Purushanda
Purushanda (also variously Puruskhanda, Purushhattum, Purushhatum or Burushattum) was an Anatolian kingdom of the early second millennium prior to the common era. It was conquered by the Hittites sometime between 1650 and 1556 BCE.
Etymology
The name is written as māt Purušḫattim in the oldest Assyrian texts,[1] and it has been speculated that the root Puruš- is of Indo-European (i.e.
Location
Purushanda has yet to be archaeologically located. It can be discerned as a polity in the general central Anatolian region from Old Assyrian texts,[6] appeared to have access to the silver mines of the Taurus Mountains[7][8][2] and control of the Cilician Gates.[9][10] It has been posited as lying astride an inland passage of Anatolia known as “the Great Caravan Route” during the Early Bronze Age,[2] connecting Cilicia with the Troad.[11] Scholarship has reduced its location to three likely sites.[12] Majority opinion locates it at the mound of Acemhöyük.[13][14] The site consists of a 700 by 600 meter mound, shows occupation back to the third millennium BCE with central Anatolian, Mesopotamian and North Syrian pottery of the same era, a lower city that existed only during the Old Assyrian period, a burnt level at the end of that period and contemporaneous abandonment.[15][16] Minority views hold it to be at either the mound of Karahöyük[17] or somewhere west of Konya in the land of Pedassa.[18]
History
The city is first mentioned toward the end of the 19th century BCE in the records of
Purushanda features again in the stories of the campaigns of the 17th century BC Hittite ruler
- When I went into battle, the Man of Purushanda brought gifts to me; he brought to me a throne of iron and a sceptre of iron as a gift. But when I returned to Nesa [Kanesh] I took the Man of Purushanda with me. As soon as he enters the chamber, that man will sit before me on the right.[22]
The text indicates that the right to rule over Purushanda's territory – symbolised by the regalia of office, the throne and sceptre – was surrendered to Anitta. Its king was reduced to the status of a privileged vassal, entitled to join Anitta at the court in Kanesh in recognition of his voluntary surrender and his high-born status. The kingdom itself probably ceased to exist at this point and was absorbed into Hittite-ruled territory.[21]
Kings
- Nur-daggal (legendary king, contemporary with Sargon of Akkad)
References
- ^ Karl Hecker, Zur Beurkundung V011 Kauf und Verkauf im Altassyrischen, Die Welt des Orients 11 (1980); RIA band 11, Purušhatum, 119.
- ^ a b c Blasweiler, Joost. "The kingdom of Purušhanda in the land Luwiya.” Arnhem, Arnhem (NL) Bronze Age, 2016. ISBN 978-90-820497-2-5.
- ^ Lewy, J. ”Hatta, Hattu, Hatti, Hattua, and ‘Old Assyrian’ Hattum." Archív Orientální; Praha Vol. 18, Iss. 3, (Nov 1, 1950): 366-441.
- ^ Neu, Erich. Der Anitta-Text. Germany, O. Harrassowitz, 1974; Der Anitta-Text, 35-36.
- ^ Benjamin Studevent-Hickman and Christopher Morgan, "Old Akkadian Period Texts," in The Ancient Near East: Historical Sources in Translation, ed. Mark W. Chavalas, Blackwell Sourcebooks in Ancient History I (Malden, MA; Oxford: Wiley Blackwell, 2006), 33.
- ^ Barjamovic, Gojko. A Historical Geography of Anatolia in the Old Assyrian Colony Period., p. 357-366. United States, Carsten Niebuhr Institute of Near Eastern Studies, University of Copenhagen, 2011.
- ^ Dercksen, Jan Gerrit. The old Assyrian copper trade in Anatolia, p.125-128, 170-171. Jan Gerrit Dercksen. Istanbul, Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut te Istanbul, 1996.
- ^ Yener, K Aslihan. “The Anatolian Middle Bronze Age kingdoms and Alalakh: Mukish, Kanesh and trade.” Anatolian Studies 57 (2007): 151 - 160.
- ^ SMEA. Italy, Edizioni Quasar, 2007, p. 278.
- ^ Anatolia and the Jazira During the Old Assyrian Period, p. 67. Netherlands, Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten, 2008.
- ^ Efe, Turan. The theories of the ‘Great Caravan Route’ between Cilicia and Troy: the Early Bronze Age III period in inland western Anatolia. Anatolian Studies 57 (2007): 47−64.
- ^ Naohiko Kawakami 2006, The location of Purušḫanta , AL-RÃFIDÃN Vol. XXVII, 59-64.
- ISBN 978-0-19-927908-1.
- ^ Forlanini, Massimo. 1977. “L’Anatolia Nord-Occidentale Nell’impero Eteo.” Studi Micenei Ed Egeo-Anatolici 3-4: 291-300.
- ^ Oztan, Aliye; Ozguc, Nimet (2002). "the databases of the Archaeological Settlements of Turkey Project". Tayproject.org. Tay Project. Retrieved December 2, 2022.
- ^ Ozguc, Nimet (2022). "Acemhöyük (Ancient Anatolian City of Acemhoyuk-Aksaray)". transanatolie.com. Anadolu.
- ISBN 978-0-415-16763-5.
- ^ a b Blasweiler, Joost. "The kingdom of Purušhanda and its relations with the kings of Mari and Kanesh.” Arnhem, Arnhem (NL) Bronze Age, 2019. ISBN 978-90-820497-5-6.
- ISBN 0-415-16763-9.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-631-23580-4.
- ^ a b c Bryce, p. 39
- ^ Anitta Text, 73-9. Quoted in Bryce, p. 39