Public broadcasting
Public broadcasting (or public service broadcasting) involves
Common media include
Definition
The primary mission of public broadcasting is that of public service, speaking to and engaging as a citizen.[1] The British model is often referenced in definitions.[3][4][5] The model embodies the following principles:
- Universal geographic accessibility
- Universal appeal
- Attention to minorities ("special provision for minorities")
- Contribution to national identity and sense of community
- Distance from vested interests
- Direct funding and universality of payment
- Encourage competition "in good programming rather than competition for numbers"
- Guidelines that liberate rather than restrict
While the application of certain principles may be straightforward, as in the case of accessibility, some of the principles may be poorly defined or difficult to implement. In the context of a shifting national identity, the role of public broadcasting may be unclear. Likewise, the subjective nature of good programming may raise the question of individual or public taste.[4]
Within public broadcasting there are two different views regarding commercial activity. One is that public broadcasting is incompatible with commercial objectives. The other is that public broadcasting can and should compete in the marketplace with commercial broadcasters. This dichotomy is highlighted by the public service aspects of traditional commercial broadcasters.[4]
Public broadcasters in each jurisdiction may or may not be synonymous with government controlled broadcasters.
Economics
Public broadcasters may receive their funding from an obligatory
One of the principles of public broadcasting is to provide coverage of interests for which there are missing or small markets. Public broadcasting attempts to supply topics of social benefit that are otherwise not provided by commercial broadcasters. Typically, such underprovision is argued to exist when the benefits to viewers are relatively high in comparison to the benefits to advertisers from contacting viewers.[6] This frequently is the case in undeveloped countries that normally have low benefits to advertising.[6]
An alternative funding model proposed by Michael Slaby is to give every citizen credits they can use to pay qualified media sources for civic information and reporting.[7]
Cultural policy
Additionally, public broadcasting may facilitate the implementation of a cultural policy (an industrial policy and investment policy for culture). Examples include:
- In Australia, the Australian Broadcasting Corporation is legally required to 'encourage and promote the musical, dramatic and other performing arts in Australia' and 'broadcasting programmes that contribute to a sense of national identity' with specific emphasis on regional and rural Australia'.[8] Furthermore, the Special Broadcasting Service (SBS) is intended to reflect the spirit and sense of multicultural richness and the unique international cultural values within Australian society.
Public Media Alliance
As an industry organization for public media, the Public Media Alliance supports its members and the industry of public media more broadly.[9] For example, the Alliance advocated against a proposal on the Isle of Man that they felt would jeopardize the editorial independence of the broadcaster.[10] While many members have significant editorial independence, the Alliance includes organizations that have significant state control, especially with regard to island nations.[9]
Examples
Americas
Brazil
In Brazil, the two main national public broadcasters are
Many Brazilian states also have regional and statewide public radio and television stations. One example is Minas Gerais, which has the EMC (Empresa Mineira de Comunicação), a public corporation created in 2016 modelled on EBC, formed by Rede Minas, a statewide television network and the two stations of Rádio Inconfidência, which operates in AM, FM and shortwave; in the state of Pará, the state-funded foundation FUNTELPA (Fundação Paraense de Radiodifusão) operates the public educational state-wide television network Rede Cultura do Pará (which covers the entire state of Pará, reaching many cities of Brazilian Amazon) and Rádio Cultura, a public radio station which broadcasts in FM for Belém. The state of Espírito Santo has the RTV-ES (Rádio e Televisão Espírito Santo), with its television channel TVE-ES (TV Educativa do Espírito Santo) and an AM radio station (Rádio Espírito Santo), and in Rio Grande do Sul, the state-wide public television channel TVE-RS (TV Educativa do Rio Grande do Sul) and the public radio station FM Cultura (which broadcasts for Porto Alegre metropolitan area) are the two public broadcasters in the state. Regional public television channels in Brazil often broadcast part of TV Brasil or TV Cultura programming among with some hours of local programming.
Since the government of
Brazil also has many campus radio and community radio stations and several educational local TV channels (many of them belonging to public and private universities).[19][20][21]
Canada
In Canada, the main public broadcaster is the national
CBC operates two national television networks (
As of 2017[update], all of CBC Television's terrestrial stations are
In recent years, the CBC has also expanded into
In addition, several provinces operate public broadcasters; these are not CBC subentities, but distinct networks in their own right. Most of the provincial services maintain an educational programming format, differing from the primarily entertainment-based CBC/Radio-Canada operations, but more closely formatted to (and carrying many of the same programs as) the U.S.-based

Canada is also home to a number of former public broadcasting entities that have gone private.
Public radio station CKUA in Alberta was also formerly operated by Access, before being sold to the non-profit CKUA Radio Foundation which continues to operate it as a community-funded radio network. CJRT-FM in Toronto also operated as a public government-owned radio station for many years; while no longer funded by the provincial government, it still solicits most of its budget from listener and corporate donations and is permitted to air only a very small amount of commercial advertising.
Some local community stations also operate non-commercially with funding from corporate and individual donors. In addition, cable companies are required to produce a local
Canada also has a large number of campus radio and community radio stations.
Colombia
Chile
Chilean television was founded through universities, in an attempt to bring public television without the state having to pay directly and control content. The University of Chile (owner of the former channels 9 and 11 until 1993), the Catholic University of Chile on channels 2 and 13 until 2010, and the
Televisión Nacional, popularly known as Channel 7 due to its
Ecuador
Ecuador TV is the public service channel of Ecuador, established in October 2007. The channel was established at the same time as the installation of the Ecuadorian Constituent Assembly so that the sessions could be transmitted live to all the country.
El Salvador
Salvadoran broadcasting has a public service radio and television channel. On 1 March 1926 began the operation as the first Central American broadcasting network called "Radio Nacional de El Salvador" with a frequency of 96.9 FM MHz founded by the president of that era,
Mexico
In Mexico, public stations are operated by municipalities, state governments and universities, there are five national public channels.
United States
This section needs additional citations for verification. (June 2017) |
In the
History
Early public stations were operated by state colleges and universities and were often run as part of the schools'
The passage of the Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 precipitated the development of the current public broadcasting system in the U.S. The legislation established the Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB), a private entity that is charged with facilitating programming diversity among public broadcasters, the development and expansion of non-commercial broadcasting, and providing funding to local stations to help them create programs; the CPB receives funding earmarked by the federal government as well as through public and private donations.[37][38]
Public television and radio in the U.S. have, from the late 1960s onward, dealt with severe criticism from
Radio
The first public radio network in the United States was founded in 1949 in Berkeley, California, as station
A national public radio network,
Television
In the United States, the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) serves as the nation's main public television provider. When it launched in October 1970, PBS assumed many of the functions of its predecessor, National Educational Television (NET). NET was shut down by the Ford Foundation and the Corporation for Public Broadcasting after the network refused to stop airing documentaries on varying social issues that had alienated many of the network's affiliates.[42] PBS would later acquire Educational Television Stations, an organization founded by the National Association of Educational Broadcasters (NAEB), in 1973.[43][44][45]
Uruguay
Venezuela
Since 1998, the Venezuelan state had only one television channel
Asia
Bangladesh
The Bengali primary state television broadcaster is
Brunei Darussalam
Radio Television Brunei (RTB) is the only public broadcaster in Brunei Darussalam.
Hong Kong

In Hong Kong, the Radio Television Hong Kong (RTHK) is the sole public service broadcaster. Although being a government department under the administrative hierarchy, it enjoys editorial independence. It operates seven radio channels and produces television programmes and broadcast on commercial television channels, as these channels are required by law to provide timeslots for RTHK television programmes. RTHK would be assigned a digital terrestrial television channel during 2013 to 2015.[needs update]
India
In India, Prasar Bharati is India's public broadcaster. It is an autonomous corporation of the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India), Government of India and comprises the Doordarshan television network ( DD National,DD India,DD News,DD Retro ) and All India Radio. Prasar Bharati was established on 23 November 1997, following a demand that the government owned broadcasters in India should be given autonomy like those in many other countries. The Parliament of India passed an Act to grant this autonomy in 1990, but it was not enacted until 15 September 1997. Though a public broadcaster, it airs commercial advertisements.
Indonesia
In Indonesia, there are three types of public broadcaster. The first two are national-scale broadcasters:
There are also independent local public broadcasters which founded by local government in several cities or regencies. They are obligated to network with either RRI or TVRI, depending on the medium, though they are not owned and operated by the two.
Japan
In Japan, the main public broadcaster is the
Malaysia
The public broadcaster in Malaysia is the state-owned Radio Televisyen Malaysia (RTM) and TV Alhijrah. RTM was previously funded publicly through money obtained from television licensing, however it is currently state-subsidised, as television licences have been abolished.
As of 2021[update] RTM operates 6 national, 16 state and 11 district radio stations as well as 6 national terrestrial television channels: TV1, TV2, TV Okey, Sukan RTM, Berita RTM, and TV6.
Nepal
History of public broadcasting in Nepal started from 1951.[citation needed]
Pakistan
In Pakistan, the public broadcasters are the state-owned
Philippines
The Philippines' primary state television broadcaster is People's Television Network (PTV). Created in 1974 as Government Television (GTV), PTV is no longer state subsidised except for a one-time equity funding for capital outlay in 1992. Aside from PTV, the other public broadcaster is the Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation (IBC), which the government has already put up for sale. The government no longer holds a controlling interest in the former state broadcaster, Radio Philippines Network (RPN).
The
The government is currently planning to propose the creation of a law that will merge and integrate PTV and PBS into a single entity, to be called the People's Broadcasting Corporation (PBC).
Singapore
Mediacorp is the only public broadcaster in Singapore.[citation needed]
South Korea
South Korea's representative public broadcasting television network is meant to be Korean Broadcasting System, or KBS. Originally a government-controlled channel, it is now an independent broadcasting system. KBS began broadcasting radio in 1947 and opened up to television industry in 1961, and officially founded its own identity by 1973. Another public broadcasting channel is the Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation, or MBC. Known to be the second channel of the country, it also shares the roles of being national television with the KBS.
South Korea also has another public broadcasting channel called Educational Broadcasting System, or EBS. Originally considered to be an extension channel of the KBS, it was spun-off as an educational channel but retained its public broadcasting tasks. KBS and EBS mainly are funded by the commercials that they provide in their channels, but due to growing competitions, this is becoming an issue for them as well.
Taiwan
Public Television Service, also called Taiwan Public Television Service Foundation, is the first independent public broadcasting institution in Taiwan, which broadcasts the Public Television Service Taiwan. Since its creation in 1998, PTS has produced several critically acclaimed dramatic programmes and mini-series despite experiencing funding difficulties. PTS is bound up in speaking for the minorities, including the promotion of Hakka Chinese and Formosan-language programming, an effort that has contributed much to the "Taiwanization" movement.
Thailand
In Thailand, there are two primary public broadcasters. First is the
Second is the state-owned state media known as National Broadcasting Services of Thailand (NBT) is the public broadcasting arm of the Government Public Relations Department (PRD), a division of the Thai Government. It operates comprehensive media services comprising radio, public television networks (terrestrial and satellite), online services and social media.[47] NBT TV (or NBT (Digital) 2 HD), formerly TVT11, is the television division and free-to-air channel of NBT. The broadcasting of TVT11 began on 11 July 1988, when ChanneL 9 MCOT (currently known as 9MCOT HD) split into two channels. It was firstly aimed at viewers in the countryside. Some elements such as sex and violence are censored as NBT is one of the government departments under direct control.
Middle East
Israel
In Israel, the Israeli Broadcasting Authority was the country's main public broadcasting service until 2017, when it was replaced by Kan (Hebrew for "here"), the Israeli Public Broadcasting Corporation.
In Arabic, the IPBC is known by the name Makan (Arabic for "place").
Kan has inherited the two main public TV channels in Israel:
- Kan 11" – Main TV channel
- Channel 33 (Israel), as of 2017 "Makan 33" – Arabic language TV channel
Kan also includes the following 8 public radio stations, taken from IBA:
- Reshet Alef (Network A), as of 2017 "Kan Tarbut" – Podcasts and talk programs related to culture
- Reshet Bet (Network B), as of 2017 "Kan Bet" – News and current affairs
- Reshet Gimel (Network C), as of 2017 "Kan Gimel" – Israeli music
- Reshet Dalet (Network D), as of 2017 "MAKan Radio" – Arabic language station
- Reshet Hey (Network E), as of 2017 "Kan Farsi" – Persian language station, internet only
- 88FM, as of 2017 "Kan 88" – Alternative music
- Kol Hamusika ("The Sound of Music"), as of 2017 "Kan Kol Hamusika" – Classical music, jazz
- REKA - Reshet Klitat Aliyah (Aliyah integration network), as of 2017 "Kan Reka" – Multilingual, mostly Russian language station
- Reshet Moreshet, as of 2017 "Kan Moreshet" – Jewish-related news and programming
The
- IDF Waves (Galey Tzahal) – broadcasting news and current affairs
- Galgalatz – broadcasting music and traffic reports
In addition, the ministry of education owns the Israeli Educational Television, known as Hinuchit, the first Israeli television channel. It was created by the Rothschild fund to aid the ministry's work in teaching children from kindergarten to high school and to promote the television's use in Israel at a time the government considered the device a "cultural decadence". It is funded and operated by the ministry, and since the 1980s it has widened its orientation to adults as well as children. In August 2018, the Educational Television was shut down and replaced by Kan Hinuchit.
Europe
In most countries in Europe, public broadcasters are funded through a mix of advertising and public finance, either through a license fee or directly from the government.
Albania
Analogue TV
- Televizioni Shqiptar (TVSH) is the name of the first public channel of Albania. The domestic TV programme is distributed analogically throughout the country and digitally in Tirana through RTSH HD.
- TVSH 2 is the second public TV channel dedicated mainly to sports and live events launched in 2003.
Digital TV
- RTSH HD a digital channel launched in 2012 broadcasts TVSH shows in high-definition quality.
- RTSH Sport
- RTSH Muzikë
- RTSH Art
- TVSH Sat, is the international version of the domestic programme broadcast to Eurovision free to air via satellite.
Radio
- Radio Tirana (also, Radio Tirana 1) is the name of Albania's first radio programme, concentrating on news, talk, and features
- Radio Tirana 2 is the name of the second radio program, broadcasting chiefly music and targeted at youth
- Radio Tirana 3 (Programi i Tretë, Radio Tirana International) is the name of the third programme, broadcasting the international service on short wave radio in Albanian, English, French. Greek, German, Italian, Serbian, and Turkish
Regional
- Radio Televizioni Gjirokastra is the local version of RTSH in Gjirokastër
- Radio Televizioni Korça is the local version of RTSH in Korçë
- Radio Kukësi is the local version of RT in Kukës
- Radio Shkodra is the local version of RT in Shkodër
Austria
Belgium
Belgium has three networks, one for each linguistic community:
Originally named INR – Institut national belge de radiodiffusion – the state-owned broadcasting organization was established by law on 18 June 1930. Television broadcasting from Brussels began in 1953, with two hours of programming each day. In 1960 the INR was subsumed into RTB (French: Radio-Télévision Belge) and BRT (lang-nl|Belgische Radio – en Televisieomroep).
On 1 October 1945 INR-NIR began to broadcast some programmes in German. In 1961 RTB-BRT began a German-language radio channel, broadcasting from Liège.
In 1977, following Belgian
BRT was renamed in 1991 to BRTN (Dutch: Belgische Radio- en Televisieomroep Nederlandstalige Uitzendingen) and again in 1998 to VRT (Dutch: Vlaamse Radio – en Televisieomroeporganisatie).
Bulgaria
There are two public media in Bulgaria - the Bulgarian National Television (BNT) and the Bulgarian National Radio (BNR). Bulgarian National Television was founded in 1959 and the Bulgarian National Radio was founded in 1935. BNT broadcasts 4 national programs (BNT 1, BNT 2, BNT 3, BNT 4 - broadcasts internationally). The BNR broadcasts 2 national programs (Horizont and Hristo Botev Program), 9 regional programs and Internet Radio Binar.
Croatia
Croatian Radiotelevision (Croatian: Hrvatska radiotelevizija, HRT) is a Croatian public broadcasting company. It operates several radio and television channels, over a domestic transmitter network as well as satellite. As of 2002[update], 70% of HRT's funding comes from broadcast user fees with each house in Croatia required to pay 79 HRK, kuna, per month for a single television (radio device, computer or smartphone), with the remainder being made up from advertising.[48]
Czech Republic
Czech Television broadcasts from three studios in
Czech Radio broadcasts four nationwide stations Radiožurnál, Dvojka, Vltava, and Plus, several regional and topical digital stations. It also provides an international service Radio Prague International, which broadcasts abroad in six languages. Czech Radio is funded through a monthly fee of 45 CZK.
Denmark
Faroe Islands
Estonia
Estonian Public Broadcasting (ERR) organises the public radio and television stations of Estonia. Eesti Televisioon (ETV), the public television station, made its first broadcast in 1955, and together with its sister channel ETV2 has about 20% audience share.
Finland
Yle - The Finnish Broadcasting Company, (pronounced /yle/) or Yleisradio (in Finnish) and Rundradion (in Swedish) is Finland's national public service media company. Founded in 1926, it is a public limited company majority owned by the Finnish state, employing around 2,800 people. Yle is funded by a special Yle tax. Yle has four television channels, three television channel slots, six nationwide radio channels and three radio services.[50]
Yle TV1 is the most viewed TV channel in Finland and Yle Radio Suomi the most popular radio channel.[51] Yle was the first of the Nordic public broadcasters to implement the Eurovision's portability regulation on its online media service Yle Areena.[52] Yle Areena is the most used streaming service in Finland, beating even Netflix that is the most popular streaming service everywhere else.[53]
Yle focuses highly on developing its digital services. In 2016 a Reuters Institute study of European public service companies show that Yle and BBC are the public service pioneers in digital development and performing the best while introducing innovative digital services in their news operations, developing mobile services and promoting the development of new digital approaches.[54] Yle's Voitto robot based on machine learning is the first personal news assistant in the world to give recommendations directly on the lock screen in the Yle NewsWatch application.[55]
France
In 1949
RTF was transformed into the
In 1986
Germany
After

- NDR (Lower Saxony, Hamburg, Schleswig-Holstein and Mecklenburg-Vorpommern), split from former NWDR
- RBB (Berlin and Brandenburg), merged from SFB and ORB
- SWR (Baden-Württemberg and Rhineland-Palatinate), merged from SDR and SWF
- MDR (Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia), established in 1991
- WDR (North Rhine-Westphalia), split from former NWDR
- BR (Bavaria)
- hr (Hesse)
- SR (Saarland)
- RB (Bremen)
In addition to these nine regional radio and TV broadcasters, which cooperate within
The Hans-Bredow-Institut, or Hans-Bredow-Institute for Media Research at the University of Hamburg (HBI) is an independent non-profit foundation with the mission on media research on public communication, particularly for radio and television broadcasting (including public service media providers) and other electronic media, in an interdisciplinary fashion.[56][57][58]
In Germany foreign public broadcasters also exist. These are
Eventually, Arte is a French/German cultural TV channel operated jointly by France Télévisions, ZDF, and ARD. It is a binational channel broadcast in both countries.
Greece

ERT also operates a web-TV service with a live transmition of all the terrestrial and satellite channels as well as 4 independent OTT channels (ERT PLAY 1, 2, 3 and 4) that carries mostly sport events and older archived shows.
ERT operates 8 television studios in three buildings in Athens: five of them in the headquarters called "Radiomegaro" ("Ραδιομέγαρο" that means "radio palace") located in Agia Paraskevi area, two of them in Katehaki str. facility and one small one in the center of Athens near the Parliament, in the Mourouzi str. facility. In Thessaloniki, ERT operates two television studios in the L. Stratou avenue and another three studios in smaller cities (Heraclion, Patras and Corfu) that can be used only for television correspondences.
ERT operates several radio studios in "Radiomegaro", in Thessaloniki (located at Aggelaki str., besides International Exhibition facility) and in 19 Greek cities, as well as a national news web site.
Iceland
Ríkisútvarpið (RÚV) ("The Icelandic National Broadcasting Service") is Iceland's national public-service broadcasting organisation. RÚV began radio broadcasting in 1930 and its first television transmissions were made in 1966. In both cases coverage quickly reached nearly every household in Iceland. RÚV is funded by a television licence fee collected from every income taxpayer, as well as advertising revenue. RÚV has been a full active member of the European Broadcasting Union since 1956.
RÚV – which by the terms of its charter is obliged to "promote the Icelandic language, Icelandic history, and Iceland's cultural heritage" and "honour basic democratic rules,
Ireland
In Ireland there are two state owned public service broadcasters, RTÉ and TG4. RTÉ was established in 1960 with the merger of Raidió Éireann (1926) and Teilifís Éireann (1960). TG4 was formed as a subsidiary of RTÉ in 1996 as Teilifís na Gaeilge (TnaG), it was renamed TG4 in 1999, and was made independent of RTÉ in 2007.
Both Irish public service broadcasters receive part of the licence fee, with RTÉ taking the lion's share of the funding. Advertising makes up 50% of RTÉ's income and just 6% of TG4's income. 7% of the licence fee is provided to the Broadcasting Authority of Ireland since 2006. Up to 2006 the licence fee was given entirely to RTÉ.
RTÉ offers a range of free to air services on television;
The Sound and Vision Fund is operated by the
TG4 is an independent Irish language public service broadcaster that is funded by government subsidy, part of the licence fee, and through advertising revenue.
Italy

The Italian national broadcasting company is
Lithuania
Lithuanian National Radio and Television (LRT) is the national broadcaster of Lithuania. It was founded in 1926 as radio broadcaster, and opened a television broadcasting subdivision in 1957. LRT broadcasts three radio stations (LRT Radijas, LRT Klasika, and LRT Opus), and three TV channels (LRT televizija, LRT Plius, and LRT Lituanica).
Malta
Moldova
Montenegro
Netherlands
The Netherlands uses a rather unusual system of public broadcasting. Public-broadcasting associations are allocated money and time to broadcast their programmes on the publicly owned television and radio channels, collectively known under the
Nordic countries
National public broadcasters in Nordic countries were modeled after the BBC and established a decade later: Radioordningen (now
Poland
![]() | This section needs to be updated.(December 2024) |
This section needs additional citations for verification. (December 2024) |
There is an ongoing debate in Poland about the semi-commercial nature of TVP and PR. Many people fear that making them into totally non-commercial broadcasters would result in the licence fee payable by households being increased, and fewer people being interested in programmes they offer; others say that TVP in particular is too profit-driven and should concentrate on programming that benefits the society.
Portugal

In Portugal, the national public broadcaster is Rádio e Televisão de Portugal (RTP), which in 1957 began regular broadcasts of its first channel, now RTP1 and maintains editorial independence from its government.[65] In 1968 its second channel appeared, then called "segundo programa", now RTP2. In the 1970s, TV arrived in the Portuguese islands of Madeira and the Azores, with the creation of two regional channels: RTP Madeira in 1972 and RTP Açores in 1976.
Until the 1990s the state had a monopoly on TV broadcasting, so RTP1 and RTP2 were the only Portuguese channels, both with similar generalist programmes. In 1990, RTP1 was renamed "Canal 1", and in 1992 RTP2 was renamed "TV2". With the creation of the two private channels, SIC in 1992 and Televisão Independente in 1993, the philosophy of the public service changed: in 1995, TV2 was again renamed RTP2 and became an alternative channel dedicated to culture, science, arts, documentaries, sports (except football), minorities and children. Since then, RTP2 has carried no advertising. Canal 1, renamed back RTP1 also in 1995, remained the commercial channel of RTP group, focused on entertainment, information and major sport competitions. In 2004, after a great restructuring period, RTP started its current branding. That year the two thematic channels of the group were also created – RTPN, a 24 hour-news channel which became RTP Informação in 2011 and RTP3 in 2015; and RTP Memória, dedicated to classic RTP programming. In 2014 the headquarters of RTP2 were transferred from Lisbon to Porto.
The group also has two international channels:
.The RTP group is financed by the advertising revenues from RTP1, RTP3, RTP Memória, RTP África, and RTP Internacional, and also by the taxa de contribuição audiovisual (broadcasting contribution tax), which is incorporated in electricity bills. Funding from the government budget ceased in 2014, during the
Romania
The public radio broadcaster is Romanian Radio Broadcasting Company (Radio Romania). It does not have independence from its government.[67] It operates FM and AM, and internet national, regional, and local radio channels. The regional and local stations are branded as Radio România Regional. Broadcasting in 12 languages, Radio Romania International is the company's international radio station.
TVR and Radio Romania are funded through a hybrid financing system, drawing from the state budget, a special tax (incorporated in electricity bills), and advertising too.
Serbia
Radio Television of Serbia (RTS) is the national public broadcaster in Serbia that does not have editorial independence from its government.[68] It operates a total of five television channels (RTS1, RTS2, RTS Digital, RTS HD and RTS SAT) and five radio stations (Radio Belgrade 1, Radio Belgrade 2, Radio Belgrade 3, Radio Belgrade 202, and Stereorama). RTS is primarily funded through public television licence fees bundled with electricity bills paid monthly, as well as advertising.[69]
Slovakia
Spain
In Spain, being a highly decentralized country, two public broadcasting systems coexist: a national state-owned broadcasting corporation,
RTVE provides multi-station radio and television services with its divisions Radio Nacional de España (RNE) and Televisión Española (TVE), as well as online and streaming services. RNE was founded in 1937 and broadcasts five radio stations: Radio Nacional since 1937, Radio Clásica since 1965, Radio 3 since 1979, Ràdio 4 since 1976, Radio 5 since 1989 and its international worldwide service Radio Exterior since 1942. TVE was founded in 1956 and broadcasts different television channels: La 1 (La Primera or La uno) since 1956, that is a generalist channel; La 2 (La dos) since 1966, that offers cultural programming; Teledeporte sports channel since 1994; 24 Horas news channel since 1997; Clan children's channel since 2005; and its international worldwide service TVE Internacional since 1989. RTVE Play is its over-the-top media service, and replaced in 2021 its previous online video on demand service created in 2008. Although almost all the programming is the same for all of Spain, RTVE has territorial centers in every autonomous community and produces and broadcasts some local programming in regional variations in each of them. For most of its history, RNE and TVE were funded both from public sources and private advertising; however, from September 2009, RTVE have been funded by a mixture of public tax revenue and funds collected from Spain's private television stations, thus removing advertising from its channels. A TV licence fee has been suggested, but with little popular success.[73]
Moreover, most autonomous communities have their own public broadcaster, almost all of these are members of
Sweden


Sweden has three public service broadcasters, namely
Ukraine

United Kingdom
The United Kingdom has a strong tradition of public service broadcasting. In addition to the
In the UK there are also small community broadcasters. There are now 228 stations with FM broadcast licences (licensed by Ofcom). Community radio stations typically cover a small geographical area with a coverage radius of up to 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) and run on a nonprofit basis. They can cater for whole communities or for different areas of interest – such as a particular ethnic group, age group or interest group. Community radio stations reflect a diverse mix of cultures and interests. There are stations catering to urban or experimental music, while others are aimed at younger people, religious communities or the armed forces and their families.
Oceania
Australia
In Australia, the
In addition, there is a large Australian
New Zealand
In New Zealand all broadcasters are given a small slice of public broadcasting responsibility, because of the state-funded agency
Aside from television, New Zealand has a rich public radio culture,
In late January 2020, the Labour-led coalition government announced that they were planning to merge TVNZ and Radio New Zealand to create a new public broadcasting service.[80][81] In response, the opposition National Party announced that it would oppose any plans to merge Radio NZ and TVNZ.[82]
See also
- Citizen media
- Editorial independence
- Independent media
- International broadcasting
- Mediatization, on the democratic role of the media
- Press freedom
- Public Radio Exchange, non-profit distribution, peer review and licensing organization
- Public, educational, and government access
- State media
Citations
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- ^ "Public Service Broadcasting". UNESCO. Archived from the original on 2022-03-21. Retrieved 2023-08-09.
- ^ "BRU definition of public service broadcasting". Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 13 October 2014.
- ^ ISBN 1-86020-006-0.
- ISBN 981-4136-01-8.
- ^ .
- ISBN 978-1-63331-051-3.
- ^ Charter of the Corporation (ABC). Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983: Section 6 Archived 2007-11-23 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ ABC listen. 2022-07-09. Retrieved 2024-07-08.
- ^ "Isle of Man's future of public service media report splits Tynwald". BBC. 2018-12-12. Retrieved 2024-07-08.
- ^ Ivo de Oliveira, Pedro (7 May 2021). "EBC inaugura banda estendida FM e estreia programação em 5 capitais". Agência Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on 26 January 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
- ^ "Cobertura". Padre Anchieta Foundation (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on 21 October 2021. Retrieved 21 October 2021.
- ^ "EBC virou 'cabide de emprego' e símbolo de aparelhamento político, diz ministro". O Globo (in Brazilian Portuguese). 11 June 2016. Archived from the original on 10 April 2021. Retrieved 10 April 2021.
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General and cited references
- Banerjee, Indrajit; Seneviratne, Kalinga, eds. (2006). Public service broadcasting in the age of globalization. Asian Media Information and Communication Centre. ISBN 981-4136-01-8.
- Raboy, Marc (1995). Public broadcasting for the 21st century. Acamedia research monographs. Vol. 17. Indiana University Press. ISBN 1-86020-006-0.
- Linke, Benjamin (2016), Public Financing of Public Service Broadcasting and its Qualification as State Aid, Peter Lang, ISBN 978-3-631-66568-8
- Price, Monroe Edwin; Raboy, Marc (2003). Public service broadcasting in transition: a documentary reader (PDF). Kluwer Law International. ISBN 90-411-2212-5. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2012-01-17. Retrieved 2011-08-06.
External links
- State Media Monitor by the Media and Journalism Research Center
- Public Media Content Collective
- A Model Public Service Broadcasting Law (2005) by Article 19
- AIR, the Association for Independents in Radio