Ptolemy I Soter

This is a good article. Click here for more information.
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
(Redirected from
Ptolemy I of Egypt
)
"Ptolemy I" redirects here. For the medieval count, see Ptolemy I of Tusculum.

Ptolemy I
Bust of Ptolemy I
Bust of Ptolemy I Soter, located at the Louvre.
Pharaoh
King of the Ptolemaic Kingdom
Reign305 – January 282 BC
PredecessorAlexander IV
Successor
Ptolemy II Philadelphus
Royal titulary
Horus name
wr-pḥty nsw ḳni
Wer pehty nesu qeny
Great of strength and brave king[1]
G5
wr
r		 F9
F9		 swA43q nw
n
a
Nebty name
iṯi m sḫm ḥḳꜢ ṯl
Itji em sekhem heqa tjel
Who has seized with (his own) power, the ruler of Sile[1]
G16
V15
D40		 U31sxmU31qHqAd
l
D40
Prenomen  (Praenomen)
stp n rꜤ mry imn
Setepenre meryimen
Chosen by Ra and beloved of Amun
[1]
M23L2
C2C12stp
n		 N36
M23L2
C12N36
n
stp		 C2
M23L2
C2C12st
p		 stp
N36
Nomen
ptwlmys
Ptolemys
Ptolemy[1]
G39N5
p
t		 wAl
M		 iis
G39N5
p
d		 Al
M		 iis
G39N5
p
d		 wl
M		 iis
G39N5
p
d		 wl
M		 iis
Consorts
Children
(at least 12)
Father
Macedon, Greece
DiedJanuary 282 BC (aged 84–85)
Alexandria, Ptolemaic Kingdom
DynastyPtolemaic dynasty

Ptolemy I Soter (

Greek culture
.

Ptolemy I was the son of

Seleucus I. He also took control of Cyprus and Cyrenaica, the latter of which was placed under the control of Ptolemy's stepson Magas. Ptolemy also had the Library of Alexandria
built.

Ptolemy I may have married

Ptolemy II
.

Early life and career

Ptolemaic coin showing Alexander the Great wearing an elephant scalp, a symbol of his conquest in India

A Greek Macedonian,[2] Ptolemy was born in 367 BC.[5] Ptolemy's mother was Arsinoe. According to Satyrus the Peripatetic, Arsinoe was a descendant of Alexander I of Macedon and thus a member of the Argead dynasty, claiming ultimate descent from Heracles. Ostensibly, Ptolemy's father was Lagus, a Macedonian nobleman from Eordaea, but many ancient sources claim that he was actually an illegitimate son of Philip II of Macedon. If true, this would have made Ptolemy the half-brother of Alexander the Great. It is probable that this is a later myth fabricated to glorify the Ptolemaic dynasty.[6]

However, Ptolemy may have been a great-grandson of Amyntas I of Macedon, making him a member of the Argead royal house and a distant relative of Alexander the Great, who was a great-great-grandson of Amyntas.[7][8]

Ptolemy served with Alexander from his first campaigns, and was among the seven

somatophylakes (bodyguards) of Alexander. He played a principal part in the later campaigns in Afghanistan and India.[9] He participated in the Battle of Issus, commanding troops on the left wing under the authority of Parmenion. Later he accompanied Alexander during his journey to the Oracle in the Siwa Oasis where he was proclaimed a son of Zeus.[10] Ptolemy had his first independent command during the campaign against the rebel Bessus whom his own guards captured and handed over to Ptolemy, who then handed him over to Alexander for execution.[11]

Successor of Alexander

Coin of Ptolemy I, British Museum, London
Ptolemy I gold stater with elephant quadriga, Cyrenaica
Ptolemy as Pharaoh in the British Museum

When Alexander died in 323 BC, Ptolemy is said to have instigated the settlement of the empire made at Babylon. Through the Partition of Babylon, he was appointed satrap of Egypt, under the nominal kings Philip III and the infant Alexander IV; the former satrap, the Greek Cleomenes, stayed on as his deputy. Ptolemy quickly moved, without authorization, to subjugate Cyrenaica.[9]

By custom, kings in Macedonia asserted their right to the throne by burying their predecessor. Probably because he wanted to pre-empt

Zeus Ammon in the Siwa Oasis of ancient Libya instead of the royal tombs of Aigai in Macedon.[12] However, his successors including Perdiccas attempted to bury his body in Macedon instead. In late 322 or early 321 BC, Alexander's body was in Syria, on its way to Macedon, when it was captured by Ptolemy I. He brought Alexander's remains back to Egypt, interring them at Memphis, but they were later moved to Alexandria where a tomb was constructed for them.[13] Shortly after this event, Ptolemy openly joined the coalition against Perdiccas. Perdiccas appears to have suspected Ptolemy of aiming for the throne himself, and may have decided that Ptolemy was his most dangerous rival. Ptolemy executed Cleomenes for spying on behalf of Perdiccas; this removed the chief check on his authority, and allowed Ptolemy to obtain the huge sum that Cleomenes had accumulated.[14]

Rivalry and wars

Greek colonies
Relief from the cult chamber of Thoth in Tuna el-Gebel, painted limestone, reign of Ptolemy I Soter, ca. 295 BC
Ptolemy I, Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen

In 321 BC, Perdiccas attempted to invade Egypt, only to fall at the hands of his own men.[15] Ptolemy's decision to defend the Nile against Perdiccas ended in fiasco for Perdiccas, with the loss of 2,000 men. This failure was a fatal blow to Perdiccas' reputation, and he was murdered in his tent by two of his subordinates. Ptolemy immediately crossed the Nile, to provide supplies to what had the day before been an enemy army. Ptolemy was offered the regency in place of Perdiccas, but he declined.[16] Ptolemy was consistent in his policy of securing a power base, while never succumbing to the temptation of risking all to succeed Alexander.[17]

In the long wars that followed between the different

Antigonus I, master of Asia in 315, showed expansionist ambitions, Ptolemy joined the coalition against him, and on the outbreak of war, evacuated Syria. In Cyprus, he fought the partisans of Antigonus, and re-conquered the island (313). A revolt in Cyrene was crushed the same year.[9]

In 312, Ptolemy and Seleucus, the fugitive satrap of Babylonia, both invaded Syria, and defeated Demetrius I, the son of Antigonus, in the Battle of Gaza. Again he occupied Syria, and again—after only a few months, when Demetrius had won a battle over his general, and Antigonus entered Syria in force—he evacuated it. In 311, a peace was concluded between the combatants. Soon after this, the surviving 13-year-old king, Alexander IV, was murdered in Macedonia on the orders of Cassander, leaving the satrap of Egypt absolutely his own master.[9]

The peace did not last long, and in 309 Ptolemy personally commanded a fleet which detached the coastal towns of Lycia and Caria from Antigonus, then crossed into Greece, where he took possession of Corinth, Sicyon and Megara (308 BC). In 306, a great fleet under Demetrius attacked Cyprus, and Ptolemy's brother Menelaus was defeated and captured in another decisive Battle of Salamis. Ptolemy's complete loss of Cyprus followed.[9]

The satraps Antigonus and Demetrius now each assumed the title of king; Ptolemy, as well as Cassander, Lysimachus and Seleucus I Nicator, responded by doing the same. In the winter of 306 BC, Antigonus tried to follow up his victory in Cyprus by invading Egypt; but Ptolemy was strongest there, and successfully held the frontier against him. Ptolemy led no further overseas expeditions against Antigonus.[18] However, he did send great assistance to Rhodes when it was besieged by Demetrius (305/304). The Rhodians granted divine honors to Ptolemy as a result of the lifting of the siege.[19]

When the coalition against Antigonus was renewed in 302, Ptolemy joined it, and invaded Syria a third time, while Antigonus was engaged with Lysimachus in Asia Minor. On hearing a report that Antigonus had won a decisive victory there, he once again evacuated Syria. But when the news came that Antigonus had been defeated and slain by Lysimachus and Seleucus at the Battle of Ipsus in 301, he occupied Syria a fourth time.[18]

The other members of the coalition had assigned all Syria to Seleucus, after what they regarded as Ptolemy's desertion, and for the next hundred years, the question of the ownership of southern Syria (i.e., Judea) produced recurring warfare between the

Asia Minor and Greece; he lost what he held in Greece, but reconquered Cyprus in 295/294. Cyrenaica, after a series of rebellions, was finally subjugated in about 300 and placed under his stepson Magas.[18]

Marriages, children, and succession

Coin of Ptolemy I and Berenice I
Depiction of Ptolemy I or II, Royal Ontario Museum
Ptolemy I depicted as Dionysus

While Alexander was alive, Ptolemy had three children with his mistress

Ptolemy II–as well as the daughters Ptolemais, who married Demetrius I of Macedon, and Lysandra, first married to Alexander V of Macedon and after to Lysimachus' son Agathocles.[20][21][22][23][24][25] Ptolemy married once more to Berenice, Eurydice's cousin, who had come to Egypt as Eurydice's lady-in-waiting with the children from her first marriage to Philip. Their children were Arsinoe II, Philotera, and Ptolemy II. Their eldest child Arsinoe married Lysimachus, then her half-brother Ptolemy Keraunos, and finally her full brother Ptolemy II.[21][26]

In 285, Ptolemy made his son Ptolemy II his co-regent. His eldest legitimate son, Ptolemy Keraunos, fled to the court of Lysimachus. Ptolemy I died in January 282 aged 84 or 85.

Cleopatra VII in 30 BC.[28]

Historian

Ptolemy himself wrote an eyewitness history of Alexander's campaigns (now lost).

Anabasis of Alexander, and hence large parts of Ptolemy's history can be assumed to survive in paraphrase or précis in Arrian's work.[30] Arrian cites Ptolemy by name on only a few occasions, but it is likely that large stretches of Arrian's Anabasis reflect Ptolemy's version of events. Arrian once names Ptolemy as the author "whom I chiefly follow",[31] and in his Preface writes that Ptolemy seemed to him to be a particularly trustworthy source, "not only because he was present with Alexander on campaign, but also because he was himself a king, and hence lying would be more dishonourable for him than for anyone else".[32]

Ptolemy's lost history was long considered an objective work, distinguished by its straightforward honesty and sobriety,[18] but more recent work has called this assessment into question. R. M. Errington argued that Ptolemy's history was characterised by persistent bias and self-aggrandisement, and by systematic blackening of the reputation of Perdiccas, one of Ptolemy's chief dynastic rivals after Alexander's death.[33] For example, Arrian's account of the fall of Thebes in 335 BC (Anabasis 1.8.1–1.8.8, a rare section of narrative explicitly attributed to Ptolemy by Arrian) shows several significant variations from the parallel account preserved in Diodorus Siculus (17.11–12), most notably in attributing a distinctly unheroic role in proceedings to Perdiccas. More recently, J. Roisman has argued that the case for Ptolemy's blackening of Perdiccas and others has been much exaggerated.[34]

Euclid

Ptolemy personally sponsored the great mathematician Euclid. He found Euclid's seminal work, the Elements, too difficult to study, so he asked if there were an easier way to master it. According to Proclus, Euclid famously quipped: "Sire, there is no Royal Road to geometry."[35]

In art and fiction

  • Ptolemy is portrayed by Anthony Hopkins and Elliot Cowan as the narrator and a main character in the historical epic Alexander, directed by Oliver Stone.
  • Ptolemy appears as a minor character in Mary Renault's Alexander Trilogy novels.
  • Ptolemy appears as a character in the mobile game
    Fate Grand Order
    as an Archer Class Servant.
  • Ptolemy is portrayed by Dino Kelly as a recurring character in Netflix's 2024 drama docuseries Alexander: The Making of a God.

See also

  • History of Ptolemaic Egypt
  • Serapis, Greco-Egyptian god, promoted by Ptolemy

References

Citations

  1. ^ a b c d Leprohon 2013, p. 178.
  2. ^
    ISBN 9780806137414
    . They were members of the Ptolemaic dynasty of Macedonian Greeks, who ruled Egypt after the death of its conqueror, Alexander the Great.
  3. ISBN 9781135119836
    .
  4. ISBN 978-2-600-04414-1
    .
  5. ^ a b Ptolemy I at Livius.org
  6. ISBN 978-0-19-973815-1
    .
  7. ^ Alexander The Great: Myth, Genesis and Sexuality by Daniel Ogden 2011 P. 81 note 8
  8. ^ https://pothos.org/forum/viewtopic.php?p=47694#p47694
  9. ^ a b c d e Chisholm 1911, p. 616.
  10. ISBN 978-0-631-19396-8
    .
  11. ISBN 978-0-14-044253-3
    .
  12. ^ Lauren O'Connor (2008). "The Remains of Alexander the Great: The God, The King, The Symbol". Constructing the Past. Retrieved 28 March 2019..
  13. ISBN 978-0465006212
  14. ISBN 9780520083493
    .
  15. JSTOR 294603
    .
  16. ^ Peter Green p14
  17. ^ Peter Green pp 119
  18. ^ a b c d Chisholm 1911, p. 617.
  19. ^ Siege of Rhodes at Livius.org
  20. ^
    ISBN 07156-29301
    .
  21. ^
    ISBN 9780195370881
    .
  22. ISBN 978-0-89005-542-7
    .
  23. ISBN 978-0-06-019439-0
    .
  24. ISBN 978-9047424208
    .
  25. ^ Plutarch, Parallel Lives, "Demetrius", 32, 46
  26. ^ "Berenice I at Livius.org". Archived from the original on 2016-03-17. Retrieved 2020-03-26.
  27. ^ Phillips, Heather A., "The Great Library of Alexandria?". Library Philosophy and Practice, August 2010 Archived 2012-04-18 at the Wayback Machine
  28. ^ Ptolemaic Dynasty at World History Encyclopedia
  29. OCLC 769308142
    .
  30. ISBN 978-0198148630
    .
  31. ^ Anabasis 6.2.4
  32. ^ Anabasis, Prologue
  33. S2CID 170128227
    .
  34. S2CID 163042651
    .
  35. ISBN 978-1-4191-5431-7
    .

Sources

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ptolemy I.
Ptolemy I Soter
Ptolemaic Dynasty
Born: 367 BC  Died: 282 BC
Preceded by
Pharaoh of Egypt

305/304–282 BC 		Succeeded by
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ptolemy_I_Soter&oldid=1219545375"