Pskov Republic
Pskov Republic Псковская республика | |||||||||
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1348–1510 | |||||||||
G/D Moscow | 1399 | ||||||||
1510 | |||||||||
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Today part of | Estonia Russia |
The Pskov Republic (Russian: Псковская республика, romanized: Pskovskaya respublika) was a medieval state in northern Russia. Originally a principality and then a part of the Novgorod Republic, Pskov became an independent republic in 1348. Its territory was roughly equivalent to modern-day Pskov Oblast. Its capital city was Pskov.
History
Origins
As a principality, Pleskov (old name of Pskov) was ruled by separate princes, but often it was ruled directly from Novgorod until the mid-13th century when the city began accepting as rulers princes exiled from their possessions. Each exiled prince that went to Pleskov could be proclaimed prince there (if the principal throne wasn't already occupied by another prince). In any case, he could at least get an honorary reception and live there without fear for his life.
After the disintegration of
Relationship with Lithuania and Moscow
For the most of 14th century, and especially after separating from Novgorod, Pskov was in the sphere of influence of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. This changed after Grand Duke Vytautas of Lithuania signed the Treaty of Salynas with the Livonian Order, promising to help the Order with conquering Pskov in exchange for the Order's support elsewhere. Prince Ivan Andreyevich left the city and Pskov sent emissaries to Grand Duke Vasily I of Moscow asking for one of his vassal rulers to be the new prince of Pskov. It remained dependent on Moscow until the end of the Pskov Republic in 1510, helping Moscow in its conflicts with Lithuania and Novgorod.[1]
Final years
In 1501, the armies of Pskov and Moscow were defeated in the Battle of the Siritsa River by the Livonian Order, but the city withstood a subsequent siege.
In 1510, the Grand Prince of Moscow
Internal organization
The government of the Pskov Republic consisted of the veche (popular assembly), posadnichestvo (mayoralty) and the prince (directly or through a viceroy). Mayors (posadniki) from all parts of the city, together with one or more Lord Mayors and former mayors formed the Council of Lords (sovet gospod, boyarskiy sovet) which was the main executive organ of the state. The offices of mayors (posadniki) became a privilege of several noble (boyar) families.[5]
The veche had legislative powers, it could appoint military commanders and hear ambassadors' reports. It also approved expenses such as grants to princes and payments to builders of walls, towers and bridges. Conflicts were common and the confrontation between the veche and the posadniks in 1483–1484 led to the execution of one posadnik and to the confiscation of property of three other posadniks who fled to Moscow. Pskov was divided into several parts, called ends (kontsy). There were four ends in the 14th century, as the city was growing and a new wall was constructed in 1465 the new ends were created. Each end had its central church which housed the archive, treasury and refectory where holiday feasts were held. The ends played a prominent role in the government: often delegations sent by Pskov had representatives from all the ends and each end administered a part of the territory of the republic outside of the capital city.[12]
Pskov remained dependent on Novgorod in
Trade and economy
Pskov, along with
Culture
Pskov churches feature many distinctive elements:
The downfall of Pskov is recounted in the Story of the Taking of Pskov (1510), which was lauded by D. S. Mirsky as "one of the most beautiful short stories of Old Russia. The history of the Muscovites' leisurely perseverance is told with admirable simplicity and art. An atmosphere of descending gloom pervades the whole narrative: all is useless, and whatever the Pskovites can do, the Muscovite cat will take its time and eat the mouse when and how it pleases".[17]
List of princes
- 1342–1349 Andrei of Polotsk (Gedeminids)
- 1349–1360 Eustaphy Feodorovich (Prince of Izborsk)
- 1360–1369 Alexander of Polotsk
- 1375–1377 Matvei
- 1377–1399 Andrei of Polotsk
- 1386–1394 Ivan Andreyevich
- 1399–1510 viceroys of the Grand Duchy of Moscow
References
- ISBN 5945421073.
- ^ Масленникова, Н. Н. (1978). Псковская земля // Аграрная история Северо-Запада России XVI века. Leningrad: Nauka.
- ^ Kafengauz, Berngardt (1969). Древний Псков. Очерки по истории феодальной республики (in Russian). Nauka. p. 133.
- ISBN 5945421073.
- ^ Kafengauz, Berngardt (1969). Древний Псков. Очерки по истории феодальной республики (in Russian). Nauka. pp. 46, 51, 52.
- ^ Kafengauz, Berngardt (1969). Древний Псков. Очерки по истории феодальной республики (in Russian). Nauka. pp. 98–105.
- ^ Kafengauz, Berngardt (1969). Древний Псков. Очерки по истории феодальной республики (in Russian). Nauka. p. 111.
- ^ Kafengauz, Berngardt (1969). Древний Псков. Очерки по истории феодальной республики (in Russian). Nauka. pp. 85–90, 110.
- ^ Kafengauz, Berngardt (1969). Древний Псков. Очерки по истории феодальной республики (in Russian). Nauka. p. 74.
- ^ Lawrence Langer, "The Posadnichestvo of Pskov: Some Aspects of Urban Administration in Medieval Russia.” Slavic Review 43, no. 1 (1984): 46–62.
- ISBN 5945421073.
- ISBN 5945421073.
- ISBN 9780415190732.
- ^ a b Аракчеев владимир Анатольевич, Псков и Ганза в эпоху средневековья, ООО "Дизайн экспресс", 2012 (in Russian)
- ISBN 5945421073.
- ^ Централизованная библиотечная система города Пскова, Литература Древнего Пскова (in Russian)
- ISBN 0-8101-1679-0. Page 23.
Sources
- Масленникова Н. Н. Присоединения Пскова к Русскому централизованному государству. Leningrad, 1955.
Further reading
- The Chronicles of Pskov, vol. 1–2. Moscow–Leningrad, 1941–55.
- Валеров А. В. Новгород и Псков: Очерки политической истории Северо-Западной Руси XI—XIV вв. Moscow: Aleteia, 2004. ISBN 5-89329-668-0.