Pula
Pula
Pola | |
---|---|
Grad Pula / Città di Pola | |
Clockwise, from top: Pula Arena; Arch of the Sergii; Verudela marina; Pula Arena interior; Church of Saint Anthony; Town Hall and the Temple of Augustus | |
UTC+2 (CEST) | |
Postal code | HR-52 100 |
Area code | +385 52 |
Vehicle registration | PU |
Website | pula |
Pula (Croatian:
History
Pre-history
Evidence of the presence of Homo erectus one million years ago has been found in the cave of Šandalja near Pula.[3] Pottery from the Neolithic period (6000–2000 BC), indicating human settlement, has been found around Pula. In the Bronze Age (1800–1000 BC), a new type of settlement appeared in Istria, called 'gradine', or hill-top fortifications.[4] Many late Bronze Age bone objects, such as tools for smoothing and drilling, sewing needles, as well as spiral bronze pendants, have been found in the area around Pula.[5] The type of materials found in Bronze Age sites in Istria connects these with sites along the Danube.[5] The inhabitants of Istria in the Bronze Age are known as Proto Illyrians.[5]
Greek pottery and a part of a statue of Apollo have been found, attesting to the presence or influence of Greek culture.[6] Greek tradition attributed the foundation of Polai to the Colchians, mentioned in the context of the story of Jason and Medea, who had stolen the golden fleece. The Colchians, who had chased Jason into the northern Adriatic, were unable to catch him and ended up settling in a place they called Polai, signifying "city of refuge".[7]
Ancient period
In classical antiquity, it was inhabited by the Histri,[8] a Venetic or Illyrian tribe.
The Istrian peninsula was conquered by the Romans in 177 BC,[8] starting a period of Romanization. The town was elevated to colonial rank between 46 and 45 BC as the tenth region of the late Roman Republic, under Julius Caesar.[8][12] During that time the town grew and had at its zenith a population of about 30,000. It became a significant Roman port with a large surrounding area under its jurisdiction.During the civil war of 42 BC of the triumvirate of
A great amphitheatre, Pula Arena, was constructed between 27 BC and 68 AD,[13] much of it still standing to this day. The Romans also supplied the city with a water supply and sewage systems. They fortified the city with a wall with ten gates. A few of these gates remain: the triumphal Arch of the Sergii, the Gate of Hercules (in which the names of the founders of the city are engraved), and the Twin Gates. During the reign of the emperor Septimius Severus the name of the town was changed to "Res Publica Polensis". The town was the site of Crispus Caesar's execution in 326 AD and Gallus Caesar's execution in 354 AD. In 425 AD the town became the centre of a bishopric, attested by the remains of foundations of a few religious buildings.[8]
Middle Ages
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the city and region were attacked by the Ostrogoths, Pula being virtually destroyed by Odoacer, a Germanic foederati general in 476 AD.[14] The town was ruled by the Ostrogoths from 493 to 538 AD.[14] When their rule ended, Pula came under the rule of the Exarchate of Ravenna (540–751). During this period Pula prospered and became the major port of the Byzantine fleet and an integral part of the Byzantine Empire.[14][15] The Basilica of Saint Mary Formosa was built in the 6th century.[14]
From 788 on Pula was ruled by the
In 1238
Pula is quoted by the Italian poet Dante Alighieri, who had visited Pula, in the Divine Comedy: "Sì come a Pola, presso del Carnaro, ch'Italia chiude e i suoi termini bagna" or "As Pola, along the Quarnero, that marks the end of Italy and bathes its boundaries".
Venetian, Napoleonic and early Habsburg rule
The Venetians took over Pula in 1331 and would rule the city until 1797. During the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries, Pula was attacked and occupied by the Genoese, the Hungarian army and the Habsburgs; several outlying medieval settlements and towns were destroyed. In addition to war, the plague, malaria and typhoid ravaged the city. By the 1750s there were only 3,000 inhabitants left in ancient city, an area now covered with weeds and ivy.[19]
With the collapse of the Venetian Republic in 1797 following
Austrian Littoral province and union with Italy
In 1813, Pola (with Istria) came back to the
Following the collapse of Austria-Hungary in 1918, Pola and the whole of Istria – except the territory of Castua
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Pula Riviera in 1904
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Jack DaultonCollection, Los Altos Hills, California.
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Austro-Hungarian dreadnoughts at Pola
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Flag in use during the Italian rule of the city[25]
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Coat of arms in use during the Italian rule of the city
Post–World War II and modern era
After
Geography and climate
Pula (Pula, City of Pula) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Climate chart (explanation) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The city lies on and beneath seven hills on the inner part of a wide gulf and a naturally well-protected port (depth up to 38 m (125 ft)) open to the northwest with two entrances: from the sea and through Fažana channel.
Today, Pula's geographical area amounts to 5,165 ha (12,760 acres), 4,159 ha (10,280 acres)[27] on land and 1,015 ha (2,510 acres) at sea, bounded from the north by islands Sv. Jerolim and Kozada, city areas Štinjan/Stignano, Veli Vrh/Monte Grande and Sianna with its 'Kaiserwald' forest; from the east area Monteserpo, Valmade, Busoler and Valdebek; from the south with the old gas works, commercial port Veruda and island Veruda; and from the west Verudela, Lungomare and Musil.
Protected from the north by the mountain chain of
Normally, it is humid. Temperatures above 10 °C (50 °F) last for more than 240 days a year. There are two different kinds of winds here – the bora brings cold and clear weather from the north in winter, and the southern Sirocco bringing rain in summer.[28] The 'Maestral' is a summer breeze blowing from the inland to the sea.
Like the rest of the region Pula is known for its mild climate and tame sea with an average of sunny days of 2,316 hours per year or 6.3 hours a day, with an average air temperature of 13.7 °C (56.7 °F)[29] (6.1 °C (43.0 °F) in February to 26.4 °C (79.5 °F) in July and August) and sea temperature from 7 °C (45 °F) to 26 °C (79 °F).[30][31][32]
Climate data for Pula | |||||||||||||
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Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 10 (50) |
10 (50) |
13 (55) |
16 (61) |
21 (70) |
25 (77) |
28 (82) |
28 (82) |
24 (75) |
20 (68) |
14 (57) |
10 (50) |
18 (65) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 6 (43) |
6 (43) |
9 (48) |
12 (54) |
17 (63) |
21 (70) |
23 (73) |
23 (73) |
20 (68) |
16 (61) |
11 (52) |
7 (45) |
14 (58) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 2 (36) |
2 (36) |
4 (39) |
8 (46) |
12 (54) |
16 (61) |
18 (64) |
18 (64) |
15 (59) |
12 (54) |
7 (45) |
4 (39) |
10 (50) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 78 (3.1) |
64 (2.5) |
65 (2.6) |
70 (2.8) |
56 (2.2) |
53 (2.1) |
48 (1.9) |
75 (3.0) |
85 (3.3) |
85 (3.3) |
80 (3.1) |
112 (4.4) |
871 (34.3) |
Average rainy days | 12 | 12 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 145 |
Mean daily sunshine hours | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 9 | 7 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 6 |
Percent possible sunshine | 33 | 40 | 42 | 43 | 53 | 56 | 67 | 64 | 58 | 45 | 30 | 33 | 47 |
Source 1: EuroWeather | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Weather Atlas (sunshine data)[33] |
Climate data for Pula | |||||||||||||
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Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Average sea temperature °C (°F) | 11.3 (52.4) |
10.4 (50.7) |
11.2 (52.1) |
13.7 (56.7) |
18.2 (64.8) |
23.0 (73.3) |
25.0 (77.0) |
25.2 (77.3) |
23.7 (74.6) |
19.6 (67.3) |
16.8 (62.3) |
14.2 (57.5) |
17.7 (63.8) |
Mean daily daylight hours | 9.0 | 10.0 | 12.0 | 14.0 | 15.0 | 16.0 | 15.0 | 14.0 | 12.0 | 11.0 | 10.0 | 9.0 | 12.3 |
Average Ultraviolet index | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 4.3 |
Source: Weather Atlas[33] |
Population
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1857 | 3,628 | — |
1869 | 10,601 | +192.2% |
1880 | 25,390 | +139.5% |
1890 | 31,498 | +24.1% |
1900 | 36,143 | +14.7% |
1910 | 59,498 | +64.6% |
1921 | 38,591 | −35.1% |
1931 | 44,219 | +14.6% |
1948 | 20,812 | −52.9% |
1953 | 28,259 | +35.8% |
1961 | 37,099 | +31.3% |
1971 | 47,156 | +27.1% |
1981 | 56,153 | +19.1% |
1991 | 62,378 | +11.1% |
2001 | 58,594 | −6.1% |
2011 | 57,765 | −1.4% |
census data |
Pula is the largest city in Istria County, with a metropolitan area of 90,000 people.[citation needed] The city itself has 57,460 residents (census 2011),[34] while the metropolitan area includes Barban/Barbana (2,802 residents), Fažana/Fasana (3,050 residents), Ližnjan/Lisignano (2,945 residents), Marčana/Marzana (3,903 residents), Medulin/Medolino (6,004 residents), Svetvinčenat/Sanvicenti (2,218 residents) and Vodnjan/Dignano (5,651 residents). Its population density is 1,093.27/km2 (2,831.6/sq mi), ranking Pula fifth in Croatia.
Its birth rate is 1.795 per cent and its mortality rate is 1.014 per cent (in 2001 466 people were born and 594 deceased), with a natural population decrease of −0.219 per cent and vital index of 78.45. The majority of its citizens are Croats representing 70.14% of the population (2011 census). The largest ethnic minorities are: 3,454 Serbs (6.01 per cent), 2,545 local Italians (4.43 per cent), 2,011 Bosniaks (3.5 per cent), 549 Slovenians (0.96 per cent).[35]
population | 3628 | 10601 | 25390 | 31498 | 36143 | 59498 | 38591 | 44219 | 20812 | 28259 | 37099 | 47156 | 56153 | 62378 | 58594 | 57460 | 52220 |
1857 | 1869 | 1880 | 1890 | 1900 | 1910 | 1921 | 1931 | 1948 | 1953 | 1961 | 1971 | 1981 | 1991 | 2001 | 2011 | 2021 |
Sights
The city is best known for its many surviving ancient Roman buildings, the most famous of which is its 1st-century amphitheatre, which is among the six largest surviving Roman arenas in the world.[13] and locally known as the Arena. This is one of the best-preserved amphitheatres from antiquity and is still in use today during summer film festivals. During the World War II Italian fascist administration, there were attempts to dismantle the arena and move it to mainland Italy, which were quickly abandoned due to the costs involved.
Two other notable and well-preserved ancient Roman structures are the 1st-century AD triumphal arch, the Arch of the Sergii and the co-eval Temple of Augustus, built in the 1st century AD built on the forum during the reign of the Roman emperor Augustus.
The Twin Gates (Porta Gemina) is one of the few remaining gates after the city walls were pulled down at the beginning of the 19th century. It dates from the mid-2nd century, replacing an earlier gate. It consists of two arches, columns, a plain architrave, and a decorated frieze. Close by are a few remains of the old city wall.
The Gate of Hercules dates from the 1st century. At the top of the single arch, one can see the bearded head of Hercules, carved in high-relief, and his club on the adjoining voussoir. A damaged inscription, close to the club, contains the names of Lucius Calpurnius Piso and Gaius Cassius Longinus who were entrusted by the Roman senate to found a colony at the site of Pula. Thus it can be deduced that Pula was founded between 47 and 44 BC.
The Augustan Forum was constructed in the 1st century BC, close to the sea. In Roman times it was surrounded by temples of
Two Roman theatres have withstood the ravages of time: the smaller one (diameter c. 50 m; 2nd century AD) near the centre, the larger one (diameter c. 100 m; 1st century AD) on the southern edge of the city.
The city's old quarter of narrow streets, lined with Medieval and Renaissance buildings, are still surfaced with ancient Roman paving stones.
The Byzantine chapel of
The Cathedral of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary was built in the 6th century, when Pula became the seat of a bishopry, over the remains of the original site where the Christians used to gather and pray in Roman times. It was enlarged in the 10th century. After its destruction by Genoese and Venetian raids, it was almost completely rebuilt in the 15th century. It got its present form when a late Renaissance façade was added in the early 16th century. The church still retains several Romanesque and Byzantine characters, such as some parts of the walls (dating from the 4th century), a few of the original column capitals and the upper windows of the nave. In the altar area and in the room to the south one can still see fragments of 5th- or 6th-century floor mosaics with memorial inscriptions from worshippers who paid for the mosaics. The windows of the aisles underwent reconstruction in Gothic style after a fire in 1242. The belfry in front of the church was built between 1671 and 1707 using stones from the amphitheatre. There also used to stand a baptistery from the 5th century in front of the church, but it was demolished in 1885.
The Orthodox Church of St. Nicholas with its Ravenna-style polygonal apse originally dates from the 6th century, but was partially rebuilt in the 10th century. In 1583 it was assigned to the Orthodox community of Pula, mainly immigrants from
The star-shaped castle with four
The Church of St. Francis dates from the end of the 13th century. It was built in 1314 in late
The Archaeological Museum of Istria is situated in the park on a lower level than the Roman theatre and close to the Twin Gates. Its collection was started by Marshall Marmont in August 1802 when he collected the stone monuments from the temple of Augustus. The present-day museum was opened in 1949. It displays treasures from Pula and surroundings from prehistory until the Middle Ages. The building was constructed under Austro-Hungarian rule and was the former k.u.k. Staatsgymnasium, the Austrian high school. The Aquarium Pula is the biggest aquarium in Croatia, located in the Austro-Hungarian fortress Verudela, which was built in 1886 on the peninsula 3 km (2 mi) from the centre of the city of Pula. Transforming the fortress into the aquarium has been in progress since 2002. The installation encompasses about 60 tanks on the ground floor, the moat, and the first floor of the fortress. In an area of approximately 2,000 m2 (21,528 sq ft), visitors can view inhabitants of the Northern and Southern Adriatic Sea, tropical marine and freshwater fish, and representatives of European rivers and lakes. From the roof of the fort, visitors may view the entire city of Pula. It is also possible to see the first marine turtle rescue centre in Croatia.
Fort Bourguignon is one of many fortresses in Pula that the Austrian empire erected to protect the port for its navy.
Nesactium[36] is an ancient hill fort settlement, which is considered to be the oldest urban settlement in Istria. The town is settled about 10 km north of Pula, next to Valtura and Pula Airport. The site itself is located above Bay of Budava, and it is well protected by its steep hills. Nesactium is first mentioned as the main settlement of the Histri, the oldest people on the peninsula, which were the eponym for Istria. Livy was the first who mentioned Nesactium, and the altar dedicated to Emperor Gordian from the 3rd century, where "Res Republica Nesactiensium" is mentioned, confirmed the actual existence of this city. The search for the city has begun in 1900, when Pietro Kandler first put together the toponym Vizače with ancient Nesactium.
As a result of its rich political history, Pula is a city with a cultural mixture of people and languages from the Mediterranean and Central Europe, ancient and contemporary. Pula's architecture reflects these layers of history. Residents are commonly fluent in both Croatian and Italian but also in foreign languages like German and English. From 30 October 1904 to March 1905 Irish writer
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Pula Arena exterior
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Pula Arena interior
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Punta Verudela
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Arch of Sergii
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Byzantine Piran Reliquary at the Pula Archeological Museum
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Lungo Mare beach
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Light design by Dean Skira on cranes in Pula harbour
Tourism
Pula's surrounding natural environment, countryside and the turquoise water of the
Pula is the end point of the
It is possible to track dinosaur footprints on the nearby seashores; certain more important finds have been made at an undisclosed location near Bale.
Transport
Pula had an electric tramway system in the early 20th century. It was built in 1904 as a part of Pula's economic crescendo during the Austro-Hungarian rule. After World War I, during the Fascist rule, the need for tram transportation declined and it was finally dismantled in 1934.
On 9 April 2015
The airline ceased operation in 2016.A train service operates north from Pula through to Slovenia, however, the line remains disconnected from the rest of the Croatian Railways network. Plans to tunnel the 'missing link' between this line and from Rijeka have existed for many years, and despite work commencing on this project previously, have never seen completion. People traveling to Rijeka or Zagreb by train must get off in Lupoglav and take a bus to Rijeka.
Pula Bus Terminus/Terminal is the main hub for Istria and is located on the edge of town just west of the Amphitheatre. From there, excellent service to a wide range of local, domestic, and international locations is available throughout the year. Several bus companies operate from this Terminus including the local service run by Pulapromet. There is also a guaranteed direct line from Pula to Trieste/Venice, especially into spring/summertime.
Passenger ferries also operate from the port area to nearby islands, and also to Venice and Trieste in Italy from June to September.
Nearby towns and villages
- Bale/ Valle d'Istria
- Banjole / Bagnole
- Barban / Barbana d'Istria
- Brijuni / Brioni (Isole)
- Fažana / Fasana
- Galižana/ Gallesano
- Ližnjan / Lisignano
- Medulin / Medolino
- Pomer / Pomero
- Premantura / Promontore (Capo)
- Šišan / Sissano
- Štinjan / Strugnano
- Valtura / Valtura
- Vinkuran/ Vincurano
- Vodnjan / Dignano d'Istria
International relations
Twin towns – sister cities
Pula is
|
- Other forms of city partnership
- Friendly relationships
Notable people
- Archduke Karl Albrecht of Austria, Austrian and Polish officer and landowner
- Danijel Aleksić, Serbian footballer
- Susy Andersen, Italian actress
- Laura Antonelli, Italian actress
- Giovanni Arpino, Italian writer and journalist
- Lidia Bastianich, Italian American chef-restaurateur
- Erma Bossi, Italian expressionist painter
- Crispus, Roman caesar
- Lilia Dale, Italian actress
- Pietro Tradonico, Venetian Doge
- Jadranka Đokić, Croatian actress
- Wilhelm Ehm, German admiral and chief of the Volksmarine
- Sergio Endrigo, Italian singer-composer
- Samanta Fabris, Croatian volleyball player
- Pasqualino Gobbi, Italian Catholic cleric and author
- Stjepan Hauser, Croatian cellist
- James Joyce, Irish writer, lived in Pula from 1904 to 1905 with his wife Nora Barnacle
- Helena Minić, Croatian actress[49]
- Johann Palisa, Austrian astronomer
- Mate Parlov, Croatian boxer
- Jolanda di Maria Petris, Italian-Finnish operatic soprano and voice pedagog
- Herman Potočnik, Austrian officer, electrical engineer and astronautics theorist
- Rossana Rossanda, Italian journalist
- Orlando Sain, Italian footballer
- Antonio Smareglia, Italian-Croatian classical composer
- Roberto Soffici, Italian pop singer-songwriter
- Raimondo Vianello, Italian actor
- Alida Valli, Italian actress
- Geppino Micheletti, Italian surgeon
- Hede von Trapp, painter
- Vladimir Arsenijević, Serbian author
See also
- List of people from Pula
- List of ancient cities in Illyria
- Roman Catholic Diocese of Poreč-Pula
References
Citations
- Wikidata Q119585703.
- ^ a b "Population by Age and Sex, by Settlements, 2021 Census". Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in 2021. Zagreb: Croatian Bureau of Statistics. 2022.
- ^ Skorin-Kapov, Jadranka. "A short historical overview of Istria and, especially, Pula". croatianhistory.net. Archived from the original on 20 January 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2017.
- ^ "Istria in the Bronze Age (1800-1000 B.C.)". istrianet.org. Archived from the original on 30 January 2021. Retrieved 7 April 2012.
- ^ a b c "Tracking the History of the Hillforts in Istria and Slovenia". istrianet.org. Archived from the original on 15 April 2013. Retrieved 7 April 2012.
- ^ "A short historical overview of Istria and, especially, Pula". croatianhistory.net. Archived from the original on 20 January 2020. Retrieved 6 January 2010.
- ^ "Istria on the Internet – Customs – Legends – Pola". istrianet.org. Archived from the original on 15 April 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2010.
- ^ a b c d "A HISTORICAL OUTLINE OF ISTRIA". www2.arnes.si. Archived from the original on 8 June 2011. Retrieved 27 January 2010.
- ^ "Strabo, Geography, 1.2.39". Archived from the original on 24 October 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
- ^ "Pomponius Mela, Chorographia, 2.57". Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
- ^ "Lycophron, Alexandra, 1011". Archived from the original on 8 June 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
- ^ Ivelja-Dalmatin 2009, p. 10
- ^ a b Džin 2009, p. 7
- ^ a b c d Ivelja-Dalmatin 2009, p. 12
- ^ a b "Arheoloski muzej Istre". mdc.hr. Archived from the original on 13 October 2008. Retrieved 27 January 2010.
- ^ Ivelja-Dalmatin 2009, p. 13
- ^ "Charlemagne – The making of Europe". mhas-split.hr. The Museum of Croatian Archaeological Monuments. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 27 January 2010.
- ^ "A Historical Outline of Istria". zrs-kp.si. Archived from the original on 6 April 2009. Retrieved 27 January 2010.
- ^ a b Ivelja-Dalmatin 2009, p. 15
- ^ Die postalischen Abstempelungen auf den österreichischen Postwertzeichen-Ausgaben 1867, 1883 und 1890, Wilhelm Klein, 1967
- ^ a b First World War – Willmott, H.P., Dorling Kindersley, 2003, Page 186-187
- ^ a b Cresswell, Atkins & Dunn 2006, p. 117.
- ISBN 963-04-2855-5
- ^ "Summary: Islam in Europe, European Islam". Cser.it. Archived from the original on 6 March 2009. Retrieved 11 July 2009.
- ^ "Trentino Friuli città". www.rbvex.it. Retrieved 5 June 2023.
- ISBN 9780230297685. Archivedfrom the original on 9 August 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
- ^ Ivelja-Dalmatin 2009, p. 24
- ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 157.
- ^ Ivelja-Dalmatin 2009, p. 28
- ^ Ivelja-Dalmatin 2009, p. 29
- ^ "CLIMATE PULA – Weather". tutiempo.net. Archived from the original on 2 July 2013. Retrieved 26 January 2010.
- ^ "EuroWEATHER – Maximum temperature, Pula/Pola, Croatia – Climate averages". eurometeo.com. Archived from the original on 8 November 2018. Retrieved 26 January 2010.
- ^ a b "Pula, Croatia – Climate data". Weather Atlas. Archived from the original on 24 April 2019. Retrieved 9 March 2017.
- ^ "Population by Age and Sex, by Settlements, 2011 Census: Pula". Census of Population, Households and Dwellings 2011. Zagreb: Croatian Bureau of Statistics. December 2012.
- ^ "Population by Ethnicity, by Towns/Municipalities, 2011 Census: County of Istria". Census of Population, Households and Dwellings 2011. Zagreb: Croatian Bureau of Statistics. December 2012.
- ^ Historical sites in Pula. "Nesactium near Pula". PulaCroatia. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 21 November 2018.
- ^ "Dear Dirty Dublin – redirect". Lib.utulsa.edu. Archived from the original on 29 March 2008. Retrieved 23 August 2009.
- European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation [dead link]
- ^ "Fotogalerija : U Pulu iz Splita hidroavionom stigli prvi putnici – GlasIstre.hr". glasistre.hr. Archived from the original on 11 April 2015. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
- ^ "Timetable – European Coastal Airlines". Archived from the original on 17 April 2015. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
- ^ "Međunarodna suradnja Grada Pule". Grad Pula (in Croatian and Italian). Archived from the original on 5 May 2012. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
- ^ "Twin Towns – Graz Online – English Version". graz.at. Archived from the original on 8 November 2009. Retrieved 5 January 2010.
- ^ "Grad Pula: Građani Triera u posjeti gradu prijatelju Puli". 19 October 2015. Archived from the original on 19 October 2015.
- ^ (Protocol of partnership and town twinning in 1997)[full citation needed]
- ^ Международные Связи – Администрация муниципального образования город-герой Новороссийск (in Russian). Archived from the original on 23 December 2011. Retrieved 21 December 2011.
- ^ location of Croatian rebellion
- ^ (since 2003)
- ^ (since 2002)
- ^ Mikuličin, Ivana (4 December 2017). "HELENA MINIĆ MATANIĆ 'Mnogi muškarci i u 21. stoljeću svoje supruge tretiraju kao ukras života'". Globus. Archived from the original on 2 October 2018. Retrieved 2 October 2018.
General and cited references
- Cresswell, Peterjon; Atkins, Ismay; Dunn, Lily (2006). Time Out Croatia (First ed.). London, Berkeley & Toronto: Time Out Group Ltd & Ebury Publishing, ISBN 978-1-904978-70-1.
- Džin, Kristina (2009). Mirko Žužić (ed.). Arena Pula. Zagreb: Viza MG d.o.o. Remetinečka cesta 81, Zagreb. ]
- Ivelja-Dalmatin, Ana (2009). Pula. Tourist Monograph. ]
Further reading
Published in the 19th century
Published in the 20th century
- Arthur L. Frothingham (1910), "Pola", Roman Cities in Italy and Dalmatia, New York: Sturgis & Walton Company, OL 7027058M, retrieved 12 February 2016
- Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 901–902.
- Turner, J. (2 January 1996). ISBN 0-19-517068-7.
External links
- Official website
- Archaeological Museum of Istria Archived 26 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine
- Croatian National Tourist Board - Pula
- Official tourist website of Istria - Pula Archived 22 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine