Pyridoxamine

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Pyridoxamine
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
4-(Aminomethyl)-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol
Identifiers
3D model (
JSmol
)
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard
 100.001.491 Edit this at Wikidata
KEGG
UNII
  • InChI=1S/C8H12N2O2/c1-5-8(12)7(2-9)6(4-11)3-10-5/h3,11-12H,2,4,9H2,1H3 checkY
    Key: NHZMQXZHNVQTQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY
  • InChI=1/C8H12N2O2/c1-5-8(12)7(2-9)6(4-11)3-10-5/h3,11-12H,2,4,9H2,1H3
    Key: NHZMQXZHNVQTQA-UHFFFAOYAS
  • Oc1c(c(cnc1C)CO)CN
Properties
C8H12N2O2
Molar mass 168.196 g·mol−1
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
☒N verify (what is checkY☒N ?)

Pyridoxamine is one form of

free radical species and carbonyl species formed in sugar and lipid degradation and chelation of metal ions that catalyze Amadori reactions.[1]

Research

Pyridoxamine can form fairly weak complexes with a number of transition metal ions, with a preference for

Fe3+.[2] The 3'-hydroxyl group of pyridoxamine allows for efficient hydroxyl radical scavenging.[2]

Pyridoxamine inhibits the

carbonyl group in Amadori products, but inhibition of post-Amadori reactions (that can lead to advanced glycation endproducts) is due in much greater part to the metal chelation effects of pyridoxamine.[1]

A variety of preclinical studies in

aminoguanidine.[5] Because of these results, pyridoxamine has been investigated for clinical utility in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy.[5][6]

Pyridoxamine also inhibits the formation of advanced lipoxidation endproducts during

epithelial apoptosis than amifostine (the only radioprotector currently Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved) due to pyridoxamine reactive oxygen species and reactive carbonyl species scavenging profile.[8]

FDA Regulatory Activity

Pyridoxamine was marketed as a dietary supplement, often as the hydrochloride salt, pyridoxamine dihydrochloride. However, in the United States, the FDA ruled in January 2009 that pyridoxamine must be regulated as a pharmaceutical drug because it is the active ingredient in Pyridorin, a drug designed by Biostratum, Inc., to prevent the progression of diabetic nephropathy.[9][10][11][12]

Pyridorin had success in early clinical trials, found to be effective in slowing the progression of diabetic neuropathy in a phase II trial on 224 patients.

citizen petition to the FDA on July 29, 2005, seeking to disallow sales of pyridoxamine-containing supplements on the grounds that pyridoxamine, as the subject of an Investigational New Drug Application with the FDA, is a drug and not a dietary supplement.[10] This petition was opposed by the Council for Responsible Nutrition, a trade association of the dietary supplement industry.[10]

On January 12, 2009, the FDA ruled that products containing pyridoxamine are excluded from the definition of dietary supplements as defined by the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994.[11] The FDA stated that the status of Pyridorin as an investigational new drug, as a result of an application filed by BioStratum in July 1999 and effective on September 1, 1999, meant that "the marketing of pyridoxamine in a dietary supplement is essentially equivalent to the marketing of an investigational new drug as a dietary supplement" because there was an "absence of independent, verifiable evidence that the substance was marketed as a food or a dietary supplement prior to its authorization for investigation as a new drug."[13]

In 2006, Biostratum licensed its rights in Pyridorin to another company, NephroGenex [14] In 2008, NephroGenex restarted the clinical development of Pyridorin, which as of 2012 is still ongoing.[15]

NephroGenex conducted and completed a Phase 2b study and initiated a Phase 3 study of Pyridorin as treatment for diabetic neuropathy in patients with Type 2 diabetes. In February 24, 2016 NephroGenex was forced to pause the Phase 3 trial and ultimately terminate it later that year due to a lack of funding. The company subsequently filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy on April 30, 2016. NephroGenex shortly thereafter sought out a corporate partner for licensing or acquisition of Pyridorin. The company retained the services of an investment banking firm which reached out to many prospective buyers, which by September 2016 had failed to consummate a transaction. NephroGenex then decided to sell all its assets, including Pyridorin, through a bankruptcy auction that was to be held on November 14, but was forced to cancel the auction after it did not receive any qualifying bids. On December 16, 2016, the company filed a motion with the bankruptcy court, proposing a liquidation plan. On August 24, 2017, the company's Investigational New Drug (IND) Applications with the FDA were withdrawn. Medpace, the Clinical Research Organization that conducted the Pyridorin Phase 3 trial, proposed and received approval for a Planned Support Agreement which transferred ownership of NephroGenex to Medpace. The new NephroGenex, renamed Medpace Research Inc., as partnered with OxiPath Health Inc. to form a new venture, ViGuard Health Inc., with the intention of marketing the oral formulation of pyridoxamine as a dietary supplement, to which end it submitted, on October 3, 2017 a citizen petition to the FDA requesting the Commissioner issue a regulation stating pyridoxamine is a dietary supplement as defined by the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 DSHEA).[16]

See also

References

  1. ^
    PMID 18434162
    .
  2. ^
    S2CID 42229880
    .
  3. S2CID 23569767
    .
  4. S2CID 25368439
    .
  5. ^
    PMID 15898348.[permanent dead link
    ]
  6. S2CID 6057909
    .
  7. ^
    PMID 14568007
    .
  8. PMID 19540915
    .
  9. ^ "FDA finds vitamin B6 form not legal in supplements" Archived 2022-09-26 at the Wayback Machine, newsfood.com, February 2, 2009
  10. ^
    Triangle Business Journal
    , October 14, 2005
  11. ^ a b "FDA's pyridoxamine decision: FDA's decision regarding pyridoxamine has larger implications for dietary ingredients in general", Entrepreneur, April, 2009
  12. ^ "Regulations.gov". Archived from the original on 2012-09-25. Retrieved 2011-10-23.
  13. ^ FDA-2005-P-0259-0004 Archived 2012-09-25 at the Wayback Machine: FDA Response to Biostratum, Inc. (Kathleen M Sanzo, Esq) - Petition Partial Approved and Denial
  14. ^ "NephroGenex acquires rights to diabetic nephropathy drug". www.renalbusiness.com. Archived from the original on 2010-12-31.
  15. ^ "NephroGenex - Innovative Therapies for Kidney Disease - News". Archived from the original on 2012-01-25. Retrieved 2012-03-08.
  16. ^ "Citizen Petition" (PDF). fdanews.com. 2017-10-23. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-11-10. Retrieved 2023-11-10.

External links

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