Mental distress

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Psychological distress
)

Mental distress or psychological distress encompasses the symptoms and experiences of a person's internal life that are commonly held to be troubling, confusing or out of the ordinary. Mental distress can potentially lead to a change of behavior, affect a person's emotions in a negative way, and affect their relationships with the people around them.[1]

Certain traumatic life experiences (such as

which?]) can induce mental distress. Those who are members of vulnerable populations might experience discrimination that places them at increased risk for experiencing mental distress as well. This may be something which resolves without further medical intervention, though people who endure such symptoms longer term are more likely to be diagnosed with mental illness. This definition is not without controversy as some mental health practitioners would use the terms "mental distress" and "mental disorder" interchangeably.[2] Some users of mental health services prefer the term "mental distress" in describing their experience as they feel it better captures that sense of the unique and personal nature of their experience, while also making it easier to relate to, since everyone experiences distress at different times. The term also fits better with the social model of disability
.

Differences from mental disorder

Some psychiatrists may use these two terms "mental distress" and "

mental illness", which refers to a specific set of medically defined conditions. A person in mental distress may exhibit some of the broader symptoms described in psychiatry, without actually being ‘ill’ in a medical sense.[3]
People with mental distress may also exhibit temporary symptoms on a daily basis, while patients diagnosed with mental disorder may potentially have to be treated by a psychiatrist.

Types

The following are types of major mental distress:[4]

Symptoms and causes

The symptoms for mental distress include a wide range of physical to mental conditions.

fatigue. Mental conditions may include difficulty in anger management, compulsive/obsessive behavior, a significant change in social behavior, a diminished sexual desire, and mood swings
.

Minor mental distress cases are caused by stress in daily problems, such as forgetting your car keys or being late for an event. However, the major types of mental distress (see section above) can be caused by other important factors. It is important to distinguish between Chemical imbalances in the brain is one of the causes that happen when there is a disequilibrium of chemicals inside the brain's neural pathways, that can lead to irrational decisions and emotional pain.[7] For example, when your brain lacks serotonin, a chemical primary in regulating a brain's functioning, this deficiency of serotonin can lead to depression, appetite changes, aggression, and anxiety. A second cause for mental distress can be exposure to severely distressing experiences, such as life-threatening situations and experiences. A third cause, although in very rare cases, can be inheritance. Some research has shown that very few people may have the genetics for the potential to develop mental distress. However, there are many factors that must be accounted for. Mental distress is not a contagious disease that can be caught like the common cold. Mental distress is a psychological condition.[4]

In the United States

African-Americans

The social disparities associated with mental health in the Black community have remained constant over time. According to the Office of Minority Health, African Americans are 30% more likely than European Americans to report serious psychological distress. Moreover, Black people are more likely to have

Major Depressive Disorder, and communicate higher instances of intense symptoms/disability.[8] For this reason, researchers have attempted to examine the sociological causes and systemic inequalities which contribute to these disparities in order to highlight issues for further investigation.[8][9][10][11][full citation needed][12][full citation needed] Nonetheless, much of the research on the mental well-being of Black people are unable to separate race, culture, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, or behavioural and biological factors.[10] According to Hunter and Schmidt (2010), there are three distinct beliefs embraced by Black people which speak to their socio-cultural experience in the United States: racism, stigma associated with mental illness, and the importance of physical health.[9] African Americans are less likely to report depression due to heavy social stigma within their community and culture.[13] All of these social aspects of mental health can create a lot of distress. Therefore, discrimination within the healthcare community and larger society, attitudes related to mental health, and general physical health contribute largely to the mental well-being of Black people.[9]

There are also disparities with mental health when it comes to Black women. One of the reasons why Black women tend to hesitate when it comes to mental health support and treatment is the aura of the Strong Black Woman schema or S.B.W. According to Watson and Hunter, Various scholars have traced the origins of the S.B.W. race-gender schema to slavery and have suggested that the schema persists because of the struggles that African-American women continue to experience, such as financial hardship, racism, and sexism.[14] Watson and Hunter state that due to the Strong Black Woman schema, Black women have a tendency to handle tough and difficult situations alone.

African-American youth

Comparable to their adult counterparts, Black adolescents experience mental health disparities. The primary reasons for this have been stipulated to be discrimination, inadequate treatment, and underutilization of mental health services, though Black youth have been shown to have higher self-esteem than their white counterparts.[15][16][17][18][full citation needed][19][full citation needed] Similarly, children of immigrants, or second-generation Americans, often encounter barriers to optimal mental well-being.[15][20][21][22][23][full citation needed][24][full citation needed] Discrimination and its effects on mental health are evident in adolescents’ ability to achieve in school and overall self-esteem.[15] Researchers are unable to pinpoint exact causes for Black teenagers’ underutilization of mental health services. One study attributed this to using alternative methods of support instead of formal treatments.[16] Moreover, Black youth used other means of support, such as peers and spiritual leaders.[16] This demonstrates that Black teens are uncomfortable disclosing personal matters to formal supports. It is difficult to decipher if this is cultural or a youth-related issue, as most teens do not choose to access formal supports for their mental health needs.[25][full citation needed]

Common stigma among immigrants

"Mental health stigma, particularly personal stigma, is important because those who hold stigma beliefs are less willing to obtain the needed treatment (1-9). Often due to stigma, individuals will avoid treatment until the disorder is nearly incapacitating. This avoidance is particularly pronounced in members of ethnic minority groups because they are less likely to seek mental health treatment than those of European Americans [e.g., Ref. (4, 10–12)].[26] Expressly, Immigrants who hold personal stigma against mental illness are less likely to seek treatment. Its often that immigrants feel stigmatized because they're already undocumented which makes them feel embarrassed, causing them to refrain from treatment.[26]

Demographic and societal factors

There has been a history of disparity and exclusion in regards to the treatment of Black Americans which consists of slavery, imprisonment in the criminal justice system, the inability to vote, marry, attend school, or own property amongst other factors. These factors have attributed to the increase of mental distress in the Black community and due to the lack of resources afforded/known in the community also leads to a lack of resources and treatments available for members of the community to seek and receive some for of help.[27]

LGBTQ+ Community

Those who identify as part of the LGBTQ+ community have a higher risk of experiencing mental distress, most likely as a result of continued discrimination and victimization. Members of this population are often confronted with derogatory and hateful comments (physically and/or through social media). This discrimination has the potential of affecting their feelings of self-worth and confidence, leading to anxiety, depression, and even suicidality. It is for this reason that members of the LGBTQ+ community may experience higher rates of mental distress than their cisgender and heterosexual counterparts. Along with the increased risk of experiencing mental distress, members of this community may refrain from seeking mental health care due to past discrimination by medical professionals. In addition to the lack of knowledge and research with this population, this group is marginalized due to the lack of funding as most of the funds go to campaigns for the younger LGBTQ+ population.[28]

A study published in 2021 found that "LGBTQ+ students experienced more bullying and psychological distress".[29]

References

  1. ISBN 978-0-309-16792-5
    .
  2. PMID 11187100
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  3. ^ "Mental Distress Changes". Changes.org.uk. Retrieved 2010-06-01.
  4. ^ a b "Mental Distress Information, Symptoms" (PDF). EthnoMed. Harborview Medical Center, Health Sciences Library, University of Washington. August 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-06-11. Retrieved 2020-08-24.
  5. ^ Long PW (2019). "Bipolar I Disorder". Internet Mental Health. Archived from the original on 1 March 2020.
  6. ^ Bouchez C (1 January 2006). Chang L (ed.). "Emotional Distress Signs". WebMD.
  7. ^ "Social Anxiety, Chemical Imbalances, and Neural Pathways in the Brain". Social Anxiety Institute.
  8. ^
    PMID 19797373
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  9. ^
    PMID 20192561
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  10. ^
    PMID 19209983
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  11. ^ Gonzalez et al., 2008
  12. ^ Levin, 2008
  13. ^ Borchard T (15 August 2011). "Black And Depressed: Overcoming The Stigma". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 2016-03-01.
  14. PMID 25602466
    .
  15. ^
    PMID 18793063
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  16. ^
    PMID 17397277
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  17. S2CID 4669688
    .
  18. ^ Wu et al., 2010
  19. ^ Hughes, 1989
  20. S2CID 143473035
    .
  21. doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2015.08.003
    .
  22. doi:10.1037/a0019021
    .
  23. ^ Thomas et al., 2009
  24. ^ Nicolas et al., 2009
  25. ^ Silverman et al., 2001
  26. ^
    PMID 29536000
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  27. ^ "Black & African American Communities and Mental Health". Mental Health America. Retrieved 19 February 2019.
  28. PMID 28366982
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  29. doi:10.1111/asap.12258
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Further reading

External links
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