Pterodactylus

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Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For other uses, see Pterodactyl (disambiguation).
Pterodactyl is also an informal name for members of the order Pterosauria.

Pterodactylus
Temporal range: Early
Ma
↓
Sub-adult
type specimen
of P. antiquus, Bavarian State Collection for Palaeontology and Geology
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Order: †Pterosauria
Suborder: †Pterodactyloidea
Clade: †Euctenochasmatia
Genus: †Pterodactylus
Cuvier, 1809
Type species
†Ornithocephalus antiquus
Species
  • †P. antiquus
    (Sömmerring, 1812)
  • †P. kochi?
    (Wagner, 1837)
  • †
    Meyer
    , 1860)
Synonyms
Genus synonymy
Species synonymy
  • Ornithocephalus antiquus
    Sömmering, 1812
  • Pterodactylus longirostris
    Cuvier, 1819
  • Ornithocephalus longirostris
    (Cuvier, 1819)
  • Macrotrachelus longirostris
    (Cuvier, 1819)
  • Pterodactylus crocodilocephaloides
    Ritgen, 1826
  • Ornithocephalus kochi?
    Wagner, 1837
  • Diopecephalus kochi?
    (Wagner, 1837)
  • Pterodactylus spectabilis
    Meyer, 1861
  • Pterodactylus westmani
    Wiman, 1925
  • Pterodactylus cormoranus
    Döderlein, 1929
  • Aerodactylus scolopaciceps
    (Meyer, 1860)

Pterodactylus (from

Ancient Greek πτεροδάκτυλος (pterodáktylos) 'winged finger'[2]) is a genus of extinct pterosaurs. It is thought to contain only a single species, Pterodactylus antiquus, which was the first pterosaur to be named and identified as a flying reptile
and one of the first prehistoric reptiles to ever be discovered.

Solnhofen limestone of Bavaria, Germany, which dates from the Late Jurassic period (Tithonian stage), about 150.8 to 148.5 million years ago. More fragmentary remains of Pterodactylus have tentatively been identified from elsewhere in Europe and in Africa.[3]

Pterodactylus was a generalist carnivore that probably fed on a variety of invertebrates and vertebrates. Like all pterosaurs, Pterodactylus had wings formed by a skin and muscle membrane stretching from its elongated fourth finger to its hind limbs. It was supported internally by collagen fibres and externally by keratinous ridges. Pterodactylus was a small pterosaur compared to other famous genera such as Pteranodon and Quetzalcoatlus, and it also lived earlier, during the Late Jurassic period, while both Pteranodon and Quetzalcoatlus lived during the Late Cretaceous. Pterodactylus lived alongside other small pterosaurs such as the well-known Rhamphorhynchus, as well as other genera such as Scaphognathus, Anurognathus and Ctenochasma. Pterodactylus is classified as an early-branching member of the ctenochasmatid lineage, within the pterosaur clade Pterodactyloidea.[4][5]

Discovery and history

Original copper engraving of the P. antiquus holotype by Egid Verhelst II and published by Italian scientist Cosimo Alessandro Collini, 1784

The

type specimen of the animal now known as Pterodactylus antiquus was the first pterosaur fossil ever to be identified. The first Pterodactylus specimen was described by the Italian scientist Cosimo Alessandro Collini in 1784, based on a fossil skeleton that had been unearthed from the Solnhofen limestone of Bavaria. Collini was the curator of the Naturalienkabinett, or nature cabinet of curiosities (a precursor to the modern concept of the natural history museum), in the palace of Charles Theodore, Elector of Bavaria at Mannheim.[6][7] The specimen had been given to the collection by Count Friedrich Ferdinand zu Pappenheim around 1780, having been recovered from a lithographic limestone quarry in Eichstätt.[8] The actual date of the specimen's discovery and entry into the collection is unknown however, and it was not mentioned in a catalogue of the collection taken in 1767, so it must have been acquired at some point between that date and its 1784 description by Collini. This makes it potentially the earliest documented pterosaur find; the "Pester Exemplar" of the genus Aurorazhdarcho was described in 1779 and possibly discovered earlier than the Mannheim specimen, but it was at first considered to be a fossilized crustacean, and it was not until 1856 that this species was properly described as a pterosaur by German paleontologist Hermann von Meyer.[6]

Wagler's 1830 restoration of an aquatic Pterodactylus

In his first description of the Mannheim specimen, Collini did not conclude that it was a flying animal. In fact, Collini could not fathom what kind of animal it might have been, rejecting affinities with the birds or the bats. He speculated that it may have been a sea creature, not for any anatomical reason, but because he thought the ocean depths were more likely to have housed unknown types of animals.

ichthyosaurs, and monotremes), in the class Gryphi, between birds and mammals.[11]

Hermann's original life restoration, the first of any pterosaur, 1800

The German/French scientist Johann Hermann was the one who first stated that Pterodactylus used its long fourth finger to support a wing membrane. Back in March 1800, Hermann alerted the prominent French scientist Georges Cuvier to the existence of Collini's fossil, believing that it had been captured by the invading forces of the French Consulate and sent to collections in Paris (and perhaps to Cuvier himself) as war booty; at the time special French political commissars systematically seized art treasures and objects of scientific interest. Hermann sent Cuvier a letter containing his own interpretation of the specimen (though he had not examined it personally), which he believed to be a mammal, including the first known life restoration of a pterosaur. Hermann restored the animal with wing membranes extending from the long fourth finger to the ankle and a covering of fur (neither wing membranes nor fur had been preserved in the specimen). Hermann also added a membrane between the neck and wrist, as is the condition in bats. Cuvier agreed with this interpretation, and at Hermann's suggestion, Cuvier became the first to publish these ideas in December 1800 in a very short description.[10] However, contrary to Hermann, Cuvier was convinced the animal was a reptile.[12] The specimen had not in fact been seized by the French. Rather, in 1802, following the death of Charles Theodore, it was brought to Munich, where Baron Johann Paul Carl von Moll had obtained a general exemption of confiscation for the Bavarian collections.[6] Cuvier asked von Moll to study the fossil but was informed it could not be found. In 1809 Cuvier published a somewhat longer description, in which he named the animal Petro-Dactyle,[13] this was a typographical error however, and was later corrected by him to Ptéro-Dactyle.[10] He also refuted a hypothesis by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach that it would have been a shore bird.[13] Cuvier remarked: "It is not possible to doubt that the long finger served to support a membrane that, by lengthening the anterior extremity of this animal, formed a good wing."[14]

Pterodactylus brevirostris

Contrary to von Moll's report, the fossil was not missing; it was being studied by

shoulder blades.[18] Sömmerring did not change his opinion that these forms were bats and this "bat model" for interpreting pterosaurs would remain influential long after a consensus had been reached around 1860 that they were reptiles. The standard assumptions were that pterosaurs were quadrupedal, clumsy on the ground, furred, warmblooded and had a wing membrane reaching the ankle. Some of these elements have been confirmed, some refuted by modern research, while others remain disputed.[19]

In 1815, the generic name Ptéro-Dactyle was latinized to Pterodactylus by

naturalist Richard Lydekker designated Pterodactylus antiquus as the type species of Pterodactylus, and considered Ornithocephalus antiquus a synonym. He also designated specimen BSP AS.I.739 as the holotype of the genus.[22]

Description

Size of the sub-adult holotype (blue) and adult (green) specimens in both flying and standing postures, compared with a human

Pterodactylus is known from over 30 fossil specimens, and though most belong to juveniles, many preserve complete skeletons.[17][23] Pterodactylus antiquus was a relatively small pterosaur, with an estimated adult wingspan of about 1.04 meters (3 ft 5 in), based on the only known adult specimen, which is represented by an isolated skull.[17] Other "species" were once thought to have been smaller.[22] However, these smaller specimens have been shown to represent juveniles of Pterodactylus, as well as its contemporary relatives including Ctenochasma, Germanodactylus, Aurorazhdarcho, Gnathosaurus, and hypothetically Aerodactylus if this genus is truly valid.[24]

The skulls of adult Pterodactylus were long and thin, with about 90 narrow and conical teeth. The teeth extended back from the tips of both jaws, and became smaller farther away from the jaw tips. This was unlike the ones seen in most relatives, where teeth were absent in the upper jaw tip and were relatively uniform in size. The teeth of Pterodactylus also extended farther back into the jaw compared to close relatives, and some were present below the front of the nasoantorbital fenestra, which is the largest opening in the skull.

ctenochasmatids.[25]

Life restoration of BMMS 7, the largest known Pterodactylus specimen. The shape of the soft tissue crest is based on the specimen BSP 1929 I 18

Pterodactylus, like related pterosaurs, had a crest on its skull composed mainly of soft tissues. In adult Pterodactylus, this crest extended between the back edge of the antorbital fenestra and the back of the skull. In at least one specimen, the crest had a short bony base, also seen in related pterosaurs like Germanodactylus. Solid crests have only been found on large, fully adult specimens of Pterodactylus, indicating that this was a display structure that became larger and more well developed as individuals reached maturity.[17][26] In 2013, pterosaur researcher S. Christopher Bennett noted that other authors claimed that the soft tissue crest of Pterodactylus extended backward behind the skull; Bennett himself, however, didn't find any evidence for the crest extending past the back of the skull.[17] Two specimens of P. antiquus (the holotype specimen BSP AS I 739 and the incomplete skull BMMS 7, the largest known skull of P. antiquus) have a low bony crest on their skulls; in BMMS 7 it is 47.5 mm long (1.87 inches, more or less 24% of the estimated total length of its skull) and has a maximum height of 0.9 mm (0.035 inches) above the orbit.[17] Several specimens previously referred to P. antiquus preserved evidence of the soft tissue extensions of these crests, including an "occipital lappet", a flexible, tab-like structure extending from the back of the skull. Most of these specimens have been reclassified in the related species Aerodactylus scolopaciceps, which may however be nothing more than a junior synonym. Even if Aerodactylus were valid, at least one specimen with these features is still considered to belong to Pterodactylus, BSP 1929 I 18, which has an occipital lappet similar to the proposed Aerodactylus definition, and also possesses a small triangular soft tissue crest with the peak of the crest positioned above the eyes.[17]

Paleobiology

Life history

Holotype specimen of the species P. spectabilis, now considered a juvenile specimen of P. antiquus

Like other pterosaurs (most notably

Rhamphorhynchus), Pterodactylus specimens can vary considerably based on age or level of maturity. Both the proportions of the limb bones, size and shape of the skull, and size and number of teeth changed as the animals grew. Historically, this has led to various growth stages (including growth stages of related pterosaurs) being mistaken for new species of Pterodactylus. Several detailed studies using various methods to measure growth curves among known specimens have suggested that there is actually only one valid species of Pterodactylus, P. antiquus.[25]

The youngest immature specimens of Pterodactylus antiquus (alternately interpreted as young specimens of the distinct species P. kochi) have a small number of teeth, as few as 15 in some, and the teeth have a relatively broad base.[23] The teeth of other P. antiquus specimens are both narrower and more numerous (up to 90 teeth are present in several specimens).[25]

Pterodactylus specimens can be divided into two distinct year classes. In the first year class, the skulls are only 15 to 45 millimeters (0.59 to 1.77 in) in length. The second year class is characterized by skulls of around 55 to 95 millimeters (2.2 to 3.7 in) long, but are still immature however. These first two size groups were once classified as juveniles and adults of the species P. kochi, until further study showed that even the supposed "adults" were immature, and possibly belong to a distinct genus. A third year class is represented by specimens of the "traditional" P. antiquus, as well as a few isolated, large specimens once assigned to P. kochi that overlap P. antiquus in size. However, all specimens in this third year class also show sign of immaturity. Fully mature Pterodactylus specimens remain unknown, or may have been mistakenly classified as a different genus.[23]

Growth and breeding seasons

Fossil pelvis of a large specimen, now referred to the dubious species P. grandipelvis

The distinct year classes of Pterodactylus antiquus specimens show that this species, like the contemporary Rhamphorhynchus muensteri, likely bred seasonally and grew consistently during its lifetime. A new generation of 1st year class P. antiquus would have been produced seasonally, and reached 2nd-year size by the time the next generation hatched, creating distinct 'clumps' of similarly-sized and aged individuals in the fossil record. The smallest size class probably consisted of individuals that had just begun to fly and were less than one year old.[23][27] The second year class represents individuals one to two years old, and the rare third year class is composed of specimens over two years old. This growth pattern is similar to modern crocodilians, rather than the rapid growth of modern birds.[23]

Daily activity patterns

Comparisons between the

nocturnal, such as Ctenochasma and Rhamphorhynchus.[28]

Diet

Based on the shape, size, and arrangement of its teeth, Pterodactylus has long been recognized as a carnivore specializing in small animals. A 2020 study of pterosaur tooth wear supported the hypothesis that Pterodactylus preyed mainly on invertebrates and had a generalist feeding strategy, indicated by a relatively high bite force.[29]

Paleoecology

Hypothetical restoration of Pterodactylus in its environment

Specimens of Pterodactylus have been found mainly in the

ichthyodectid Thrissops.[45][46]

Classification

A P. antiquus specimen (AMNH 1942) showing muscle impressions in the chest and wing membranes

Initial classifications for Pterodactylus started when paleontologist Hermann von Meyer used the name Pterodactyli to contain Pterodactylus and other pterosaurs known at the time. This was emended to the family Pterodactylidae by Prince Charles Lucien Bonaparte in 1838. However, this group has more recently been given several competing definitions.[4][47]

Beginning in 2014, researchers Steven Vidovic and David Martill constructed an analysis in which several pterosaurs traditionally thought of as

dsungaripteroids, or in some cases, fall outside both groups. Their conclusion was published in 2017, in which they placed Pterodactylus as a basal member of the suborder Pterodactyloidea.[32]

Pterodactyloidea

Eosipterus yangi

Pterodactylus antiquus

Lophocratia

As illustrated below, the results of a different topology are based on a phylogenetic analysis made by Longrich, Martill, and Andres in 2018. Unlike the previous results above, they placed Pterodactylus within the clade Euctenochasmatia, resulting in a more derived position.[5]

Archaeopterodactyloidea
Germanodactylidae

Germanodactylus cristatus

Germanodactylus rhamphastinus

Euctenochasmatia

Pterodactylus antiquus

Ctenochasmatoidea
Gallodactylidae

Cycnorhamphus suevicus

Normannognathus wellnhoferi

Ctenochasmatidae

Formerly assigned species

Rhamphorhynchus muensteri
, which was previously assigned as the species Pterodactylus münsteri

Numerous species have been assigned to Pterodactylus in the years since its discovery. In the first half of the 19th century any new pterosaur species would be named Pterodactylus, which thus became a "wastebasket taxon".[32] Even after clearly different forms had later been given their own generic name, new species would be created from the very productive sites, throughout Europe and North America, often based on only slightly different material.[48]

The earliest reassignments of pterosaur species to Pterodactylus started in 1825, with the description of Rhamphorhynchus; fossil collector

Hermann von Meyer in 1845 officially emended that the genus Pterodactylus had priority over Ornithocephalus, so he reassigned the species O. münsteri and O. longicaudus into Pterodactylus münsteri and Pterodactylus longicaudus.[52] In 1846, von Meyer created the new species Pterodactylus gemmingi based on long-tailed remains; the specific name honors the fossil collector Carl Eming von Gemming.[53] Later, in 1847, von Meyer finally erected the generic name Rhamphorhynchus (lit. 'beak snout') due to the distinctively long tails seen in the specimens found, which are much longer than those seen in Pterodactylus. He assigned the species P. longicaudus as the type species of Rhamphorhynchus, which resulted in a new combination called Rhamphorhynchus longicaudus.[54] The species R. münsteri was later changed to R. muensteri by Lydekker in 1888, due to the ICZN rule that prohibits non-standard Latin characters, such as ü, in scientific names.[22]

Holotype jaw fragments and teeth of Cimoliopterus, which was previously known as Pterodactylus cuvieri

Beginning in 1846, many pterosaur specimens were found near the village of

nomina dubia.[59] In 1874, further specimens were found in England, again by Owen, these ones were assigned to a new species called Pterodactylus sagittirostris,[64] this species however, was reassigned to the genus Lonchodectes in 1914 by Hooley, which resulted in an L. sagittirostris.[58] This conclusion was revised by Rigal et al. in 2017, who disagreed with Hooley's reassignment, and therefore created the genus Serradraco, which afterwards resulted in a new combination called S. sagittirostris.[65]

Specimen YPM1177, the first uncovered skull of Pteranodon, which was back then assigned as a species of Pterodactylus

Assigning new pterosaur species to Pterodactylus was not only common in Europe, but also in North America; paleontologists such as

preoccupied by a pterosaur species described with the same name back in 1864 by Seeley.[66][67] In 1872, American paleontologist Edward Drinker Cope also found various pterosaur specimens in North America, he assigned these to two new species known as Ornithochirus umbrosus and Ornithochirus harpyia, Cope attempted to assign the specimens he found to the genus Ornithocheirus, but misspelled forgetting the 'e'.[68] In 1875 however, Cope reassigned the species O. umbrosus and O. harpyia into Pterodactylus umbrosus and Pterodactylus harpyia, though these species had been considered nomina dubia ever since.[69][67] Paleontologist Samuel Wendell Williston unearthed the first skull of the pterosaur, and found that the animal was toothless,[67] this made Marsh create the genus Pteranodon (lit. 'toothless wing'), and therefore reassigned all the American pterosaur species, including the ones that he named, from Pterodactylus to Pteranodon.[70]

Later, in the 1980s, subsequent revisions by

type specimen later designated for Diopecephalus was a fossil belonging to P. kochi, and no longer thought to be separate from Pterodactylus. Diopecephalus is therefore a synonym of Pterodactylus, and as such is unavailable for use as a new genus for "P." longicollum.[71] "P." longicollum was eventually made the type species of a separate genus Ardeadactylus.[17]

Controversial species

Diopecephalus kochi

The only well-known and well-supported species left by the first decades of the 21st century were P. antiquus and P. kochi. However, most studies between 1995 and 2010 found little reason to separate even these two species, and treated them as synonymous.[4] More recent studies of pterosaur relationships have found anurognathids and pterodactyloids to be sister groups, which would limit the more inclusive group Caelidracones to just two clades.[72][71] In 1996, Bennett suggested that the differences between specimens of P. kochi and P. antiquus could be explained by differences in age, with P. kochi (including specimens alternately classified in the species P. scolopaciceps) representing an immature growth stage of P. antiquus. In a 2004 paper, Jouve used a different method of analysis and recovered the same result, showing that the "distinctive" features of P. kochi were age-related, and using mathematical comparison to show that the two forms are different growth stages of the same species.[25] An additional review of the specimens published in 2013 demonstrated that some of the supposed differences between P. kochi and P. antiquus were due to measurement errors, further supporting their synonymy.[17]

By the 2010s, a large body of research had been developed based on the idea that P. kochi and P. scolopaciceps were early growth stages of P. antiquus. However, in 2014, two scientists began publishing research that challenged this paradigm. Steven Vidovic and David Martill concluded that differences between specimens of P. kochi, P. scolopaciceps, and P. antiquus, such as different lengths of neck vertebrae, thinner or thicker teeth, more rounded skulls, and how far the teeth extended back in the jaws, were significant enough to separate them into three distinct species. Vidovic and Martill also performed a phylogenetic analysis which treated all relevant specimens as distinct units, and found that the P. kochi type specimen did not form a natural group with that of P. antiquus. They concluded that the genus Diopecephalus could be returned to use to distinguish "P". kochi from P. antiquus. They named the new genus Aerodactylus for P. scolopaciceps as well. So, what Bennett considered early growth stages of one species, Vidovic and Martill considered representatives of new species.[48][32]

In 2017, Bennett challenged this hypothesis, he claimed that while Vidovic and Martill had identified real differences between these three groups of specimens, they had not provided any rationale that the differences were enough to distinguish them as species, rather than just individual variation, growth changes, or simply due to crushing and distortion during the fossilization process. Bennett pointed in particular to the data used to distinguish Aerodactylus, which was so different from the data for related species, it might be due to an unnatural assemblage of specimens. As a result, Bennett continued to consider Diopecephalus and Aerodactylus simply as year-classes of immature Pterodactylus antiquus.[73]

List of species

During its over-200-year history, the various species of Pterodactylus have gone through a number of changes in classification and thus have acquired a large number of synonyms. Additionally, a number of species assigned to Pterodactylus are based on poor remains that have proven difficult to assign to one species or another and are therefore considered nomina dubia (lit. 'doubtful names'). The following list includes names that were used to identify new pterosaur species that now have been reclassified, or until recently thought to be pertaining to Pterodactylus proper, and names based on other material that has as yet not been assigned to other genera. This list also includes species that are

nomina rejecta ('rejected names') are the ones that have been rejected because a more preferable name had been accepted instead.[22][74]

List of species
Name Author Year Status Notes
Pterodactylus antiquus (Sömmerring) (1812) Valid Designated as the type species of Pterodactylus, and replacing Ornithocephalus antiquus due to being an obsolete name
Pterodactylus "suevicus" Oken 1816[75] Nomen nudum
Pterodactylus brevirostris (Sömmerring) (1817) Synonym of
Ctenochasma elegans
 		Reclassified from Ornithocephalus brevirostris
Pterodactylus giganteus (Oken) (1819) Nomen dubium Synonym of
Rhamphorhynchus muensteri
; reclassified from Ornithocephalus giganteus
Pterodactylus longirostris Cuvier 1819 Synonym of Pterodactylus antiquus
Pterodactylus grandis Cuvier 1824 Nomen dubium Synonym of Rhamphorhynchus muensteri
Pterodactylus crocodilocephaloides Ritgen 1826 Synonym of Pterodactylus antiquus
Pterodactylus nettecephaloides Ritgen 1826 Nomen oblitum Synonym of
Aurorazhdarcho micronyx
Pterodactylus macronyx Buckland 1829 Reclassified as
Dimorphodon macronyx
Pterodactylus (Rhamphorhynchus) macronyx (Buckland) (1829) Synonym of Dimorphodon macronyx Reclassified from Dimorphodon macronyx
Pterodactylus banthensis (Theodori) (1830) Reclassified as
Dorygnathus banthensis
 		Reclassified from Ornithocephalus banthensis
Pterodactylus (Rhamphorhynchus) (ensirostris) banthensis (Theodori) (1830) Nomen oblitum Synonym of Dorygnathus banthensis
Pterodactylus goldfussi Theodori 1830 Synonym of Dorygnathus banthensis
Pterodactylus crassirostris Goldfuss 1831 Reclassified as
Scaphognathus crassirostris
Pterodactylus macronyx Meyer non Buckland 1831 non 1829 Synonym of Dorygnathus banthensis
Pterodactylus medius Münster 1831 Nomen dubium Synonym of
Altmuehlopterus rhamphastinus
Pterodactylus muensteri (Goldfuss) (1831) Synonym of Rhamphorhynchus muensteri Reclassified from Ornithocephalus muensteri
Pterodactylus (Rhamphorhynchus) muensteri (Goldfuss) (1831) Synonym of Rhamphorhynchus muensteri Reclassified from Pterodactylus muensteri
Pterodactylus bucklandi Meyer 1832 Indeterminate rhamphorhynchine Once assigned to the genus Rhamphocephalus
Pterodactylus longipes Münster 1836 Synonym of
Ardeadactylus longicollum
Pterodactylus kochi Wagner 1837 Reclassified as
Diopecephalus kochi
 		Reclassified from Ornithocephalus kochi; possible synonym of Pterodactylus antiquus
Pterodactylus lavateri Meyer 1838 Synonym of Rhamphorhynchus muensteri
Pterodactylus (Ornithopterus) lavateri (Meyer) (1838) Synonym of Rhamphorhynchus muensteri Reclassified from Pterodactylus lavateri
Pterodactylus longicaudus Münster 1839 Reclassified as Rhamphorhynchus longicaudus
Pterodactylus meyeri Münster 1842 Synonym of Diopecephalus kochi
Pterodactylus secundarius Meyer 1843 Nomen dubium Synonym of Rhamphorhynchus muensteri
Pterodactylus cliftii Mantell 1844 Synonym of
Palaeornis cliftii
 		Reclassified from Palaeornis cliftii
Pterodactylus diomedeus (Owen) (1846) Synonym of
Cimoliornis diomedeus
 		Reclassified from Cimoliornis diomedeus
Pterodactylus gemmingi Meyer 1846 Synonym of Rhamphorhynchus muensteri
Pterodactylus (Rhamphorhynchus) gemmingi (Meyer) (1846) Synonym of Rhamphorhynchus muensteri Reclassified from Pterodactylus gemmingi
Pterodactylus giganteus Bowerbank non Oken 1846 non 1819 Reclassified as
Lonchodraco giganteus
Pterodactylus ornis Giebel 1847 Synonym of Palaeornis cliftii
Pterodactylus conirostris Owen 1850 Synonym of Lonchodraco giganteus
Pterodactylus cuvieri Bowerbank 1851 Reclassified as
Cimoliopterus cuvieri
Pterodactylus compressirostris Owen 1851 Reclassified as
Lonchodectes compressirostris
Pterodactylus redenbacheri (Wagner) (1851) Synonym of Aurorazhdarcho micronyx Reclassified from Ornithocephalus redenbacheri
Pterodactylus rhamphastinus (Wagner) (1851) Reclassified as Altmuehlopterus rhamphastinus Reclassified from Ornithocephalus rhamphastinus
Pterodactylus giganteus Morris non Oken non Bowerbank 1854 non 1819 non 1846 Synonym of Cimoliornis diomedeus
Pterodactylus longicollum Meyer 1854 Reclassified as Ardeadactylus longicollum
Pterodactylus wuerttembergicus
Quenstedt
 1854 Nomen oblitum Synonym of
Cycnorhamphus suevicus
Pterodactylus suevicus Quenstedt 1855 Reclassified as Cycnorhamphus suevicus
Pterodactylus micronyx Meyer 1856 Reclassified as Aurorazhdarcho micronyx
Pterodactylus crassipes Meyer 1857
Nomen rejectum
 		Reclassified as
Ostromia crassipes
Pterodactylus (Rhamphorhynchus) crassipes (Meyer) (1857) Nomen rejectum Synonym of Ostromia crassipes; reclassified from Pterodactylus crassipes
Pterodactylus eurychirus Wagner 1857 Synonym of Cycnorhamphus suevicus
Pterodactylus (Ornithocephalus) eurychirus (Wagner) (1857) Synonym of Cycnorhamphus suevicus Reclassified from Pterodactylus eurychirus
Pterodactylus suevicus eurychirus (Wagner) (1857) Synonym of Cycnorhamphus suevicus
Pterodactylus hirundinaceus Wagner 1857 Synonym of Rhamphorhynchus muensteri
Pterodactylus (Rhamphorhynchus) hirundinaceus Wagner 1857 Synonym of Rhamphorhynchus muensteri
Pterodactylus (Ornithocephalus) propinquus Wagner 1857 Nomen dubium Possible synonym of Altmuehlopterus rhamphastinus
Pterodactylus propinquus (Wagner) (1857) Nomen dubium Reclassified from Pterodactylus (Ornithocephalus) propinquus; possible synonym of Altmuehlopterus rhamphastinus
Pterodactylus propinquus medius Wagner 1857 Nomen dubium Synonym of Altmuehlopterus rhamphastinus
Pterodactylus (Ornithocephalus) vulturinus Wagner 1857 Synonym of Ardeadactylus longicollum
Pterodactylus vulturinus (Wagner) (1857) Synonym of Ardeadactylus longicollum Reclassified from Pterodactylus (Ornithocephalus) vulturinus
Pterodactylus liasicus Quenstedt 1858 Reclassified as
Campylognathoides liasicus
Pterodactylus fittoni Owen 1859 Nomen dubium Reclassified as either Ornithocheirus fittoni or Anhanguera fittoni; possible synonym of Cimoliopterus cuvieri
Pterodactylus sedgwickii Owen 1859 Reclassified as
Camposipterus sedgwickii
Pterodactylus silvestris Owen 1859 Synonym of Palaeornis cliftii
Pterodactylus cerinensis Meyer 1860 Nomen dubium
Pterodactylus grandipelvis Meyer 1860 Nomen dubium
Pterodactylus scolopaciceps Meyer 1860 Reclassified as
Aerodactylus scolopaciceps
Pterodactylus elegans Wagner 1861 Reclassified as Ctenochasma elegans
Pterodactylus pulchellus Meyer 1861 Synonym of Aurorazhdarcho micronyx
Pterodactylus simus Owen 1861 Reclassified as Ornithocheirus simus
Pterodactylus spectabilis Meyer 1861 Synonym of Pterodactylus antiquus
Pterodactylus woodwardi Owen 1861 Nomen dubium Reclassified as Ornithocheirus woodwardi
Pterodactylus hopkinsi
Seeley
 1864 Nomen nudum
Pterodactylus oweni Seeley 1864 Synonym of
Ikrandraco machaerorhynchus
 		Not to be confused with the preoccupied species "Pterodactylus oweni"
Pterodactylus longispinis Cope 1866 Reclassified as
Rhabdopelix longispinis
Pterodactylus macrurus Seeley 1869 Reclassified as
Gnathosaurus macrurus
Pterodactylus nobilis Owen 1869 Nomen dubium Reclassified as Ornithocheirus nobilis
Pterodactylus curtus Owen 1870 Nomen dubium Reclassified as Ornithocheirus curtus
"Pterodactylus oweni"
Marsh
 1871 Preoccupied Reassigned as Pterodactylus occidentalis prior to being preoccupied
Pterodactylus ingens Marsh 1872 Synonym of
Pteranodon longiceps
 		Reclassified as Pteranodon ingens
Pterodactylus occidentalis Marsh 1872 Nomen dubium Reclassified from the preoccupied species "Pterodactylus oweni"; reclassified as Pteranodon occidentalis
Pterodactylus velox Marsh 1872 Nomen dubium Reclassified as Pteranodon velox
Pterodactylus suprajurensis Sauvage 1873 Nomen dubium
Pterodactylus aclandi Owen 1874 Nomen dubium Possible synonym of Rhamphocephalus depressirostris
Pterodactylus daviesii Owen 1874 Nomen dubium
Pterodactylus duncani Owen 1874 Nomen dubium Possible synonym of Rhamphocephalus bucklandi
Pterodactylus kiddii Owen 1874 Nomen dubium Possible synonym of Rhamphocephalus bucklandi
Pterodactylus manseli Owen 1874 Nomen dubium
Pterodactylus marderi Owen 1874 Synonym of Dimorphodon macronyx
Pterodactylus pleydelli Owen 1874 Nomen dubium
Pterodactylus sagittirostris Owen 1874 Reclassified as
Serradraco sagittirostris
Pterodactylus umbrosus Cope 1874 Nomen dubium Reclassified from
Ornithochirus umbrosus
Pterodactylus validus Owen 1875 Reclassified as
Doratorhynchus validus
Pterodactylus montanus Marsh 1878 Reclassified as
Dermodactylus montanus
Pterodactylus suevicus Fraas non Quenstedt 1878 non 1855 Synonym of Ardeadactylus longicollum
Pterodactylus fraasi (Seeley) (1901) Synonym of Ardeadactylus longicollum Reclassified from. Cycnorhamphus fraasi
Pterodactylus cristatus Wiman 1925 Reclassified as
Germanodactylus cristatus
Pterodactylus westmani Wiman 1925 Synonym of Pterodactylus antiquus
Pterodactylus cormoranus Döderlein 1929 Synonym of Pterodactylus antiquus
Pterodactylus arningi Reck 1931 Nomen dubium
Pterodactylus brancai Reck 1931 Nomen dubium Reclassified as
Dsungaripterus brancai
Pterodactylus maximus Reck 1931 Nomen dubium
Pterodactylus raptor Owen vide Ingles & Sawyer 1979 Nomen nudum


Cultural significance

Life reconstruction of a Pteranodon, popularly called "pterodactyl"

Pterodactylus is regarded as one of the most iconic prehistoric creatures, with multiple appearances in books, movies, as well as television series and several videogames. The informal name "pterodactyl" is sometimes used to refer to any kind of animal belonging to the order

Pterosauria, though most of the times to Pterodactylus, as it's the most well-known member of the group.[76] The popular aspect of Pterodactylus consists of an elongated head crest, and potentially large wings. Studies of Pterodactylus however, conclude that it may even lack a bony cranial crest, though several analysis have proven that Pterodactylus may in fact have a crest made up of soft tissue instead of bone.[17]

Another appearance of Pterodactylus-like creatures is in J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth legendarium. In this novel, the Nazgûl, introduced as the Black Riders, are nine characters who rode flying monsters that looked similarly built to Pterodactylus. Christopher Tolkien, the son of the author, described the flying monsters as "Nazgûl-birds"; his father described the appearance of the steeds as somewhat "pterodactylic", and acknowledged that these were obviously "new mythology".[77][78]

See also

References

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External links

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