Pukekohe
Pukekohe | |
---|---|
Coordinates: 37°12′S 174°54′E / 37.200°S 174.900°E | |
Country | New Zealand |
Region | Auckland Region |
Ward | Franklin ward |
Board | Franklin Local Board |
Electorates | |
Government | |
• Territorial authority | Auckland Council |
Area | |
• Secondary urban area | 32.07 km2 (12.38 sq mi) |
Population (June 2023)[2] | |
• Urban | 27,400 |
Postcode | 2120 |
Area code | 09 |
Pukekohe is a town in the
With a population of 27,400 (June 2023),[2] Pukekohe is the 24th largest urban area in New Zealand, and the third largest in the Auckland Region behind Auckland itself and Hibiscus Coast.
Pukekohe is a rural service town for the area formerly known as the Franklin District. Its population is mainly of European descent, with significant
Geology
Pukekohe and the surrounding areas are a section of the South Auckland volcanic field, which erupted between 550,000 and 1,600,000 years ago.[3]
History
Māori history
Much of the population around Pukekohe migrated south during the Musket Wars in the 1820s due to the threat from Ngāpuhi and other northern tribes,[6] gradually returning from the mid-1830s.[9][10]
In modern times, the two main iwi of the area are Ngāti Tamaoho and Ngāti Te Ata. Waikato Tainui has a strong presence.
European settlement and the New Zealand Wars
On 7 December 1843, the New Zealand Crown purchased sections of the Franklin District including Pukekohe from local Māori for the sum of £150 and several items including 181 blankets, two tea kettles, a horse brush, six silk handkerchiefs, a water pot, 13 axes, two saucepans, a box of pipes and 788 pounds of tobacco.[11] In 1853, the Crown established Te Awa nui o Taikehu, a reserve the Crown created for Te Ākitai Waiohua during land sales around modern-day Pukekohe.[6] By 1856, European settlements had been well established in the north and western reaches of Pukekohe.[8] On 9 July 1863, due to fears of the Māori King Movement, Governor George Grey proclaimed that all Māori living to the South of Auckland needed to swear loyalty to the Queen and give up their weapons. Most people refused due to strong links to Tainui, leaving for the south before the Government's Invasion of the Waikato. Small numbers of people remained, in order to tend to their farms and for ahi kā (land rights through continued occupation).[12]
A major
The New Zealand Government confiscated large tracts of land in the aftermath of the invasion in 1865, after which the town of Pukekohe was established, on the northern slopes of its namesake, Pukekohe Hill.
Due to the clearing of dense bush in the Pukekohe area, large areas of fertile, volcanic land became available for growing crops.
20th century
On 10 June 1905, Pukekohe became a town district.
In response to the growing presence of Chinese and Indian market growers in Pukekohe, the White New Zealand League was founded in Pukekohe in December 1925 to advance the economic and social interests of European New Zealanders.[24][25] Its 15 founding members lived in Pukekohe and included Deputy Mayor George Parvin. As a White supremacist group, the League exploited local European growers' fear of economic competition with Asian immigrants and oppose Asian immigration. The League attracted the support of several New Zealand Members of Parliament, 160 local government bodies and newspaper editors including Franklin District MP Ewen McLennan, Thames MP Thomas William Rhodes, the Franklin County Council, the Pukekohe Borough Council, and the Pukekohe Chamber of Commerce. In January 1926, the Pukekohe Borough Council voted to support the League's goals. Mayor John Routly urged European residents not to lease land to Asians.[26] In 1932, 1,400 Pukekohe locals petitioned the New Zealand Parliament to repatriate local Chinese and Indians, whom they claimed were taking jobs from Europeans and Māori. Parliament dismissed the petition in 1934 on the grounds that the petition's allegations had not been proved.[27] The League dissolved in 1937 during the Great Depression.[28]
During the early 20th century, several landless Māori from the Waikato migrated to Pukekohe to work in the township's market gardens as itinerant agricultural workers. These Māori came from the Ngatipari,
Between the 1930s and early 1960s, the Pukekohe Borough Council, the
In addition to substandard housing, Pukekohe's Māori population experienced discrimination and segregation in accessing education, health services, public toilets, transportation, and local businesses between the 1920s and early 1960s. Several pubs, barbers, and restaurants either refused to serve Māori or maintained separate facilities for Europeans and non-Whites including Māori. Local businesses and banks were unwilling to loan to Māori patrons. Māori riding buses were expected to give up their seats for European customers.[35][36][37] The Strand cinema maintained separate seating areas for Māori patrons.[38][31]
During the 1940s and 1950s, Pukekohe Primary School maintained segregated toilets and sports teams for European and Māori students. Māori students were only allowed to use the school's swimming pool on Friday before the water was renewed. In 1952, a segregated Māori-only school called Pukekohe Māori School was established to cate for the Māori community. The school was later revamped in 1965 as the interracial Pukekohe Hill School.[39][36][37] According to Bartholomew, discrimination against Māori residents was done on the pretext of health and alleged poor behavior since New Zealand did not have legislation and local by-laws codifying racial segregation and discrimination. [40]
21st century
In 2009, several Pukekohe community leaders, school board members, and educators established a community group called "Te Huarahi" to help schools and families improve Māori educational outcomes in Pukekohe and improve knowledge of the Treaty of Waitangi.[41] In 2009, Te Huarahi launched a programme to improve the teaching of the Māori language in Pukekohe and called for local leaders to acknowledge that Pukekohe Māori had experienced racism including corporal punishment for speaking their native language.[42]
In 2018, the New Zealand Government settled a treaty land claim with Ngāti Tamaoho, whose area includes Pukekohe. The Government also acknowledged that Ngāti Tamaoho had experienced social and economic marginalisation in New Zealand society including "discrimination and segregation at a state-run school in Pukekohe." That same year, Pukekohe Valley School proposed an action plan to gather local Māori history and stories while acknowledging local unease about the town's history of racism.[43]
Culture
Marae
Ngā Hau e Whā Marae is located in the Pukekohe area.
Indian community centres
In 1953, the Nehru Hall was constructed in Pukekohe for the Indian committee, and was the first Indian community hall to be built in New Zealand. The hall was too small to host large-scale events such as Indian weddings, which instead were held at the Pukekohe War Memorial Town Hall.[23] In response to the community needing a larger space, the PIA Events Centre was opened by the Pukekohe Indian Association in 1999.[46]
Demographics
Pukekohe covers 11.25 km2 (4.34 sq mi)[1] and had an estimated population of 27,400 as of June 2023,[2] with a population density of 2,436 people per km2.
Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
---|---|---|
2006 | 17,268 | — |
2013 | 20,526 | +2.50% |
2018 | 23,904 | +3.09% |
Source: [47] |
Pukekohe had a population of 23,904 at the
Ethnicities were 70.9% European/Pākehā, 19.8% Māori, 9.0% Pacific peoples, 12.2% Asian, and 2.2% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.
The percentage of people born overseas was 24.3, compared with 27.1% nationally.
Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 46.3% had no religion, 38.0% were Christian, 1.6% had Māori religious beliefs, 3.0% were Hindu, 1.0% were Muslim, 0.5% were Buddhist and 3.0% had other religions.
Of those at least 15 years old, 2,973 (16.1%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 3,876 (20.9%) people had no formal qualifications. 3,411 people (18.4%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 9,291 (50.2%) people were employed full-time, 2,439 (13.2%) were part-time, and 792 (4.3%) were unemployed.[47]
Name | Area (km2) |
Population | Density (per km2) |
Households | Median age | Median income |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pukekohe North West | 4.78 | 4,674 | 978 | 1,542 | 32.0 years | $28,300[48] |
Anselmi Ridge | 7.53 | 2,448 | 325 | 855 | 45.7 years | $35,900[49] |
Pukekohe West | 2.21 | 4,980 | 2,253 | 1,509 | 31.4 years | $28,500[50] |
Cape Hill | 0.72 | 1,551 | 2,154 | 480 | 34.7 years | $44,300[51] |
Rosa Birch Park | 0.79 | 2,082 | 2,635 | 768 | 43.6 years | $29,500[52] |
Rooseville Park | 1.35 | 2,562 | 1,898 | 864 | 35.7 years | $39,100[53] |
Cloverlea (Auckland) | 2.38 | 2,412 | 1,013 | 867 | 42.8 years | $36,100[54] |
Pukekohe Central | 2.94 | 369 | 126 | 153 | 36.2 years | $29,400[55] |
Pukekohe Hospital | 0.73 | 1,653 | 2,264 | 609 | 40.7 years | $34,400[56] |
Buckland | 8.62 | 1,173 | 136 | 384 | 40.7 years | $37,200[57] |
New Zealand | 37.4 years | $31,800 |
Local government
Pukekohe had a local government just like other suburbs of Auckland at that time. The local government was called Pukekohe Borough Council, which started in 1912 and merged into Franklin District Council in 1989, eventually being amalgamated into Auckland Council in November 2010.
The mayors of Pukekohe Borough Council were:
- 1912–1912 William Dunn
- 1912–1915 C. K. Lawrie
- 1915–1919 Henry Greathead Rex Mason
- 1919–1921 C. K. Lawrie
- 1921–1935 John Routly
- 1935–1938 C. K. Lawrie
- 1938–1941 John Routly
- 1941–1950 Maxwell Rae Grierson
- 1950–1963 S. C. Childs
- 1963–1974 C. W. J. Lawrie
- 1974–1989 Max R. Short
Since 2010, the Franklin Local Board represents local government in the area. The local board is one of 21 local boards across Auckland. The current Councillor is Andy Baker. Pukekohe lies in the Port Waikato general electorate, currently represented by Andrew Bayly of the National Party. It is part of the Hauraki-Waikato Māori electorate, currently represented by Hana-Rawhiti Maipi-Clarke of Te Pāti Māori.
Education
Pukekohe High School is a secondary school (years 9–13) with a roll of 1,850.[58] The school opened in 1921 as Pukekohe Technical High School, and was renamed to Pukekohe High School in 1948.[59]
Pukekohe Intermediate School is an intermediate school (years 7–8) with a roll of 691.[60] The school opened in 1966[61]
Pukekohe East School, Pukekohe Hill School and Valley School are contributing primary schools (years 1–6) with rolls of 146, 523 and 436 students, respectively.[62][63][64] Pukekohe East School opened in 1880.[65] Pukekohe Maori School opened in 1952 and was renamed to Pukekohe Hill School in 1966.[66] Valley School opened in 1966.[67]
Pukekohe North School is a full primary school (years 1–8) with a roll of 310.[68] 79 percent of the roll are of Māori heritage,[69] and some classes are taught in the Māori language.[70] The school opened in 1957, although the official opening was in 1958.[61]
KingsGate School and St Joseph's School are state integrated full primary schools (years 1–8) with rolls of 219 and 246 students, respectively.[71][72] KingsGate is an interdenominational Christian school. It opened in 1996.[73] St Joseph's is a Catholic school which opened in 1923.[74]
Parkside School is a special school with a roll of 141.[75] It provides education for students with special needs up to the age of 21.[76]
Tamaoho School is a contributing primary school which opened in 2021.[77]
All these schools are coeducational. Rolls are as of February 2024.[78]
Sports
Pukekohe RFC represent the town in rugby union. The Counties Manukau Rugby Football Union are based in Pukekohe and play home matches at Navigation Homes Stadium.
Pukekohe is home to Pukekohe AFC who are members of the Northern Region Football. Bledisloe Park Sports Centre (overlooking Bledisloe Park grounds) is home to both Pukekohe AFC and Pukekohe Metro Cricket Club. The sports centre is managed by the Bledisloe Park Society Committee.
Auckland Metropolitan Clay Target Club, is a clay target shooting club located just outside Pukekohe, offering recreational and competitive target shooting.
Puni Mountain Bike Track, located at Puni Memorial Park, has roughly 6–7 km of single-track.[80] Sunset Coast BMX and Puni Rugby Club are also located at Puni Memorial Park.
Pukekohe is home to the Franklin Bulls, a basketball team that plays in the New Zealand National Basketball League (NZNBL). Their home court is the Franklin Pool and Leisure Centre, also known as 'The Stockyard'.
The town has a golf club and a tennis club.
Media
Based on King St, Pukekohe, Rural Living is a monthly, lifestyle magazine distributed throughout the Franklin region and accessible online. The magazine's publisher, Times Media, also produces annual magazines, Design & Build Franklin and Settling In, produced by locals for locals.
Franklin County News is the local newspaper distributed weekly to homes in Pukekohe and surrounding towns, including Waiuku and Tuakau.[81]
The Post Newspaper issues almost 22,000 copies weekly on a Tuesday within Franklin and Tuakau and is based in Waiuku.
In 2015, the online events calendar and photo news Franklin Life NZ was launched.
In 2013, the film Mt. Zion was released in New Zealand, portraying Māori life in 1970s Pukekohe.
Transport
Pukekohe railway station is on the North Island Main Trunk Railway and is the southernmost station of the Auckland rail network, at the end of the Southern Line. The portion of the line between Papakura and Pukekohe is currently closed for electrification until early 2025 after which electric trains will run directly to Pukekohe from the Auckland CBD. A rail replacement bus is currently running between Papakura and Pukekohe while the line is closed. In July 2017, it was announced that the purchase of battery-powered electric trains had been "agreed in principle"[82] by Auckland Council and that an all-electric service would be operational in 2019 (provisionally, subject to conditions), four years after completion of the rest of the region's electrified rail network. However, the purchase of battery-powered trains did not proceed. In 2020, the government announced funding to extend electrification from Papakura to Pukekohe.[83]
There are several loop bus services serving central Pukekohe and also connecting to the western and southern townships of Patumahoe, Waiuku, Tuakau and Port Waikato. There are no bus services north of the town (beyond Paerata) and none at all serving travel to the east.
Notable people
- Bill Birch, MP—was a long-time resident
- Possum Bourne, Rally driver
- Leslie Comrie, astronomer and pioneer in mechanical computation
- All Blackscaptain
- Simon Doull, cricket representative and radio personality
- Peter Fa'afiu, diplomat, global director of Amnesty International[84]
- A. J. Hackett, entrepreneur who popularised bungee jumping
- Malcolm Hood , All Black Physiotherapist [85]
- Madonna Harris, resident and sportswoman
- Michael Marr, entrepreneur, Blake Leader Awardee and awarded Medallion of Entrepreneurship from BGS USA [86][87] [88] [89]
- Liam Lawson, F2 Racing Driver raised in Pukekohe[90]
- All Black, born in Pukekohe, educated at Wesley College
- Rex Mason, mayor and MP
- Mick Peck, award-winning magician and entertainer
- Carl Ruiterman, racing driver
- Malietoa Tanumafili II, Samoan Head of State—educated at Wesley College
- Allan Wilson, molecular biologist—grew up in the area
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- ^ a b c "Subnational population estimates (RC, SA2), by age and sex, at 30 June 1996-2023 (2023 boundaries)". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 25 October 2023. (regional councils); "Subnational population estimates (TA, SA2), by age and sex, at 30 June 1996-2023 (2023 boundaries)". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 25 October 2023. (territorial authorities); "Subnational population estimates (urban rural), by age and sex, at 30 June 1996-2023 (2023 boundaries)". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 25 October 2023. (urban areas)
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- ISBN 9781927322260.