Puaiohi

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Puaiohi

Critically Endangered  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Turdidae
Genus: Myadestes
Species:
M. palmeri
Binomial name
Myadestes palmeri
(Rothschild, 1893)
Synonyms
  • Phaeornis palmeri

The puaiohi (Myadestes palmeri), or small Kauaʻi thrush, is a rare species of

Kōkeʻe State Park.[2]

Description

The plumage is mostly nondescript, with

slaty-brown upperparts and a light gray breast and belly below. Birds have a black bill and pinkish feet. A white eye ring is also fairly prominent and helps distinguish this bird from the other Hawaiian thrushes. Males and females are highly similar in appearance. Juveniles show a pattern transitioning from a spotted whitish-buff above to a scalloped gray-brown below.[3]

Distribution and habitat

Historically, this species has always been considered rare,

Alakaʻi Wilderness Preserve on the Hawaiian island of Kauai.[5]
Seventy-five percent of the breeding population occurs in only 10 square kilometres (3.9 sq mi) of forest.

Diet and behavior

Outside the breeding season, most (82%) of the diet is

Syzygium sandwicensis) and kanawao (Broussaisia arguta). In the breeding season, over fifty percent of the diet shifts to invertebrates.[7] The song is varied, consisting of a simple trill to a complex wheezing, and high-pitched squeal described as a squeaking rather resembling a metal wheel needing lubrication.[8] Males sing throughout the year, but do so with increasing frequency as the breeding season approaches, peaking from April to May.[5] Nesting has been recorded from as early as March to as late as mid-September. Nests are built in cavities or ledges of cliff faces, concealed by mosses and ferns,[9] but tree cavities are also used.[10] Females are the sole nest builders, and nest building can take up to seven days.[7] Females also incubate the eggs and broods and feeds the nestlings. Eggs (usually two per clutch) are grayish-green to greenish-blue with irregular reddish-brown splotches.[11] Eggs hatch after 13–15 days. After fledging, the male becomes the primary food provider to the young, while the female attempts a second brood.[7]
Females will also attempt to renest if the first attempt fails.

Status and protection

According to recent data, population estimates range from 414 to 580 birds, and have remained somewhat stable since 1973, although a study published in 1986 estimated a population of approximately 100-125 birds.

invasive plants and animals. The puaiohi was added to the United States Federal Endangered Species List on March 11, 1967.[12]
In 1995, a captive breeding program was established.
Alakaʻi to supplement the wild population, though this program has been liquidated and released after inbreeding depression was observed in the captive population.[1][14]

References

  1. ^
    doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22708583A128101101.en
    . Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ISBN 0-8248-0742-1
    .
  3. ISBN 84-87334-72-5
  4. ^ Perkins, R. C. L. (1903). Vertebrata. pp. 365-466 in D. Sharp. (editor) Fauna Hawaiiensis. Vol. 1, part IV. The University Press, Cambridge, U.K.
  5. ^ a b U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Reg. 1. "Draft Revised Recovery Plan for Hawaiian Forest Birds, pg 36" (PDF). Retrieved 2008-08-01.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  6. JSTOR 1365529
    .
  7. ^ a b c U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Reg. 1. "Draft Revised Recovery Plan for Hawaiian Forest Birds, pg. 37" (PDF). Retrieved 2008-08-01.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ Pratt, H.D. (1979). A systematic analysis of the endemic avifauna of the Hawaiian Islands, PhD thesis, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge.
  9. JSTOR 1367996
    .
  10. ^ a b Snetsinger et al. (1999). Puaiohi (Myadestes palmeri). In The Birds of North America, No. 461 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA.
  11. ISBN 978-0824802134
    .
  12. ^ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. "Puaiohi-Species Profile". Retrieved 2008-08-01.
  13. ^ Roberts, Pauline; et al. "Measuring Success:Lessons Learned from the Puiaohi (Myadestes palmeri)". Retrieved July 31, 2008.
  14. ^ Birdlife International. "Puaiohi-Birdlife Species Factsheet". Retrieved 2008-08-01.

External links

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