Psiloi
In
In
The psiloi were the least prestigious military class deployed by the ancient world. A member of the psiloi was normally a man or boy from the lower ranks of his society, unable to afford the shield and armor of the hoplites, let alone the horse ridden by the socially elite cavalryman, the hippeus (ἱππεύς). Another term for a member of the psiloi was gymnetes, (γυμνῆτες) literally: "naked".[6] Light infantry might also be called euzonoi ("active", "light armored"; a name shared with modern Evzones), though these might be any troops lightly armed, such as hoplitai deployed without their shields, who would not rank as psiloi.[7] The peltastai (bearers of light shields, targeteers) were an intermediate infantry class, better armored than the psiloi but more lightly equipped than the hoplitai - the heavy infantry armed to fight at close quarters in the phalanx.[8]
Ancient Greece
In ancient Greece, the psiloi belonged to the poorest citizen classes; sometimes even unfree conscripts would be employed, such as the Peloponnesian helots.[citation needed] They were armed with a variety of missile weapons and might have a dagger or short sword.
The psiloi fought as skirmishers. Their task was to harass the enemy phalanx before the clash, to try to provoke disorder and protect their own lines from enemy skirmishers. They would be sent to occupy imposing terrain around and within the battlefield, as well as to disrupt the enemy in any way during his march, deployment or encampment. Just before the charge of the line, the psiloi would be recalled through the phalanx and deployed behind it or on its wings. They would avoid close combat with more heavily armed opponents unless they had the advantage of especially favorable terrain.
Psiloi could be used tactically, to constantly harass an enemy, unable to engage them. A famous engagement of psiloi against hoplitai was in the
Roman Empire
Grosphomachoi is the Greek term used by
Greek language military treatises of Late Antique and later Byzantine periods of the Roman Empire call all light troops psiloi, regardless of their defensive equipment. They were used as skirmishers, but they were often deployed in regular lines behind or among the heavy infantry ranks, usually equipped with bows.
Notes
- Perseus Project.
- ^ sphendonetai in Liddell and Scott
- ^ akontistai in Liddell and Scott.
- ^ lithoboloi in Liddell and Scott.
- ^ Thucydides, 6.69
- ^ gymnetes in Liddell and Scott.
- ^ euzonoi in Liddell and Scott.
- ^ peltastai in Liddell and Scott.
- ^ Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 4.32.4–4.36.3.
- ^ grosphomachoi, grosphos in Liddell and Scott
- ^ Polybius, I.33.9, VI.21.7, VI.22.4.