Psocodea
Psocodea Temporal range: Late Jurassic – Recent
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An unidentified bark louse in the family Stenopsocidae | |
Human body louse | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Arthropoda |
Class: | Insecta |
(unranked): | Paraneoptera |
Order: | Psocodea Hennig, 1966 |
Suborders[1] | |
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Psocodea is a
The species known as booklice received their common name because they are commonly found amongst old books—they feed upon the paste used in binding. The barklice are found on trees, feeding on algae and lichen.
Anatomy and biology
Psocids are small, scavenging insects with a relatively generalized body plan. They feed primarily on fungi, algae, lichen, and organic detritus in nature but are also known to feed on starch-based household items like grains, wallpaper glue and book bindings.
Some psocids have small ovipositors that are up to 1.5 times as long as the hindwings, and all four wings have a relatively simple
There is often considerable variation in the appearance of individuals within the same species. Many have no wings or ovipositors, and may have a different shape to the thorax. Other, more subtle, variations are also known, such as changes to the development of the
Psocids lay their eggs in minute crevices or on foliage, although a few species are known to be
Booklice range from approximately 1 mm to 2 mm in length (1/25″ to 1/13″). Some species are wingless and they are easily mistaken for
Psocids can affect the ecosystems in which they reside. Many psocids can affect decomposition by feeding on detritus, especially in environments with lower densities of predacious micro arthropods that may eat psocids.[14] The nymph of a psocid species, Psilopsocus mimulus, is the first known wood-boring psocopteran. These nymphs make their own burrows in woody material, rather than inhabiting vacated, existing burrows. This boring activity can create habitats that other organisms may use.[15]
Interaction with humans
Some species of psocids, such as Liposcelis bostrychophila, are common pests of stored products.[16] Psocids, among other arthropods, have been studied to develop new pest control techniques in food manufacturing. One study found that modified atmospheres during packing (MAP) helped to control the reoccurrence of pests during the manufacturing process and prevented further infestation in the final products that go to consumers.[17]
External phylogeny
Psocodea has been recovered as a
Here is a simple cladogram showing the traditional relationships with a monophyletic Paraneoptera:[6]
Neoptera |
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Here is an alternative cladogram showing Paraneoptera as paraphyletic, with Psocodea as
Neoptera |
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Paraneoptera | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Internal phylogeny
Here is a cladogram showing the relationships within Psocodea:[3]
Psocodea |
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Classification
The order Psocodea (formerly 'Psocoptera') is divided into three
Suborder Trogiomorpha
Trogiomorpha have antennae with many segments (22–50 antennomeres) and always three-segmented tarsi.[18]
Trogiomorpha is the smallest suborder of the Psocoptera sensu stricto (i.e., excluding
Suborder Troctomorpha
Troctomorpha have antennae with 15–17 segments and two-segmented tarsi.
Troctomorpha comprises the Infraorder Amphientometae (families
Some Troctomorpha, such as Liposcelis (which are similar to lice in morphology), are often found in birds' nests, and it is possible that a similar behavior in the ancestors of lice is at the origin of the parasitism seen today.[18]
Suborder Psocomorpha
Psocomorpha are notable for having antennae with 13 segments. They have two- or three-segmented tarsi, this condition being constant (e.g., Psocidae) or variable (e.g., Pseudocaeciliidae) within families. Their wing venation is variable, the most common type being that found in the genus Caecilius (rounded, free areola postica, thickened, free pterostigma, r+s two-branched, m three-branched). Additional veins are found in some families and genera (Dicropsocus and Goja in Epipsocidae, many Calopsocidae, etc.)
Psocomorpha is the largest suborder of the Psocoptera sensu stricto (i.e., excluding
References
- ^ a b c Johnson, Kevin P.; Smith, Vincent S. (2021). "Psocodea species file online, Version 5.0". Retrieved 2021-11-01.
- ^ ISBN 9781444317671.
- ^ a b
De Moya, Robert S.; Yoshizawa, Kazunori; Walden, Kimberly K. O.; Sweet, Andrew D.; et al. (2021). "Phylogenomics of Parasitic and Nonparasitic Lice (Insecta: Psocodea): Combining Sequence Data and Exploring Compositional Bias Solutions in Next Generation Data Sets". Systematic Biology. 70 (4): 719–738. PMID 32979270.
- ^ "Psocodea". GBIF. Retrieved 2021-11-01.
- S2CID 86331606.
- ^ PMID 30478043.
- ISBN 978-1-55297-612-8.
- ISBN 9780521821490.
- .
- ^ a b Gullan & Granston (2005). The Insects: An Outline of Entomology 3rd Edition. pp. 499–505.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-19-510033-4.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - ^ "Psocoptera - Barklice, Booklice, Psocids -- Discover Life". www.discoverlife.org.
- ^ "Stored Product Pests: Booklice (Psocids) FAC". US Army Public Health Command fact sheet.
- ISBN 0-85199-394-X.
- .
- .
- .
- ^ a b c C. Lienhard & C. N. Smithers (2002). "Psocoptera (Insecta): World Catalogue and Bibliography". Instrumenta Biodiversitatis. 5.
External links
- National Barkfly Recording Scheme
- Psoco Net
- Tree of Life: Psocodea
- Archipsocus nomas, a webbing barklouse on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site