Punata Province

Coordinates: 17°35′S 66°15′W / 17.583°S 66.250°W / -17.583; -66.250
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Punata Province
Province
UTC-4
(BOT)

Punata is a

Esteban Arze Province and to the west by the Germán Jordán Province
.

Its archaeological and historical sites are the main interest for foreign tourists.

Subdivision

Political map of Punata Province

Punata Province is divided into five municipalities which are partly further subdivided into cantons.

Section Municipality Seat
1st Punata Municipality Punata
2nd Villa Rivero Municipality or Muela Municipality Villa Rivero
3rd San Benito Municipality
or Villa José Quintín Mendoza Municipality
San Benito
4th Tacachi Municipality Tacachi
5th Cuchumuela Municipality
or Villa Gualberto Villarroel Municipality
Cuchumuela

The people

The people are predominantly

Quechuan
descent. By 2001 census was counted 47735 inhabitants and it rose to 54409 inhabitants by the 2012 census. The economic center is the city of Punata with 28707 inhabitants.

Ethnic group Punata Municipality (%) Villa Rivero Municipality (%) San Benito Municipality (%) Tacachi Municipality (%) Cuchumuela Municipality (%)
Quechua
76.2 93.8 87.1 92.9 94.3
Aymara 0.8 0.1 0.6 0.1 0.4
Moxos
0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.2
Not indigenous 22.7 6.0 12.1 7.0 4.9
Other indigenous groups 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.2

Ref: obd.descentralizacion.gov.bo

Languages

The languages spoken in the Punata Province are mainly

Quechua and Spanish. The following table shows the number of those belonging to the recognized group of speakers.[1]

Language Punata Municipality Villa Rivero Municipality San Benito Municipality Tacachi Municipality Cuchumuela Municipality
Quechua
21,255 5,387 10,529 953 1,767
Aymara 256 16 94 4 3
Guaraní
25 4 9 1 1
Another native 22 7 6 0 1
Spanish 20,797 3,394 9,650 674 851
Foreign 148 14 48 3 1
Only native 4,232 2,201 2,450 350 968
Native and Spanish 17,096 3,194 8,105 603 801
Only Spanish 3,703 200 1,545 71 50

Irrigation of the alluvial fan of Punata

The large alluvial fan of Punata, near Cochabamba, Bolivia. The watershed is located in the Andes mountain range.

Reference: The Punata-Tiraque irrigation project near Cochabamba, Bolivia[2]

The alluvial fan of Punata in the Valle Alto is fed by The Rio Paracaya river with a high average discharge. Consequently, the fan is fairly flat.

The region of Punata, at the upper end of the Valle Alto, at about 2800 m altitude, has a summer rainfall of 400 to 450 mm starting in the second half of November end ending in March.

potatoes. Alfalfa is the dominant fodder crop, followed by maize straw. (Fig. P1). These crops could, of old, only be planted successfully because of the existence of additional water resources like runoff, floods, river base-flow and groundwater
. In the winter months, crop growth is restricted due to the occurrence of night frosts, especially in June and July, and absence of rains.

The total rural population in Punata is estimated at 25 000. There are about 4000 families of which an estimated 3680 are farmer families. The farms are small. The average size is 1.3 ha of which 1 ha is cropped. The modal size of farm is smaller, about 0.7 ha.

The

rainfall distribution in Punata is characterized by a wet season from December to March, a dry season from May to October, and transition months in April and November. The average yearly total is 428 mm (1966 to 1983, San Benito). The rainfall with a probability
of exceedance of 75% (R75) on a year basis is 360 mm. Rainfall is not reliable: in the period from 1966 to 1983, the yearly total varied between 246 mm (1982/83) to 591 mm (1968/69).

The river floods during the rainy summer period can be used for irrigation by anyone who wants to. When the river flow recedes, the stream can only be used for rotational irrigation by those who are entitled to take part in it (this is locally called the mita system). By the month of May the river base-flow becomes strongly reduced, and a drought period sets in, lasting into November.

Irrigation is considered desirable to start the cropping season in August/September, so that an early harvest can be obtained. The early harvest has a high market value and reduces peak labor requirements. Further, the irrigation reduces the risk of crop failure and it permits diversification of agricultural produce. Nevertheless, there are some farming communities that have refrained in the past from the extra effort to obtain additional irrigation water and who seemed to be content with purely rain-fed cropping.

At a modest scale, irrigation from deep-wells is also practiced.

In order to satisfy the needs of the majority of the farmers who strongly wish to have additional irrigation water, the irrigation project Punata-Tiraque began to be developed from 1970 onwards. The project entailed the construction of a complicated system of dams and reservoirs up in the Andean mountains (Fig. P2).

The gross area of the Punata projects is estimated at 4600 ha, 90% of which can be used for agriculture or animal husbandry. About 1150 ha of this presently receive irrigation water, either surface water derived from the Laguna Robada or Lluska Kocha dam, or water pumped from the 16 deep wells in the project area (estimated at 350 ha). In addition there are a few hundred hectares that receive occasional water from mita irrigation (wild flooding).

The traditional irrigation method is based on handling large irrigation flows (golpes) per farm at large intervals. The intake structures in the Pucara Mayu river, at the place where it enters the alluvial fan of Punata, would alternately pass water from each of the reservoir systems (Laguna Robada and Lluska Kocha / Muyu Loma) and the natural mita water. The new system has been designed for smaller flows with shorter rotation intervals, but it works continuously for the whole area, so that there is no need anymore to separate the various sources of water. It covers a much larger area than the traditional system and it incorporates the associations of the mita systems (which may have partly the same members), the associations of tube-well systems (which may also have partly the same members) as well as the persons who had no previous water rights.

Hence, the new irrigation system makes it necessary to replace the traditional water rights by a totally new set of rights (and duties). In addition, the farmers will have to get used to new water distribution methods and new field irrigation techniques. Because the new irrigation zones do not correspond to the boundaries of the existing, scattered, Comité’s de Riego (Fig. P3), not only the water management but also the organizational structure will have to be adjusted to the new situation.

  • Illustrations of the Punata alluvial fan
  • Fig. P1. Typical cropping calendar of an irrigated farm in the Punata area
    Fig. P1. Typical cropping calendar of an irrigated farm in the Punata area
  • Fig. P2. The irrigation projects in Punata with a complex system of reservoirs, irrigation zones, and water user organizations (Comité's)
    Fig. P2. The irrigation projects in Punata with a complex system of reservoirs, irrigation zones, and water user organizations (Comité's)
  • Fig. P3. Sketch of the irrigation zones with sources of surface water and location of deep tube-wells
    Fig. P3. Sketch of the irrigation zones with sources of surface water and location of deep tube-wells
  • Fig. P4. The permeability and transmissivity of the aquifer diminishes towards the end of the alluvial fan
    Fig. P4. The permeability and transmissivity of the aquifer diminishes towards the end of the alluvial fan

See also

References

  1. ^ obd.descentralizacion.gov.bo Archived 2009-02-18 at the Wayback Machine (Spanish)
  2. ^ R.J. Sevenhuijsen, R.J. Oosterbaan and K. Zijderveld, 1988. The Punata-Tiraque irrigation project near Cochabamba, Bolivia. International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement (ILRI), Wageningen, The Netherlands. Public Domain. On line: [1]

External links

17°35′S 66°15′W / 17.583°S 66.250°W / -17.583; -66.250