer
- Stefan Grabiński (1887–1936), Polish writer
- Giulietta Guicciardi(1782–1856), Austrian countess
- Joshua Höschel ben Joseph (1578–1648), Polish rabbi
- Wojciech Inglot (1955–2013), Polish entrepreneur, founder of Inglot Cosmetics Company
- Hermann Kusmanek von Burgneustädten (1860–1934), Colonel-General of the Austrian Imperial Army
- Czesław Marek (1891–1985) Polish composer, pianist, and piano teacher
- Lidia Morawska (born 1952), physicist
- Yaroslav Osmomysl (c. 1135–1187), Prince of Halych
- Rena Pfiffer-Lax (1893-1943) opera singer
- Jerzy Podbrożny (born 1966), Polish footballer
- Righteous Among the Nations
- Jan Nepomucen Potocki (1867–1943), Polish nobleman
- Teodor Andrzej Potocki (1664–1738), Polish nobleman, Primate of Poland
- Hieronim Florian Radziwiłł (1715–1760), Polish–Lithuanian nobleman
- Jaroslav Rudnyckyj (1910–1995), Ukrainian-Canadian linguist
- Pawel Sek(born 1977), Polish music producer and composer
- Ryszard Siwiec (1909–1968), Polish accountant and former Home Army resistance member
- Renia Spiegel (1924–1942), Polish-born Jewish diarist
- Zeev Sternhell (1935–2020), Polish-born Israeli historian, political scientist and commentator
- Andrzej Trzebicki (1607–1679), Polish nobleman, bishop of Kraków
- Anatole Vakhnianyn (1841–1908), Ukrainian political and cultural figure, composer, teacher and journalist
- Jan Wężyk (1575–1638), Polish nobleman, Primate of Poland
- Andrzej Tomasz Zapałowski (born 1966), Polish politician and a former Member of the European Parliament (MEP)
- Władysław Dominik Zasławski (c. 1616–1656), Polish nobleman of Ruthenian origin
- Brody singer
- Samuel Zborowski (?–1584), Polish military commander
- Zyndram of Maszkowice (c. 1355–c. 1414), Polish knight
See also
- Nazisin 1941
- Przemyślanin
References
- ^ a b "Local Data Bank". Statistics Poland. Retrieved 18 August 2022. Data for territorial unit 1862000.
- ^ a b Rozporządzenie Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 10 grudnia 2018 r. w sprawie uznania za pomnik historii "Przemyśl - zespół staromiejski", Dz. U. z 2018 r. poz. 2419
- ^ Przemysław Wiszewski. Domus Bolezlai: Values and Social Identity in Dynastic Traditions of Medieval Poland (c. 966–1138). BRILL. 2010. p. 445.
- ^ "Przemyśl". StayPoland.com. Retrieved 18 June 2022.
Przemysl is considered to be one of the oldest settlements in Poland, and the second oldest in southern Poland. Its history dates back to the 8th century when, according to legend, the city was founded by a hunter after bagging a huge bear (thus the bear in the emblem of the city).
- ISBN 978-3806215496.
But before long, in 981, the western reaches of Little Poland occupied by the Lendzi (with their principal strongholds at Przemysl and Czerwien) were conquered by Kievan prince Vladimir the Great.
- ISBN 978-0-472-11498-6.
- ^ Buko, Andrzej (2002). "From Great Poland to the Little Poland: the ruling Piast dynasty and the processes of creating the regions". In Helmig, G.; Scholkmann, B.; Untermann, M. (eds.). Centre-Region-Periphery, Vol. 1. Hertingen: Wesselkamp. p. 471.
- ^ Under 981, the Primary Chronicle reports on Volodymyr's campaign against the Poles, which resulted in the capture of "their towns" Peremyshl and Cherven. As the chronicler notes, they remained under Rus' control until his own time. In: S. Plokhy. "The origins of the Slavic nations: premodern identities in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus". Cambridge University Press, 2006. p. 57.
- ^ A. Buko. "The archaeology of early medieval Poland". Brill. 2008. pp. 307–308
- ^ Przemysław Wiszewski. Domus Bolezlai: Values and Social Identity in Dynastic Traditions of Medieval Poland (c. 966–1138). BRILL. 2010. p. 445.
- ^ a b c d e f Stanislaw Stepien. (2005). Borderland City: Przemyśl and the Ruthenian National Awakening in Galicia. In Paul Robert Magocsi (Ed.). Galicia: A Multicultured Land. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 52–67
- ^ J. Motylkiewicz. "Ethnic Communities in the Towns of the Polish-Ukrainian Borderland in the Sixteenth, Seventeenth, and Eighteenth Centuries". C. M. Hann, P. R. Magocsi ed. Galicia: A Multicultured Land. University of Toronto Press. 2005. p. 37.
- ^ Juraj Buzalka. Nation and Religion: The Politics of Commemorations in South-East Poland. LIT Verlag Münster. 2008. p. 34
- ^ a b Tom Idzikowski. "The History of the Construction of the Fortress of Przemyśl". Engagements and Battles. Austro-Hungarian-army.co.uk. Archived from the original on July 6, 2012. Retrieved May 23, 2012.
- ^ Wardzyńska, Maria (2009). Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion (in Polish). Warszawa: IPN. pp. 58–59.
- ^ a b Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team, Przemysl, http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/ghettos/przemysl.html
- ^ Wardzyńska, p. 238
- ^ Wardzyńska, p. 59
- ^ a b Wardzyńska, p. 258
- ISBN 1-57181-882-0.
- ^ Voytovych, L. Drohobych Oblast. "Lviv Gazette". 18 July 2013
- ^ Koval, M. Unknown Ukraine: 20th century history of fortifications. Myths and reality.
- ^ Encyclopedia of the Ghettos (2016). "סמבּוֹר (Sambor) המכון הבין-לאומי לחקר השואה – יד ושם". The International Institute for Holocaust Research.
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: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ Virtual Shtetl (2016). "Jewish history of Przemyśl. The Holocaust". POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews. Archived from the original on 2016-09-14.
- )
- ^ Rejestr faktów represji na obywatelach polskich za pomoc ludności żydowskiej w okresie II wojny światowej (in Polish). Warszawa: IPN. 2014. p. 388.
- ^ Rejestr faktów represji na obywatelach polskich za pomoc ludności żydowskiej w okresie II wojny światowej, p. 396
- ^ "Zelensky submits bill to grant Poles special legal status in Ukraine". Notes from Poland. 12 July 2022. Retrieved 12 July 2022.
- ^ "Przemyśl climate: Average Temperature, weather by month, Przemyśl weather averages - Climate-Data.org". en.climate-data.org. Retrieved 2019-07-19.
- ^ "Średnie i sumy miesięczne" (in Polish). Meteomodel.pl. 6 April 2018. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
- ^ "Przemyśl (12695) – WMO Weather Station". NOAA. Retrieved July 19, 2019.
- ^ "Schron Kierowania Obroną Cywilną – Visit Przemyśl". visit.przemysl.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2017-07-26.
- ^ "Most kolejowy Eiffela w Przemyślu zostaje! Kolejarze nie będą go wyburzać". 10 March 2020.
External links
- (in Polish) Municipal website
- (in Polish) Powiat of Przemyśl (Przemyśl County)
- (in Polish) Przemyśl 24/7
- (in Polish) Photo-blog about Przemyśl
- Przemyśl on old postcards
- Przemyśl Photo Gallery
- The Jewish Przemyśl Blog, its Sons and Daughters
- Przemyśl at KehilaLinks
- Przemyśl, Poland at JewishGen