Pyotr Krasnov
Russian SFSR, Soviet Union
| |
---|---|
Cause of death | Execution by hanging |
Allegiance | Russian Empire Don Republic Nazi Germany KONR |
Service/ | Imperial Russian Army Don Army (White movement) German Army KONR |
Years of service | 1888–1945 |
Rank | Generalleutnant |
Battles/wars | Russo-Japanese War World War I Russian Civil War World War II |
Awards | see awards |
Signature |
Pyotr Nikolayevich Krasnov (Russian: Пётр Николаевич Краснов; 22 September [O.S. 10 September] 1869 – 17 January 1947), also known as Peter Krasnov, was a Russian military leader, writer and later Nazi collaborator.
Krasnov served as a
After the civil war, he lived in exile. During World War II, Krasnov collaborated with the Germans who mobilized Cossack forces to fight against the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa. Following the end of the war, Krasnov was repatriated and executed by the Soviet authorities.
Russian Army
Pyotr Krasnov was born on 22 September 1869 (old style: 10 September) in Saint Petersburg, son to lieutenant-general Nikolay Krasnov and grandson to general Ivan Krasnov. In 1888 Krasnov graduated from Pavlovsk Military School; he later served in the Ataman regiment of the Life Guards of the Imperial Russian Army.
In April–May 1902 a series of articles were published in Russkii Invalid, the newspaper of the Imperial Russian Army, containing Krasnov's impressions of his trip to Mongolia, China and Japan as the East Asia correspondent of Russkii Invalid.[2] In his article "Fourteen Days in Japan", Krasnov painted the Imperial Japanese Army in a negative light.[2] One staff officer of the Main Staff called Krasnov's article "poorly founded, extraordinarily hasty and far from the truth".[2] Krasnov reported that based on what he had seen in Japan that "the Japanese looks coldly on life and death and does not fear death".[2] He reported that the Japanese soldiers were up to European standards of discipline, but were highly rigid in their conduct of operations and suffered from health problems.[3] Krasnov mockingly noted that during the march on Beijing during the Boxer Rebellion of 1900, exhausted Japanese soldiers had to be carried in the wagons of the Russian Army.[4] Krasnov noted during the assault on the forts at Tianjin that one Japanese company had lost 90% of its men during a frontal assault on a Chinese fort while at the same time a Russian company had taken a Chinese fort by outflanking it, losing only six men killed.[4]
Krasnov felt that the Japanese were brave, but poorly led, declaring "the military deed does not suit the Japanese" as it "was thought up for them by a chauvinist government of complete militarist conviction".[4] About the Japanese infantry, Krasnov wrote the "Japanese soldier is weak and an indifferent marksman, although amenable to training and able to discharge exactly and well what he has learned, regardless of the cost".[4] Krasnov declared "the language of numbers is not my language", stating through the Japanese could mobilize 400,000 troops in 335 battalions and 104 squadrons with 1,903 artillery guns. They would be little match against "European powers holding excellent positions on the Asian mainland".[4] Krasnov had an equally low opinion of the Japanese cavalry, writing that the Japanese had "neither the horses nor riders to create cavalry".[4] Krasnov declared "to destroy all 13 regiments of the Japanese cavalry would be a very easy task".[5] He concluded that once the Japanese cavalry had been defeated "a deaf and blind Japanese army would become a plaything for an enterprising partisan commander" and "a detachment of 2,000 cavalry easily might tire a Japanese division".[6] Krasnov quoted a Frenchman who lived a decade in Japan as saying: "They are a people gone astray, the military deed is not in their nature", to which Krasnov added "I think that this minute they are contemplating the same thing in St. Petersburg".[6] Though the Main Staff officers deplored Krasnov's article with his sweeping generalizations based upon superficial impressions, the Emperor Nicholas II was said to have read and enjoyed his article while Krasnov's articles about his trip through Asia were turned into a book with a grant from the War Ministry.[2]
During
During the
Russian Civil War
Krasnov fled to the
With support from
Viewing Krasnov as unreliable and untrustworthy, Denikin instead decided to launch the
In the second half of 1918 Krasnov advanced towards
The defeat of the Ottoman Empire in October 1918 allowed British, French and American naval forces to enter the Black Sea and for the first time allowed direct contact between the Allies and the Whites. Krasnov appealed to the French, offering to allow them to establish a protectorate over the Don Host in an effort to sow discord between the Allies as the territory of the Don Host had assigned beforehand during discussions among Allied leaders to the British sphere of operations.[9] However, Krasnov was informed by Allied diplomats that the Allies would not supply him with arms, arms would be supplied only to the Volunteer Army, which would then pass on arms to the Don Cossack Host if necessary.[14] In January 1919 Krasnov was forced by the Allied arms embargo against the Don Host to acknowledge General Denikin's authority over the White movement, despite his animosity towards Denikin.[15]
Krasnov was an organizer of the White Terror in the Don Province; his troops executed between 25,000 and 40,000 people.[16]
Exile in France and Germany
On February 19, 1919, Krasnov fled to
In exile, Krasnov wrote memoirs and several novels. His famous trilogy Ot Dvuglavogo Orla k krasnomu znameni (From Double Eagle To the Red Flag), in addition to the main plot, with its hero, General Sablin, has several sub-plots which encompass many places, events, and personages from the time of the Revolution of 1905 to the Russian Civil War.
Another of Krasnov's novels was his 1927 work Za chertopolokhom (Behind the Thistle), a future history set in the 1990s that imagined a post-Communist Russia ruled over by a restored monarchy that had built an enormous wall around the entire empire to prevent any and all contact with the West.[23] Through set in the future, the emperor who has chosen to isolate Russia from the West bears a strong resemblance in both appearance and personality to Ivan the Terrible.[23] The novel begins with the Soviet Union launching an invasion of Eastern Europe sometime in the 1930s, which was to be started by an unleashing of an immense quantity of poisonous gases.[24] However, the Soviet Air Force accidentally unleashed the deadly chemical gases on the Red Army, killing millions while setting off forest fires.[24] The masses of corpses lead to an outbreak of plague, which rendered the borderlands of the Soviet Union uninhabitable for decades and led to a monstrous thistle standing several feet high growing up to in the borderlands.[24] After the disaster, the rest of the world assumes that there is no life left behind the thistle.[25]
In Krasnov's future history, in Europe, socialist parties have come to power in all of the European nations, leading to an irrevocable economic decline over the course of the 20th century.
In contrast to the declining economies of the socialist West, the Russia that Krasnov imagines under the restored monarchy is economically and culturally flourishing while achieving marvelous technological feats such as building a sort of flying railroad system over the entire country and constructing vast canals that turn deserts into farmland.[26] Every home in Russia has a television, which only airs the emperor's daily speech to his subjects.[30] Every subject has a personal library in their home consisting of traditional books such as dream-readers, patriotic poetry, folk tales and the Bible.[31] However, the regime allows no freedom of expression and one of the returning emigres says: "Some might say that the Russian government is now totalitarian, only this is not the same sort of totalitarianism as that of the Communists and the Masons of the West. They bow down to some invisible force, whose aim is destruction, but our society is founded on the bedrock of family and at its head is the Tsar, blessed by God, a man whose thoughts are only about the prosperity of Russia".[22] The social order is enforced by the public floggings, torture and execution of any Russians who dare to think differently and those speak out "return home with black stumps in place of their tongues".[32] The narrator of the novel agrees that despite the use of extreme violence and cruelty by the restored Tsarist regime that the system that exists in Russia is superior to the "rotting democratic West".[22] The narrator of Behind the Thistle praises extreme violence committed by the state as not canceling out freedom, but rather "is indeed true freedom, a freedom that democratic Europe had never known or experienced-a freedom for good deeds that goes hand in hand with oppression against evil".[28]
Krasnov was an Eurasianist, an ideology that saw Russia as an Asian nation, having more in common with other Asian nations such as China, Mongolia, and Japan rather than with the Western nations.[22] Some aspects of the novel such as its nostalgia for the pre-Peterine Russia have led to Krasnov being misidentified as a Slavophile, but he was opposed to the ideology of the Slavophiles, arguing that Russia had little in common with other Slavic nations such as Poland, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, and Czechoslovakia.[26] In common with other Eurasianists, Krasnov believed that Russians had a natural affinity with the peoples of Asia, and in Behind the Thistle Russia has extremely friendly relations with other Asian nations such as China, Mongolia and India (through India was part of the British empire in 1927, Krasnov assumed India would be independent by the 1990s).[22] Krasnov favored Asian values with the focus of putting the collective ahead of the individual, and for this reason, argued that Russia was an Asian nation that should look east towards other Asian nations instead of looking west.[22] Unlike other Eurasianists who saw the Soviet Union as a "stepping stone" towards the development of a Eurasianist Russia, Krasnov's anti-communism led to the rejection of the "stepping stone thesis".[22] In the 1920s-1930s, Krasnov was a popular novelist with his books being translated into 20 languages.[22] Behind the Thistle however, met with an overwhelmingly negative critical response in 1927, being panned by reviewers in the majority of Russian émigré journals who called Behind the Thistle badly written, unrealistic and preachy.[22] Despite the negative reviews, the expression "behind the thistle" became popular with the younger Russian emigres as a way describe the Soviet Union.[33]
During the Berne Trial of 1933-35 started when a Swiss Jewish group sued a Swiss Nazi group, Krasnov was asked by his fellow emigre Nikolai Markov to come to Berne to testify for the defendants about the alleged authenticity of The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion, but he declined.[34] Markov in turn was a member of the Welt-Dienst, an international antisemitic society based in Erfurt, Germany and headed by a former German Army officer, Ulrich Fleischhauer whose efforts to promote The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion in Switzerland had caused the lawsuit in Berne.[34] In his correspondence with Markov, Krasnov affirmed his belief in the authenticity of The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion, but stated he was unwilling to be grilled by the lawyers for the plaintiffs.[34]
In 1937, after several Russian White emigre leaders in Paris had been assassinated by the Soviet NKVD, Krasnov moved to Berlin where he believed he would be safer, and declared his support for the Third Reich.[35] In another of his novels, The Lie in 1939, Krasnov wrote about one character: "Lisa was right in her severe judgment: Russia was no more. She did not have a Motherland or her own. However, when the Bremen floated noiselessly by and she saw a black swastika in a white circle on a scarlet banner, a sign of eternal motion and continuum, she was feeling a warm tide covering her heart...That’s Motherland!"[36]
World War II
During World War II, Krasnov continued his "German orientation" by seeking an alliance with Nazi Germany. A major motivation on his part was the repression of the Cossacks and the Russian Orthodox Church by the Soviet government.[37] Upon hearing of the launching of Operation Barbarossa on 22 June 1941, Krasnov immediately issued a statement of support for the "crusade against Judeo-Bolshevism" and declared:
"I wish to state to all Cossacks that this is not a war against Russia, but against Communists, Jews and their minions who trade in Russian blood. May God help the German sword and Hitler! Let them accomplish their endeavor, similar to what the Russians and Emperor Alexander I did for Prussia in 1813."[38]
By all accounts, Krasnov was extremely elated when he heard of Operation Barbarossa and believing it to be the beginning of the end of the Soviet Union and the "liberation of Russia from Judeo-Bolshevism".[38] Krasnov contacted Joseph Goebbels, the German Minister of Propaganda, and asked for permission to speak on Radio Berlin's Russian language broadcasts to deliver pro-Nazi speeches, which was granted.[38] From late June 1941 onward, Krasnov was a regular speaker on Radio Berlin's Russian-language station and delivered very antisemitic speeches that portrayed the Soviet government as the rule of "Judeo-Bolsheviks" and the German forces advancing into the Soviet Union as liberators.[38] Krasnov came into contact with officials of the Ostministerium (Eastern Ministry) headed by Alfred Rosenberg, the Baltic German émigré intellectual who besides being the "official philosopher" of the NSDAP was considered to be the resident Nazi expert on the Soviet Union.
In January 1943, Rosenberg appointed Krasnov to head the Cossack Central Office of the Ostministerium, making him the point man for the Ostministerium in its dealings with the Cossacks.
In September 1943, the soldiers of the newly formed 1st SS Cossack Cavalry Division learned that their division would not, as expected be sent to fight on the Eastern Front, but would go to the Balkans to fight communist partisans.[41] At the request of the division's commander, General Helmuth von Pannwitz, Krasnov travelled to address the division.[41] Krasnov tried to assuage the wounded feelings of the Cossacks, who did not want to go to the Balkans, by assuring them that the fight against the Partisans was part of the same struggle against "the international Communist conspiracy" on the Eastern Front, and he promised them if they did well in the Balkans, they would ultimately go to the Eastern Front.[41]
On 31 March 1944, Rosenberg created a "government-in-exile" in Berlin for Cossackia headed by Krasnov, who, in turn, appointed ataman Naumenko of the Kuban Host as his "minister of war".[42] The "government-in-exile" was recognized only by Germany. At a meeting with the Cossack separatist Vasily Glazkov in Berlin in July 1944, Krasnov stated that he did not agree with Glazkov's separatism but was forced under pressure from Rosenberg to appoint three supporters of Cossackia to important positions in the Cossack Central Office.[39] In November 1944, Krasnov refused the appeal of General Andrey Vlasov to join the latter's Russian Liberation Army.[43] Krasnov disliked Vlasov as a former Red Army general, who had defected after his capture in 1942 and because as an old man, he was unwilling to submit to take orders from a much younger man.[43] In addition to this, Krasnov demanded that Vlasov gave a guarantee that in the future Cossacks would receive all the rights they had under the tsarist government, and never reached any agreement with his movement despite all of Vlasov's efforts.[44] At the end of the war, Krasnov and his men voluntarily surrendered to British forces in Austria. All of them were promised upon surrender by Major Davis that as White Russian emigres, they would not be repatriated to the Soviets.[45]
Repatriation and execution
On 28 May 1945, Pyotr Krasnov was "repatriated" to the Soviets by the British authorities during Operation Keelhaul. The broken British promise to not hand Krasnov over to the Soviet authorities was influenced by the-then undetected Soviet spy at MI6, Kim Philby, who knew about Krasnov's broken promise to the Soviet government back in late 1917 that he would not take up arms against the new regime in return for being released from prison. As a result of Operation Keelhaul and Philby's actions, Krasnov was taken to Moscow and held in the Lubyanka prison.[46] He was charged with various crimes for working for Nazi Germany in World War II and for "White Guardist units" in the Russian Civil War.[47] He was sentenced to death by the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the Soviet Union, together with General Andrei Shkuro, who was another former White movement general, and Timofey Domanov and Helmuth von Pannwitz. On 17 January 1947, he was hanged.[47] The article in Pravda that announced his execution stated he made a guilty plea to all charges; however, this claim is impossible to verify as his trial was not public.[47]
Legacy
In 1994, "von Pannwitz, A. G. Shkuro, P. N. Krasnov, Sultan Klych-Girey, T. N. Domanov, and other Russian soldiers, the Russian Corps, the Cossack camp, the Cossacks of the 15th SS Cossack Cavalry Corps, who fell for faith and Fatherland", a monument was erected in Moscow on the territory of the Church of All Saints. On May 8, 2007, the marble slab was broken. A criminal case was even initiated on this fact under the article "vandalism". The rector of the church, Archpriest Vasily Baburin, noted that this plate has nothing to do with the Church of All Saints: "We ourselves would be happy to move this slab, because we do not want to participate in any political battles. The slab was installed at the end of the last century, but now the temple has nothing to do with it".[48][49][50]
In 2014, on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the outbreak of the First World War, a new plate "To the Cossacks who fell for the Faith, the Tsar and the Fatherland" was installed on the site of the broken plate. A memorial plaque to the generals of the Russian Imperial Army, including P. N. Krasnov, has been preserved nearby, but instead of the name of Krasnov (like A. G. Shkuro), the names of generals of the Russian Imperial Army, heroes of the First World War N. M. Remezov and P. A. Pleve are indicated on the plate.
On August 4, 2006, in the village of Yelanskaya in the
On July 30, 2008, the Prosecutor's office of the Sholokhovsky district, at the request of State Duma deputy N. V. Kolomeitsev, initiated an administrative case on the installation of this monument. According to the prosecutor's office, the reason for the demolition of the monument is that these sculptural objects are real estate objects and their installation requires permission, as well as the fact that this memorial praises the manifestation of fascism.[52]
In 2017, on the eve of the 74th anniversary of the liberation of Rostov-on-Don from the German occupation, activists of the organization "Essence of Time" petitioned the executive and legislative authorities of the Russian Federation, demanding to dismantle the monument to Krasnov as an accomplice of the Third Reich and to stop schoolchildren from familiarizing themselves with the memorial dedicated to the Cossack collaborators.[53]
In the issue of "News of the Week" dated April 26, 2020, TV presenter Dmitry Kiselev called for a monument to be erected in honor of Pyotr Krasnov. Discussing the role of Vladimir Lenin in the history of Russia, he stated: "It is necessary to erect monuments to Kolchak, Wrangel, Denikin, Krasnov. <...> Everyone has their own contribution, their own idea and their own tragedy".[54]
Unsuccessful attempts of rehabilitation in modern Russia
Nationalist and monarchist organizations, both in Russia and abroad, have repeatedly appealed to Russian state bodies with requests for the rehabilitation of individual Russian collaborators.
In accordance with the conclusions of the Main Military Prosecutor's Office on the refusal to rehabilitate them, the definitions of the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation dated December 25, 1997, German citizens Krasnov P. N., Shkuro A. G., Sultan Klych-Girey, Krasnov S. N. and USSR citizen Domanov T. N. were recognized as reasonably convicted and not subject to rehabilitation, about which all initiators of appeals on the issue of rehabilitation of these persons have been notified.
Nevertheless, on January 17, 2008, ataman of the Don Cossacks, State Duma deputy from the ruling United Russia Viktor Vodolatsky signed a decree on the creation of a working group for the rehabilitation of Pyotr Krasnov in connection with a request from the organization "Cossack Abroad". On January 28, 2008, the Council of atamans of the organization "The Great Army of the Don" adopted a decision in which it was noted: "... historical facts indicate that an active fighter against the Bolsheviks during the Civil War, writer and publicist P. N. Krasnov collaborated with fascist Germany during the Great Patriotic War. <...> Attaching exceptional importance to the above, the Council of Atamans decided: to refuse the petition to the non-profit foundation "Cossack Abroad" in resolving the issue of political rehabilitation of P. N. Krasnov". Viktor Vodolatsky himself stressed: "the fact of his cooperation with Hitler during the war makes the idea of his rehabilitation completely unacceptable to us". The initiative for rehabilitation was condemned by veterans of the Great Patriotic War and representatives of the Russian Orthodox Church.[55][56][57]
Honours and awards
- Cross of St. George 4th class
- Order of St Vladimir, 4th class
- Order of St Vladimir, 3rd class
- Order of St. Anne3rd class
- Order of St. Anne2nd class
- Order of St. Stanislaus3rd class
- Order of St. Stanislaus2nd class
- Golden Sword of St George
- Order of the Star of Ethiopia (Ethiopian Empire)
See also
Writings
- From Double Eagle To Red Flag.. New York, Duffield and Company, 1926. 2 vols.
- The Unforgiven. New York, Duffield and Company, 1928. 444 p.
- The Amazon of the Desert. Trans. by Olga Vitali and Vera Brooke. New York, Duffield, 1929. 272 p.
- Napoleon And The Cossacks. 1931.
- Largo: A Novel. New York, Duffield and Green, 1932. 599 p.
References
- ^ Manaev, Georgy; RBTH (2014-03-29). "Between a rock and a hard place: The Cossacks' century of struggle". Russia Beyond. Retrieved 2022-10-03.
- ^ a b c d e Menning 2006, p. 65.
- ^ Menning 2006, p. 65-66.
- ^ a b c d e f Menning 2006, p. 66.
- ^ Menning 2006, p. 66-67.
- ^ a b Menning 2006, p. 67.
- ^ Chamberlin, William (1935). The Russian Revolution, 1917-1921. New York: The Macmillan Company. pp. 328–332.
- ISBN 978-1-78168-721-5.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Pipes 1993, p. 35.
- ^ Kenez 1971, p. 143.
- ^ a b c d Pipes 1993, p. 35-36.
- ^ Kenez 1977, p. 118.
- ^ a b Pipes 1993, p. 36.
- ^ a b Pipes 1993, p. 38.
- ^ Pipes 1993, p. 38-39.
- ^ Manaev, Georgy; RBTH (2014-03-29). "Between a rock and a hard place: The Cossacks' century of struggle". Russia Beyond. Retrieved 2022-10-03.
- ^ John Ainsworth, "Sidney Reilly's Reports from South Russia, December 1918-March 1919," Europe-Asia Studies Vol. 50, No. 8 (1998): 1447-1470
- ^ SV Volkov, Tragediya Russkogo Officerstva
- ^ a b c d Mueggenberg 2019, p. 181.
- ^ Ludmila A. Foster. The Revolution and the Civil War in Russian Emigre Novels. Russian Review, Vol. 31, No. 2 (Apr., 1972), pp. 153-162
- ^ a b Siemens 2013, p. 43-44.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Aptekman 2009, p. 245.
- ^ a b Aptekman 2009, p. 242.
- ^ a b c Aptekman 2009, p. 243.
- ^ Aptekman 2009, p. 243-244.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Aptekman 2009, p. 244.
- ^ a b Aptekman 2009, p. 254.
- ^ a b Aptekman 2009, p. 251.
- ^ Aptekman 2009, p. 249.
- ^ Aptekman 2009, p. 250.
- ^ Aptekman 2009, p. 257.
- ^ Aptekman 2009, p. 249 & 251.
- ^ Aptekman 2009, p. 245-246.
- ^ a b c Hagemeister 2012, p. 246.
- ^ a b c d e f Mueggenberg 2019, p. 248.
- ^ Kirpichenok, Artem (22 May 2020). "Krasnov, the Cossacks' ataman Who is behind the rehabilitation of the former Nazi collaborator?". Remembrance, Research and Justice. Retrieved 25 July 2020.
- ISBN 978-5-699-20121-1.
- ^ a b c d Beyda & Petrov 2018, p. 405.
- ^ a b Mueggenberg 2019, p. 255.
- ^ Mueggenberg 2019, p. 225.
- ^ a b c Mueggenberg 2019, p. 250.
- ^ Newland 1991, p. 141.
- ^ a b Mueggenberg 2019, p. 257-258.
- ^ Strik-Strikfeldt 1973, p. 210.
- ^ "Repatriation — the Dark Side of World War II, Part 1". February 1995.
- ^ Mueggenberg 2019, p. 287.
- ^ a b c Mueggenberg 2019, p. 288.
- ^ Провокация не удалась[dead link]
- ^ "В Москве разрушен памятник фашистским коллаборационистам, Lenta.ru, 09.05.2007". Archived from the original on 2009-02-09. Retrieved 2009-08-29.
- ^ "Настоятель храма Всех Святых на Соколе опроверг информацию о том, что разрушенная памятная плита имеет отношение к храму". Официальный сайт Московского патриархата. Archived from the original on 2012-01-30. Retrieved 2010-08-22.
- ^ "Атаман СС". 17 February 2008. Archived from the original on 2016-04-24. Retrieved 2016-04-23.
- ^ "Прокуратура требует демонтировать памятник генералу Краснову". Rostov.kp.ru -. 20 May 2009. Archived from the original on 2009-07-17. Retrieved 2009-05-27.
- ^ "Общественники требуют снести памятник гитлеровскому пособнику Краснову". Archived from the original on 2020-10-21. Retrieved 2019-06-25.
- ^ Скандал ко Дню Победы: Дмитрий Киселёв предложил ставить памятники поклоннику Гитлера
- ^ Кустов М. Реабилитации не подлежит Archived 2009-01-13 at the Wayback Machine // Трибуна, № 3, 1 февраля 2008
- ^ Донские казаки выступили за реабилитацию атамана Краснова.
- ^ "Генерал атаманам уже не люб". Archived from the original on 2016-05-05. Retrieved 2016-04-17.
Sources
- Aptekman, Marina (Summer 2009). "Forward to the Past Or Two Radical Views on the Russian Nationalist Future: Pyotr Krasnov's Behind the Thistle and Vladimir Sorokin's Day of An Oprichink". The Slavic and East European Journal. 53 (2): 241–260.
- Beyda, Oleg; Petrov, Igor (2018). "The Soviet Union". In ISBN 978-1316510346.
- Hagemeister, Michael (2012). "The Protocols of the Elders of Zion In Court: The Bern trials, 1933-1937". In Ester Webman (ed.). The Global Impact of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion: A Century-Old Myth. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1136706097.
- Kenez, Peter (1971). The Civil War in South Russia, 1918: The First Year of the Volunteer Army. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 9780520327795.
- Kenez, Peter (1977). Civil War in South Russia, 1919-1920: The Defeat of the Whites. Los Angeles: University of California Press. ISBN 0520367995.
- Menning, Bruce (December 2006). "Miscalculating One's Enemies: Russian Intelligence Prepares for War". In John Steinberg & Bruce Menning (ed.). The Russo-Japanese War in Global Perspective World War Zero. Leiden: Brill. pp. 45–80. ISBN 9789047411123.
- Mueggenberg, Brent (2019). The Cossack Struggle Against Communism, 1917-1945. Jefferson: McFarland. ISBN 978-1476679488.
- Newland, Samuel J. (1991). The Cossacks in the German Army 1941-1945. London: Frank Cass. ISBN 0714681997.
- Pipes, Richard (1993). Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime. New York: Vintage Books. ISBN 0679761845.
- Siemens, Daniel (2013). The Making of a Nazi Hero: The Murder and Myth of Horst Wessel. London: Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-0857721563.
- Strik-Strikfeldt, Wilfried (1973). Against Stalin and Hitler: Memoirs of the Russian Liberation Movement, 1941–1945. New York City: John Day Company. ISBN 0-381-98185-1.