Pterygota
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (January 2015) |
| Pterygota Temporal range:
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| Giant honey bee Apis dorsata (order Hymenoptera) on Tribulus terrestris | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| (unranked): | Dicondylia |
| Subclass: | Pterygota Gegenbaur, 1878[1] |
| Orders[2] | |
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The Pterygota (
The pterygotan group comprises 99.9% of all insects.
Unlike Archaeognatha and Zygentoma, the pterygotes do not have styli or vesicles on their abdomen (also absent in some zygentomans), and with the exception of the majority of mayflies, are also missing the median terminal filament which is present in the ancestrally wingless insects.[5][6][7]
The oldest known representatives of the group appeared during the mid-Carboniferous, around 328–324 million years ago, and the group subsequently underwent a rapid explosive diversification. Claims that they originated substantially earlier during the Silurian or Devonian based on molecular clock estimates are unlikely based on the fossil record, and are likely analytical artefacts.[8]
Systematics
 | This section needs to be updated. The reason given is: Highly outdated; for example, "Exopterygota" is almost certainly considered paraphyletic by most phylogenetic studies in the last 10 years at least by now, as most of them instead recognise at least Polyneoptera and sometimes Paraneoptera (e.g. [2]), with the Paraneoptera more closely related to Holometabola than Polyneoptera.. (December 2023) |
Traditionally, this group was divided into the
The following scheme uses finer divisions than the one above, which is not well-suited to correctly accommodating the fossil groups.
Infraclass Palaeoptera
(probably paraphyletic)
- Ephemeroptera(mayflies)
- Palaeodictyoptera †(extinct)
- Megasecoptera †(extinct)
- Archodonata †(extinct)
- Diaphanopterodea †(extinct)
- Protodonata or Meganisoptera†(extinct; sometimes included in Odonata)
- Protanisoptera†(extinct; sometimes included in Odonata)
- Triadophlebioptera†(extinct; sometimes included in Odonata)
- Protozygoptera or Archizygoptera†(extinct; sometimes included in Odonata)
- Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies)
Infraclass Neoptera
Superorder Exopterygota
- Caloneurodea †(extinct)
- Titanoptera †(extinct)
- Protorthoptera †(extinct)
- Plecoptera (stoneflies)
- Embioptera (webspinners)
- Zoraptera (angel insects)
- Dermaptera(earwigs)
- Orthoptera (grasshoppers, etc.)
- Phasmatodea (stick insects – tentatively placed here)
- Grylloblattodea(ice-crawlers – tentatively placed here)
- Mantophasmatodea(gladiators – tentatively placed here)
- Proposed superorder Dictyoptera
- Blattodea (cockroaches and termites)
- Mantodea(mantids)
- Alienoptera†(extinct)
- Proposed superorder Paraneoptera
- Psocoptera (booklice, barklice)
- Thysanoptera(thrips)
- lice)
- Hemiptera (true bugs)
Superorder
- Hymenoptera (ants, bees, etc.)
- Coleoptera (beetles)
- Strepsiptera (twisted-winged parasites)
- Raphidioptera(snakeflies)
- alderflies, etc.)
- Neuroptera (net-veined insects)
- Proposed superorder Antliophora
- Mecoptera (scorpionflies, etc.)
- Siphonaptera (fleas)
- Diptera (true flies)
- Protodiptera †(extinct)
- Proposed superorder Amphiesmenoptera
- Trichoptera (caddisflies)
- Lepidoptera (butterflies, moths)
Neoptera orders incertae sedis
- Glosselytrodea †(extinct)
- Miomoptera †(extinct)
References
- ^ Gegenbaur, C (1878). Grundriss der vergleichenden Anatomie. Zweite verbesserte Auflage (in German). Vol. 2nd ed. Leipzig: W. Engelmann. p. 244.
- ^ PMID 27558853.
- ISBN 978-0-08-054605-6.
- ^ The Evolution and Genetics of Migration in Insects
- ^ Coxal Setal Organs in Archaeognatha and Zygentoma (Insecta)
- ^ The eversible vesicles of Campodea (Thysanura)
- ^ The Insects: An Outline of Entomology
- ISSN 0024-4066.
- ^ Maddison, David (1 January 2002). "Pterygota Winged Insects". Tree of Life.
External links
Media related to Pterygota at Wikimedia Commons