Pyralidae
Snout moths | |
---|---|
Meal moth (Pyralis farinalis) | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Arthropoda |
Class: | Insecta |
Order: | Lepidoptera |
Superfamily: | Pyraloidea |
Family: | Pyralidae Latreille, 1809[1] |
Type species | |
Pyralis farinalis | |
Subfamilies | |
Diversity | |
c. 6,150 species |
The Pyralidae, commonly called pyralid moths,
The wingspans for small and medium-sized species are usually between 9 and 37 mm (0.35 and 1.46 in) with variable morphological features.[2][7]
It is a diverse group, with more than 6,000 species described worldwide, and more than 600 species in America north of Mexico, comprising the third largest moth family in North America. At least 42 species have been recorded from North Dakota in the subfamilies of Pyralidae.[8]
Relationship with humans
Most of these small moths are inconspicuous. Many are economically important pests, including
Other notable snout moth pests relevant for their larval hosts include:[9]
- Alligatorweed stem borer (biological control of alligator weed (Alternanthera philoxeroides).
- Almond moth (
- Cacao moth, tobacco moth, warehouse moth (Ephestia elutella: Phycitinae) – pest of stored dry vegetable products; Europe, introduced to some other regions (e.g. Australia).
- Dried fruit moth (Cadra calidella: Phycitinae)
- Etiella behrii (Phycitinae) – pest of stored legumes; Southeast Asia and Australia
- "Flour moths" – pests of stored grains, spices, flour, and similar dry vegetable products; now introduced almost worldwide.
- Indian mealmoth (Plodia interpunctella: Phycitinae)
- Mediterranean flour moth, Indian flour moth (Ephestia kuehniella: Phycitinae)
- Indian mealmoth (
- Grease moth (Aglossa pinguinalis: Pyralinae) – pest of suet and other oily food.
- Lesser cornstalk borer (Elasmopalpus lignosellus: Phycitinae) – stalk pest of corn (Zea mays); tropical and subtropical Americas, introduced to the Hawaiian Islands.
- Locust bean moth (Ectomyelois ceratoniae: Phycitinae)
- Mahogany webworm (Neotropics.
- Meal moth (Pyralis farinalis: Pyralinae) – pest of stored grain, flour and other cereals; now introduced almost worldwide.
- Pear fruit borer (Pempelia heringii: Phycitinae) – pest of apple and pear fruits; East Asia, introduced to the Hawaiian Islands.
- Pine webworm (Pococera robustella: Epipaschiinae) – defoliator pest of pines (Pinus); North America east of Great Lakes region.
- Raisin moth (Cadra figulilella: Phycitinae) – pests of stored dry fruit; now introduced almost worldwide.
- Rice moth (Corcyra cephalonica: Galleriinae) – pest of stored grain, flour and other cereals.
- South American cactus moth (Cactoblastis cactorum: Phycitinae) – biological control of prickly pears (Opuntia).
- Southern pine coneworm, "pitch moth" (Dioryctria amatella: Phycitinae) – cone and shoot pest of pines (Pinus); southern North America.
- Stored nut moth (Paralipsa gularis: Galleriinae) – pest of stored nuts and drupes; Southeast Asia, introduced to Western Europe.
- Sunflower moth (Homoeosoma nebulella: Phycitinae) – pest of sunflower seeds; Europe and surrounding regions.
The European corn borer (
Systematics
Five subfamilies are generally recognized in the Pyralidae today. The Acentropinae (= Nymphulinae), occasionally still placed here, do indeed seem to belong in the Crambidae.
The snout moth subfamilies are, listed in the presumed
- myrmecophilous species, as well as a number of sloth moths which are dependent on sloths for their entire life cycle. Most Chrysauginae larvae have a sclerotised ring around seta SD1 of the metathorax.[11][12]
- Galleriinae (including Macrothecinae) – about 300 species worldwide. The males of galleriine moths have a gnathos almost or completely reduced, the pupae have a prominent dorsal median ridge on the thorax and abdomen, and most larvae have a sclerotised ring around seta SD1 of the first abdominal segment.[13]
- genitals.[14]
- Epipaschiinae (including Pococerinae) – over 550 described species in the tropical and temperate regions (except Europe). Larvae are leaf rollers, leaf tiers, or leaf miners. Some species are minor pests of a few commercial crops. Epipaschiinae are generally hard to recognize, except in the case of adult males which have a few characteristic traits, such as the upturned and pointed third segment of the labial palps and usually a scaly projection from the antenna base. The larvae lack any stereotyped seta sclerotisations.
- Phycitinae (including Anerastiinae, Peoriinae) – probably the most difficult group of Pyraloidea in terms of identification and classification. They comprise more than 600 genera and about 4000 species found all over the world. The characteristic trait of the caterpillars is a sclerotised area encircling the base of seta SD1 on the mesothorax, while the adult females have – like the males of Pyralidae in general do – a frenulum consisting of a single bristle which in turn is composed of multiple acanthae.
Problematic genera
In addition to those assigned to the tribes above, several genera of (presumed) Pyralidae are not firmly placed in this arrangement, but are
The genera in question are:
- Apocabimoides Neunzig & Goodson, 1992
- Ardjuna Roesler & Küppers, 1979
- Cabimoides Neunzig & Goodson, 1992
- Cryptophycita Roesler & Küppers, 1979
- Cryptozophera Roesler & Küppers, 1979
- Delcina Clarke, 1986 (Phycitinae?)
- Eupassadena Neunzig & Goodson, 1992
- Gomezmenoria Agenjo, 1966
- Gunungodes Roesler & Küppers, 1981
- Indocabnia Roesler & Küppers, 1981
- Inverina Neunzig & Goodson, 1992
- Kasyapa Roesler & Küppers, 1981
- Kaurava Roesler & Küppers, 1981
- Kumbhakarna Roesler & Küppers, 1981
- Merangiria Roesler & Küppers, 1979
- Ohigginsia Neunzig & Goodson, 1992
- Pseudopassadena Neunzig & Goodson, 1992
- Psorozophera Roesler & Küppers, 1979
These genera have been placed in the Pyralidae when these were still circumscribed
- Alphacrambus Bassi, 1995
- Peniculimius Schoute, 1994
- Steneromene Gaskin, 1986
- Thopeutis Hübner, 1818
- Yoshiyasua (formerly Melanochroa Yohiyasu, 1985 nec Roeder, 1886: preoccupied)
References
- ^ Savela, Markku (December 27, 2018). "Pyralidae Latreille, 1809". Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
- ^ a b Bartlett, Troy (July 11, 2018). "Family Pyralidae - Pyralid Moths". BugGuide. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
- ^ "Pyralidae Snout Moths". Discover Life. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
- ^ "Taxonomy - Pyralidae (snout moths)". UniProt. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
- ^ "Family Pyralidae". Insecta.pro. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
- Walter de Gruyter. pp. 233–256.
- ^ Lotts, Kelly & Naberhaus, Thomas (2017). "Family Pyralidae (Pyralid Moths)". Butterflies and Moths of North America. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
- ^ "Family Pyralidae: Pyralid snout moths". Moths of North Dakota. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
- ^ Kimber, Ian. "Phycitinae". UKMoths. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
- ^ "Cadra cautella Walker, 1863 - Tropical Warehouse Moth". BioNET-EAFRINET. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
- ^ "Subfamily Chrysauginae". BugGuide. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
- ^ "Grass Moths". Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
- ^ "Galleriinae". Fauna Europaea. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
- ^ Savela, Markku (January 5, 2019). "Pyralinae Latreille". Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
- ^ doi:10.5519/s93616qw.
External links
- Solis, M. Alma (2007). "Phylogenetic studies and modern classification of the Pyraloidea (Lepidoptera)". Revista Colombiana de Entomología. 33 (1): 1–8.
- Clarke, J. F. Gates (1986). "Pyralidae and Microlepidoptera of the Marquesas Archipelago". Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. 416 (416): 1–485. .