Purupuruni

Coordinates: 17°19′S 69°54′W / 17.32°S 69.9°W / -17.32; -69.9
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Purupuruni
Purupurini
Purupuruni is located in Peru
Purupuruni
Purupuruni
Peru
Highest point
Tacna Region
Parent rangeAndes
Geology
Age of rockHolocene

Purupuruni is a group of

South America Plate. Purupuruni is associated with a geothermal field and a caldera. Volcanic activity occurred during the Pleistocene 53,000 ± 8,000 years ago but also during the Holocene
about 5,300 ± 1,100 years ago; today the volcano is considered to be a low hazard volcano but is being monitored nevertheless.

Geography and geomorphology

Purupuruni lies in the Cordillera Occidental[2] 48 kilometres (30 mi) north of the border with Chile,[3] about 85 kilometres (53 mi) away from Tacna[4] and only about 70 kilometres (43 mi) from the town of Tarata.[5] The volcano is part of the Monumento Natural de Los Volcanes de Mauri geopark.[6] The term Phuru means dung in Aymara.[7]

The Purupuruni volcano, also known as Purupurini,[4] is a 0.85 kilometres (0.53 mi) wide complex[8] of four large lava domes at an elevation of 5,117 metres (16,788 ft)[4] or 5,315 metres (17,438 ft).[3] The domes cover an area of about 3.5–7 square kilometres (1.4–2.7 sq mi),[4] are up to 200 metres (660 ft) high[9] and are isolated and little eroded.[10] The domes are accompanied by intrusions[4] and lava and pyroclastic flow deposits.[8]

The volcanism appears to come from fissure vents[11] and the volcanoes have been affected by faulting.[8] These deposits reach thicknesses of 10 metres (33 ft) and also occur on neighbouring volcanic centres.[9] Purupuruni has formed on the rim of a depression, which is surrounded by eroded Quaternary volcanoes and appears to be a 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) wide caldera[4] southwest of the domes.[12] The volcano lies east-southeast from Yucamane volcano and just south of the Mauri River;[13] the Mauri River is part of the Lake Titicaca watershed.[8]

The Borateras geothermal field with about 40 separate manifestations is associated with Purupuruni and neighbouring volcanoes such as Coverane and Jaruma[8] across the Mauri River and west from Purupuruni respectively.[14] The Borateras field is used as a spa at the Calachaca spa.[15] The landscape is relatively dry and cold and thus vegetation is scarce.[2]

Geology

The volcanic rocks are mainly

dacitic, and contain amphibole, biotite,[9] olivine, plagioclase and pyroxene[8] and are among the most differentiated volcanics in the area.[10] They are part of the wider "Purupurini Volcanics", which are named after Purupuruni and also form other volcanoes in the region.[16]

Geological context

Rock formations in the region include the Mesozoic Yura Group sediments, the Toquepala intrusive rocks, the 30-24 million years old Tacaza volcanic rocks,[17] the 24-10 million years old Huaylillas volcanic rocks and the 10-3 million years old Barroso volcanic rocks; Purupuruni is considered to be part of this Barroso formation.[18] Purupuruni and neighbouring volcanic centres have formed on the Cretaceous sedimentary basement.[2]

Volcanism in Peru occurs mainly in the southern part of the country, where there are about 300 separate volcanic systems including

South America Plate[20] at a rate of about 7–9 centimetres per year (2.8–3.5 in/year).[21]

Geologic history

The volcanic centres in the area including Purupuruni are of

fission-track dating on glasses from Purupuruni has yielded ages of 53,000 ± 8,000 years ago[23] but more recent surface exposure dating has yielded an age of 5,300 ± 1,100 years before present on one of the southern domes.[24] The volcano is considered to be a low-hazard system[25][26] and in 2018 the Peruvian Geological Institute announced it would begin monitoring Purupuruni and nine other volcanoes.[27] Earthquake swarms in 2020 and 2021 do not appear to have been caused by volcanism;[28] they are instead linked to local fault activity.[29]

fluvial deposits occur in the region,[18] with aeolian sediments consisting of volcanic ash mantling the volcanic structures.[30]

References

  1. ^ a b "Cerros Purupuruni". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
  2. ^ a b c d Chirif Rivera et al. 2012, p. 1.
  3. ^ a b c Vela et al. 2016, p. 20.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Bromley et al. 2019, p. 4.
  5. ISSN 2617-6033
    .
  6. ^ INGEMMET 2000, pp. 277–278.
  7. ^ Pairumani, Félix Layme. "Diccionario de Sinónimos de lengua aymara". Universidad Católica Boliviana. Archived from the original on January 10, 2016.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h Cacya Dueñas, Vargas Rodríguez & Cruz Pauccara 2013, p. 38.
  9. ^ a b c Chirif Rivera et al. 2012, p. 17.
  10. ^ a b c International Atomic Energy Agency (1992). "Geothermal investigations with isotope and geochemical techniques in Latin America". Report of the International Atomic Energy Agency: 348.
  11. ^ INGEMMET 2000, p. 278.
  12. ^ Velarde Quispe et al. 2020, p. 6.
  13. ^ Cacya Dueñas, Vargas Rodríguez & Cruz Pauccara 2013, Maps.
  14. ^ Chirif Rivera et al. 2012, Map2.
  15. ^ Cacya Dueñas, Vargas Rodríguez & Cruz Pauccara 2013, p. 54.
  16. ^ Mendívil Echevarría 1965, p. 58.
  17. ^ Cacya Dueñas, Vargas Rodríguez & Cruz Pauccara 2013, p. 17.
  18. ^ a b c Cacya Dueñas, Vargas Rodríguez & Cruz Pauccara 2013, p. 19.
  19. ^ Cacya Dueñas, Vargas Rodríguez & Cruz Pauccara 2013, p. 8.
  20. ^ Cacya Dueñas, Vargas Rodríguez & Cruz Pauccara 2013, p. 1.
  21. ^ Bromley et al. 2019, p. 2.
  22. ^ Mendívil Echevarría 1965, p. 22.
  23. doi:10.1016/j.radmeas.2004.09.006
    .
  24. ^ Bromley et al. 2019, p. 7.
  25. ^ Vela et al. 2016, p. 29.
  26. ^ Concha Calle, Jorge Andrés; Vargas Alva, Katherine; Ali Murillo, Armando; Cruz Idme, John; Torres Aguilar, José; Centeno Quico, Riky; Puma Sacsi, Nino; Del Carpio Calienes, José; Macedo, Orlando (December 2017). "Investigación y monitoreo de volcanes activos en el sur del Perú: Reporte técnico especial 2017". Repositorio Institucional - IGP: 11.
  27. ^ "IGP monitoreará en tiempo real más de 10 volcanes del sur peruano". El Comercio (in Spanish). 26 May 2018. Retrieved 28 May 2019.
  28. ^ Antayhua Vera et al. 2021, p. 3.
  29. ^ Antayhua Vera et al. 2021, p. 11.
  30. ^ a b Bromley et al. 2019, p. 9.

Sources

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