Punti–Hakka Clan Wars
Sze Yup | |||
Caused by | Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Resulted in | Significant Hakka population moved to Guangxi province | ||
Parties | |||
| |||
Casualties | |||
Death(s) | 500,000 Hanyu Pinyin Tǔkè Xièdòu | | |
Hakka | |||
Pha̍k-fa-sṳ | Thú hak hái-teu | ||
Yue: Cantonese | |||
Jyutping | Tou2 haak3 haai6 dau3 |
Background
The origin of the ethnic group Punti (本地; Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Pún-thi) literally means "natives" while Hakka (客家; Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Hak-kâ) literally means "guest family". The Punti are also referred to by the language they speak, Yue Chinese. The origins of the conflict lay in resentment of the Cantonese (Punti is a Cantonese endonym of the Cantonese people) towards the Hakka people, whose dramatic population growth threatened the Cantonese. While the Hakka were marginalized and resentful, being forced to inhabit the hills and waterways, rather than the fertile plains.
The
During the
As far fewer Punti returned to the abandoned lands than had been expected, the Qing ruler decided to provide incentives to repopulate these areas. The most visible of those who responded were the Hakka. For some time, the Punti and the Hakka lived together peacefully. As the population of Guangdong soared, life became increasingly difficult, and unrest broke out, such as the Red Turban Rebellion, which was led by the Cantonese who attacked Ho Yun and Fat Shan.
Clan war
During the Red Turban Rebellion in Guangzhou, the Hakkas had helped the imperial army raid Punti villages to kill the rebels and any real or suspected sympathisers, including villagers who had been forced to pay taxes to the Red Turbans. That precipitated open hostility between the Hakka and the Punti, with the Punti attacking Hakka villages in revenge.
Battles raged in which both sides fortified their villages with walls, destroyed bridges and roads, and raised fighting men. The Cantonese were armed with the help of their relatives in
See also
- Lin Shuangwen rebellion , a 1787 Taiwanese revolt against the Qing
References
- ^ a b "Punti-Hakka Clan Wars and Taishan County 27 August 2003" (PDF).
- ISBN 978-1610690188.
- ISBN 9780765614957.
- ISBN 0804720665.
External links
- 土客械斗十二年 (Simplified Chinese)
- Punti-Hakka Clan Wars
- Hong Beom Rhee (2007). Asian Millenarianism: An Interdisciplinary Study of the Taiping and Tonghak Rebellions in a Global Context. Cambria Press. p. 263. ISBN 978-1-934043-42-4.