Psilocybe semilanceata
Psilocybe semilanceata | |
---|---|
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Fungi |
Division: | Basidiomycota |
Class: | Agaricomycetes |
Order: | Agaricales |
Family: | Hymenogastraceae |
Genus: | Psilocybe |
Species: | P. semilanceata
|
Binomial name | |
Psilocybe semilanceata (
P.Kumm. (1871) | |
Synonyms[1][2] | |
Psilocybe semilanceata | |
---|---|
Gills on hymenium | |
Cap is conical or umbonate | |
Hymenium is adnate or adnexed | |
Stipe is bare | |
Spore print is brown to purple | |
Ecology is saprotrophic | |
Edibility is psychoactive |
Psilocybe semilanceata, commonly known as the liberty cap, is a species of fungus which produces the
The mushroom grows in
The possession or sale of psilocybin mushrooms is illegal in many countries.
Taxonomy and naming
The species was first described by
Several
The mushroom takes its
Description
- Pileus: The papilla (a nipple-shaped structure), and does not change shape considerably as it ages. The cap margin is initially rolled inward but unrolls to become straight or even curled upwards in maturity. The cap is hygrophanous, meaning it assumes different colors depending on its state of hydration. When it is moist, the cap is ochraceous to pale brown to dark chestnut brown, but darker in the center, often with a greenish-blue tinge. When moist, radial lines can be seen through the cap that correspond to the positions of the gills underneath. When the cap is dry, it becomes much paler, a light yellow-brown color.[2] Moist mushrooms have sticky surfaces that result from a thin gelatinous film called a pellicle.[23] This film becomes apparent if a piece of the cap is broken by bending it back and peeling away the piece. When the cap dries from exposure to the sun, the film turns whitish and is no longer peelable.[24]
- Gills: On the underside of the mushroom's cap, there are between 15 and 27 individual narrow gills that are moderately crowded together, and they have a narrowly adnexedto almost free attachment to the stipe. Their color is initially pale brown, but becomes dark gray to purple-brown with a lighter edge as the spores mature.
- Spore print: deep reddish purple-brown color
- Stipe: The slender yellowish-brown stipe is 4–15 cm (1.5–6 in) long by 1–3.5 mm thick,[22] and usually slightly thicker towards the base.[2]
- Veil: The mushroom has a thin cobweb-like partial veil that does not last long before disappearing; sometimes, the partial veil leaves an annular zone on the stipe that may be darkened by spores.[23] The flesh is thin and membrane-like, and roughly the same color as the surface tissue.
- Taste and odor: farinaceous
- Stain: All parts of the mushroom will stain a bluish color if handled or bruised, and it may naturally turn blue with age.[2]
Microscopic characteristics
In
Other forms
The
Scottish mycologist
Similar species
There are several other Psilocybe species that may be confused with P. semilanceata due to similarities in physical appearance.
P. semilanceata has also been confused with the toxic muscarine-containing species Inocybe geophylla,[30] a whitish mushroom with a silky cap, yellowish-brown to pale grayish gills, and a dull yellowish-brown spore print.[31] Other similar species include P. cubensis, P. cyanescens, and Deconica coprophila.[22]
Ecology and habitat
Psilocybe semilanceata fruits solitarily or in groups on rich
P. semilanceata, like all others species of the genus
Like some other grassland
Laboratory tests have shown P. semilanceata to suppress the growth of the soil-borne
Distribution
Psilocybe authority Gastón Guzmán, in his 1983 monograph on psilocybin mushrooms, considered Psilocybe semilanceata the world's most widespread psilocybin mushroom species, as it has been reported on 18 countries.[44] In Europe, P. semilanceata has a widespread distribution,[45] and is found in Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, the Channel Islands, Czech republic, Denmark, Estonia, the Faroe Islands, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey,[46] the United Kingdom and Ukraine.[47] It is generally agreed that the species is native to Europe; Watling has demonstrated that there exists little difference between specimens collected from Spain and Scotland, at both the morphological and genetic level.[27]
The mushroom also has a widespread distribution in North America. In Canada it has been collected from British Columbia, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Ontario and Quebec.
Psychoactive use
The first reliably documented report of Psilocybe semilanceata intoxication involved a British family in 1799, who prepared a meal with mushrooms they had picked in London's
In the early 1960s, the Swiss scientist
Properties
Several studies have quantified the amounts of hallucinogenic compounds found in the fruit bodies of Psilocybe semilanceata. In 1993, Gartz reported an average of 1% psilocybin (expressed as a percentage of the
Several reports have been published in the literature documenting the effects of consumption of P. semilanceata. Typical symptoms include visual distortions of color, depth and form, progressing to visual
Danger of misidentification
One danger of attempting to consume hallucinogenic or other wild mushrooms, especially for novice mushroom hunters, is the possibility of misidentification with
Legal status
The legal status of psilocybin mushrooms varies worldwide. Psilocybin and psilocin are listed as
Sweden
The Riksdag added Psilocybe semilanceata to Narcotic Drugs Punishments Act under Swedish schedule I ("substances, plant materials and fungi which normally do not have medical use") as of 1 October 1997, published by Medical Products Agency (MPA) in regulation LVFS 1997:12 listed as Psilocybe semilanceata (toppslätskivling).[83]
See also
References
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- ^ ISBN 978-90-5410-616-6.
- ^ Fries EM (1838). Epicrisis Systematis Mycologici: Seu Synopsis Hymenomycetum (in Latin). Uppsala, Sweden: Typographia Academica. p. 231.
- ^ Kummer P. (1871). Der Führer in die Pilzkunde (in German) (1st ed.). Zerbst, Germany: C. Luppe. p. 71.
- ^ Lange JE (1936). "Studies in the Agarics of Denmark, Part XI. Psathyra, Panaeolus, Psilocybe, Gomphidius, Phylloporus, Cantharellus, Schizophyllum". Dansk Botanisk Arkiv. 9 (1): 1–46.
- ^ Lange JE (1939). Flora Agaricina Danica. Vol. 4. Copenhagen, Denmark: Danish Botanical Society. p. 84.
- ^ "Psilocybe strictipes Singer & A.H. Sm. 1958". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 19 November 2010.
- ^ Saccardo PA (1887). Sylloge Hymenomycetum, Vol. I. Agaricineæ. Vol. 5. Padua, Italy. p. 1051.
- ^ Singer R. (1969). "Mycoflora australis". Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia. 29: 247.
- ^ Bon M. (1985). "Novitates – Validations de taxons". Documents Mycologiques (in French). 16 (61): 46.
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- ^ Redhead SA, Moncalvo J-M, Vilgalys R, Matheny PB, Guzmán-Dávalos L, Guzmán G (2005). "(1757) Proposal to conserve the name Psilocybe (Basidiomycota) with a conserved type" (PDF). Taxon. 56 (1): 255–57.
- doi:10.5248/110.487. Archived from the original(PDF) on 31 March 2012.
- ISBN 978-0-618-47905-4.
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- ^ PMID 1034879. Archived from the originalon 1 November 2018. Retrieved 6 January 2011.
- ^ "psilocybin, n.". The Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. April 2008. Retrieved 14 January 2011. (subscription required)
- ^ Cornelis S. (1826). Schrevelius' Greek Lexicon, Translated into English with Numerous Corrections. London, UK: Baldwin, Craddock, & Joy. p. 358.
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- ^ OCLC 797915861.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Stamets (1996), pp. 142–45.
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- ^ Stamets (1996), p. 140.
- ^ Bresinsky and Besl (1989), pp. 115–16.
- ISBN 978-0-88902-977-4.
- ^ Guzman (1983), p. 361.
- ^ a b Hofmann A, Heim R, Tscherter H (1963). "Phytochimie – présence de la psilocybine dans une espèce européenne d'agaric, le Psilocybe semilanceata Fr" [Phytochemistry – presence of psilocybin in a European agaric species, Psilocybe semilanceata Fr.]. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences (in French). 257 (1): 10–12.
- ^ a b Gartz (1997), p. 21.
- ^ a b Stamets (1996), p. 24.
- ^ a b Gartz (1997), p. 18.
- ^ Guzman (1983), p. 22.
- ^ Stamets (1996), p. 16.
- ^ a b Høiland K. (1978). "The genus Psilocybe in Norway". Norwegian Journal of Botany. 25 (2): 111–22.
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- ^ Guzman (1983), pp. 44–5.
- ^ "Magic Mushroom Map". www.magicmushroommap.com. Retrieved 5 October 2021.
- ^ "Psilocybe semilanceata (Fries) Kumber (Strophariaceae): Türkiye için yeni bir halüsinojen mantar". Bağbahçe Bilim Dergisi (in Turkish). 3 (1): 34–40. 2016.
- ^ a b c Guzmán G, Allen JW, Gartz J (1998). "A worldwide geographical distribution of the neurotropic fungi, an analysis and discussion" (PDF). Annali del Museo Civico di Rovereto. 14: 198–280. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 June 2010. Retrieved 12 January 2010.
- ^ Guzman (1983), pp.363–4.
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- ^ Barthakur B, Gogoi P, Barua PK (2000). "Agaricales of Nambar reserve forest, Golaghat, Assam, India". Advances in Plant Sciences. 13 (2): 609–13.
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- ^ Sowerby J. (1803). Coloured Figures of English Fungi or Mushrooms. Vol. 3. London: J. Davis. pp. 248–49.
- ^ Gartz (1997), p. 16.
- ^ Benedict RG, Tyler VE, Watling R (1967). "Blueing in Conocybe, Psilocybe and a Stropharia species and the detection of psilocybin". Lloydia. 30 (2): 149–157.
- doi:10.1016/s0007-1536(69)80066-5. Archived from the originalon 23 September 2015. Retrieved 20 November 2010.
- ^ Semerdžieva M, Nerud F (1973). "Hallucinogene Pilze in der Tschechoslowakei" [Hallucinogenic mushrooms in Czechoslovakia]. Česká Mykologie (in German). 27: 42–47.
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- Anastos N, Lewis SW, Barnett NW, Sims DN (2006). "The determination of psilocin and psilocybin in hallucinogenic mushrooms by HPLC utilizing a dual reagent acidic potassium permanganate and tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) chemiluminescence detection system". Journal of Forensic Sciences. 51 (1): 45–51. S2CID 42870602.
- Anastos N, Barnett NW, Lewis SW, Gathergood N, Scammells PJ, Sims DN (2005). "Determination of psilocin and psilocybin using flow injection analysis with acidic potassium permanganate and tris(2,2′-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) chemiluminescence detection respectively". Talanta. 67 (2): 354–59. PMID 18970175.
- Brenneisen R, Borner S (1988). "The occurrence of tryptamine derivatives in Psilocybe semilanceata". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C. 43 (7–8): 511–14. S2CID 32825019.
- Anastos N, Lewis SW, Barnett NW, Sims DN (2006). "The determination of psilocin and psilocybin in hallucinogenic mushrooms by HPLC utilizing a dual reagent acidic potassium permanganate and tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) chemiluminescence detection system". Journal of Forensic Sciences. 51 (1): 45–51.
- ^ Gartz J. (1994). "New aspects of the occurrence, chemistry and cultivation of European hallucinogenic mushrooms". Annali del Museo Civico di Rovereto. 8: 107–23.
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- ^ Honig, Esther (9 May 2019). "In Close Vote, Denver Becomes First U.S. City To Decriminalize Psychedelic Mushrooms". NPR.org. Retrieved 9 May 2019.
- ^ Naftulin, Julia. "Oregon has become the first state to legalize 'magic' mushrooms for therapeutic use. Here's what that means". Business Insider. Retrieved 5 October 2021.
- ^ Adlin, Ben (4 October 2021). "Seattle Becomes Largest U.S. City To Decriminalize Psychedelics". Marijuana Moment. Retrieved 5 October 2021.
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Cited texts
- Guzmán G. (1983). The genus Psilocybe: A Systematic Revision of the Known Species Including the History, Distribution and Chemistry of the Hallucinogenic Species. Nova Hedwigia Beihefte. Vol. 74. Berlin: J. Cramer. ISBN 978-3-7682-5474-8.
- Bresinsky A, Besl H (1989). A Colour Atlas of Poisonous Fungi: a Handbook for Pharmacists, Doctors, and Biologists. London, UK: Manson Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7234-1576-3.
- Stamets P. (1996). Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World: An Identification Guide. Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. ISBN 978-0-89815-839-7.
- Gartz J. (1997). Magic Mushrooms Around the World. Los Angeles, California: LIS Publications. ISBN 978-0-9653399-0-2.