Public Square, Cleveland
Cleveland Public Square | |
Location | Superior Avenue and Ontario Street Cleveland, Ohio 44106 |
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Coordinates | 41°29′59″N 81°41′38″W / 41.49972°N 81.69389°W |
Built | 1857-1861 |
NRHP reference No. | 75001361[1] |
Added to NRHP | December 18, 1975 |
Public Square is the central plaza of Downtown Cleveland, Ohio. Based on an 18th-century New England model, it was part of the original 1796 town plat overseen by city founder General Moses Cleaveland of the Connecticut Land Company. The historical center of the city's downtown, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.
The 10-acre (4.0 ha) square is centered on the former intersection of
Originally designed as four separate squares bisected by Superior Avenue and Ontario Street, the square was redeveloped in 2016 by the city into a more pedestrian-friendly environment by routing most traffic around the square. The section of Ontario Street through the square was removed, while the section of Superior Avenue was rebuilt to only allow buses with stops for multiple bus lines of the Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority. The northern half of the square is mostly green space and includes a statue to reformist mayor Tom L. Johnson. The southern half is mostly a paved plaza area with a cafe and water feature adjacent to the 125-foot-tall (38 m) Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument and a statue of Moses Cleaveland.
History
Public Square was part of the Connecticut Land Company's original plan for the city, which were overseen by Moses Cleaveland in the 1790s. The square is signature of the layout for early New England towns, which Cleveland was modeled after. While it initially served as a common pasture for settlers' animals, less than a century later Public Square was the height of modernity, when in 1879 it became the first street in the world to be lit with electric street lights, arc lamps designed by Cleveland native Charles F. Brush.[2] The square was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 18, 1975.
A parking lot now faces the northwest quadrant of the square. A 12-story building, which was built on the spot in 1913, was demolished in 1990 to make way for the new Ameritrust Center, an 1,197-foot (365 m)
Other buildings that face the square include
Public Square is often the site of political rallies and civic functions, including a free annual Independence Day concert by the Cleveland Orchestra. At the Balloonfest '86, close to 1.5 million balloons rose up from Public Square, engulfing the Terminal Tower and setting a world record.[4]
2010s renovation
In collaboration with landscape architect James Corner, the city in 2009 began to explore concepts for a redesign of the square.[5][6] In October 2011, Cleveland mayor Frank Jackson proposed his plan to redevelop the square, which included closing Superior Avenue and Ontario Street to create a large green space in the center.[7] On October 23, 2014, the Cleveland Landmarks Commission approved a plan which closed Ontario Street but kept Superior Avenue open to bus traffic, and kept the Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument prominent.[8][9]
The project began construction on March 9, 2015,[10] and was officially opened on June 30, 2016.[11] Public Square's development was showcased during the Cleveland Cavaliers championship parade as a welcome sight with much of the construction materials removed to display the renovation. At first, buses did not run along Superior Avenue as planned,[12] but in order to avoid a $12 million repayment of grants to the Federal Transit Administration, the Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority agreed to run buses along it by March 2017.[13] The city installed jersey barriers along Superior Avenue due to fears of terrorism, contrary to the original design.[14][15][16][17] These barriers were removed on March 25, 2024.[18]
An episode of NBC's American Ninja Warrior was held in Public Square and aired in July 2017[19][20] A privately operated cafe, Rebol, located in the southwestern area of Public Square, opened in July 2016.[21]
Transportation
Road
Public Square is bounded by East Roadway and West Roadway at the western and eastern ends and by Rockwell Avenue and South Roadway at the northern and southern ends.
In total, ten U.S. and state routes meet at Public Square. It is the northern terminus of
Public transit
Public Square is adjacent to the
Historical events and popular culture
- On April 28, 1865, the casket of President Abraham Lincoln was on public view in Public Square during his body's trip back to Illinois.
- On the evening of April 29, 1879, Charles F. Brush's new streetlights lit up Public Square for the first time utilizing a generator situated near the square itself.[25][26]
- In 1881, President James A. Garfield lies in state in Public Square following his death[27]
- In 2011, Public Square was transformed into a beer garden and street scene in Stuttgart, Germany, for the filming of The Avengers.[28]
Gallery
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Public Square in 2016 facing west on Superior Avenue's vehicle-free bus/bike lanes
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The north side of Public Square in 2012
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School strikes for climateprotest in Public Square (March 15, 2019)
See also
References
- ^ "Ohio(OH), Cuyahoga County". National Register of Historic Places. Nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com. Retrieved July 11, 2011.
- ^ a b "Public Square". The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. Case Western Reserve University. July 30, 1999. Retrieved November 8, 2012.
- ^ Emporis.com: Ameritrust Center. Accessed December 15, 2006.
- ^ Kroll, John (August 15, 2011). "Balloonfest 1986, the spectacle that became a debacle: Cleveland Remembers". The Plain Dealer. Cleveland. Retrieved March 15, 2014.
- ^ "Redesigning Public Square". Downtown Cleveland Alliance. Archived from the original on January 31, 2010. Retrieved January 9, 2010.
- ^ Litt, Steven (December 20, 2009). "Re-imagining Cleveland's Public Square". The Plain Dealer. Cleveland. Retrieved January 9, 2010.
- ^ Litt, Steven (October 29, 2011). "Cleveland Mayor Frank Jackson envisions unified Public Square as symbol of greener city". The Plain Dealer. Cleveland. Retrieved November 23, 2011.
- ^ Jarboe McFee, Michelle (October 23, 2014). "Public Square overhaul gets OK from Cleveland Landmarks Commission, after truce over Soldiers and Sailors Monument". The Plain Dealer. Cleveland. Retrieved October 24, 2014.
- ^ "Cleveland Public Square". James Corner Field Operations. Retrieved October 24, 2014.
- ^ Litt, Steven (March 2, 2015). "It's official: Public Square renovation to launch Monday, March 9". The Plain Dealer. Cleveland. Retrieved March 3, 2015.
- ^ Litt, Steven (June 30, 2016). "Ceremony Marks Official Opening of Public Square with Music, Dancing and Water". The Plain Dealer. Cleveland. Retrieved July 1, 2016.
- ^ Christ, Ginger (November 15, 2016). "Cleveland opts to keep Public Square closed to buses". The Plain Dealer. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
- ^ Christ, Ginger (March 7, 2017). "Breaking down the Public Square bus debate: Q & A". The Plain Dealer. Cleveland. Retrieved January 1, 2018.
- ^ Litt, Steven; Dealer, The Plain (August 14, 2017). "James Corner Field Operations vows high quality replacement for Jersey barriers for Public Square". cleveland.com. Retrieved December 19, 2018.
- ^ Litt, Steven; Dealer, The Plain (June 14, 2018). "Public Square's Jersey barriers could be replaced with bollards if $2M can be raised: Group Plan Commission". cleveland.com. Retrieved December 19, 2018.
- ^ "No more room for compromise on Public Square". Crain's Cleveland Business. August 18, 2017. Retrieved December 19, 2018.
- ^ Allard, Sam. "Public Square Opens to Buses with New, Ugly Safety Features". Cleveland Scene. Retrieved December 19, 2018.
- ^ Daprile, Lucas (March 25, 2024). "Cleveland removes Jersey concrete barriers from downtown's Public Square". The Plain Dealer. Retrieved March 27, 2024.
- ^ Christ, Ginger (February 21, 2017). "RTA hopes to reopen Public Square to buses by March 6". The Plain Dealer. Retrieved February 22, 2017.
- ^ Christ, Ginger (August 16, 2016). "Federal agency says closed Public Square is a violation of funding deal". The Plain Dealer. Retrieved August 18, 2016.
- ^ Trattner, Douglas (June 24, 2016). "Rebol at Public Square Unveils Concept and Menu". The Cleveland Scene. Retrieved January 1, 2018.
- .
- American Association of State Highway Officials. p. 6 – via Wikisource.
- ^ Public Square Bus Stops (PDF) (Map). Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority. February 11, 2015. Retrieved August 18, 2016.
- ^ "12 Most Significant Events in Cleveland History – Teaching Cleveland Digital".
- ^ "Public Square". November 11, 2020.
- ^ "Timeline". August 2, 2021.
- ^ Sangiacomo, Michael (August 23, 2011). "Avengers filming moves to Public Square". The Plain Dealer. Cleveland, Ohio. Retrieved June 27, 2018.
Further reading
- Johannesen, Eric (1983). From Town to Tower. ISBN 978-0-911704-31-0.