Q-D-Š

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"QDS" redirects here. For other uses, see QDS (disambiguation).
Look up קדש in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Qodeš l-Yahweh, "Holy to Yahweh", an inscription worn on the forehead of the High Priest of Israel

Q-D-Š is a triconsonantal

sacred, holy", derived from a concept central to ancient Semitic religion. From a basic verbal meaning "to consecrate, to purify", it could be used as an adjective meaning "holy", or as a substantive referring to a "sanctuary, sacred object, sacred personnel."[1]

The root is reflected as q-d-š (

South Semitic
. In Akkadian texts, the verb conjugated from this root meant to "clean, purify."[1][2]

Canaanite religion

It was used this way in

Ugaritic, as for example, in the words qidšu (meaning "holy place" or "chapel") and qad(i)šu (meaning "consecrated gift" or "cultic personnel").[1]
In some Ugaritic texts, qdš is used as a divine epithet. For example, the gods are referred to as "the sons of holiness" or "the holy ones" (bn qdš), and in the Ugaritic Legend of Keret, the hero is described as "the son of El and the offspring of the Benevolent One and qdš ".[1][3]

William Foxwell Albright believed that Qudšu (meaning "holiness") was a common Canaanite appellation for the goddess Asherah, and Albright's mentee Frank Moore Cross claimed qdš was used as a divine epithet for both Asherah and the Ugaritic goddess, Athirat.[1][4][5] Johanna Stucky claims she may have been a deity in her own right.[6]

Depictions of a goddess in inscriptions from

serpents.[4][7] Qdš is also depicted in the pantheon of gods at Memphis, Egypt possibly indicating worship of her as independent deity there.[7] The word qdš also appears in the Pyrgi Tablets, a Phoenician text found in Italy that dates back to 500 BCE.[8]

Hebrew

Qudšu was later used in

Jewish Aramaic to refer to God.[4]

Words derived from the root qdš appear some 830 times in the Hebrew Bible.[9][10] Its use in the Hebrew Bible evokes ideas of separation from the profane, and proximity to the Otherness of God, while in nonbiblical Semitic texts, recent interpretations of its meaning link it to ideas of

consecration, belonging, and purification.[clarification needed][11]

The Hebrew language is called "The Holy Tongue" (Hebrew: לשון הקודש "Lashon HaKodesh") in Judaism. In addition, the Hebrew term for the Holy

Ir Ha-Kodesh (עיר הקודש‎, "City of the Holy"), the latter being one of the tens of Hebrew names for Jerusalem
.

Three theological terms that come from this root are Kiddush, which is sanctification of the Sabbath or a festival with a blessing over wine before the evening and noon meals, Kaddish, which is the sanctification prayer, and mourner's prayer, and Kedushah which is the responsive section of the reader's repetition of the Amidah.

Qedeshah (קדשה‎) is a word derived from the Q-D-Š root, which is used in the Hebrew Bible to describe a particular sort of woman. Historically this has been understood to be a sacred prostitute in a temple fertility cult. However modern scholarship has revealed that the evidence for this is extremely tenuous. Modern scholars have provided significant criticism of the common belief that any culture in the Mediterranean and Ancient Near East ever practised sacred prostitution.[12][13] Mayer Gruber (1986) suggested the word's usage reflected a more primitive base-meaning in the Q-D-Š root of "set apart", hence "she who is set apart for sexual services, a prostitute".[14][15] But this interpretation of the root has not generally been taken up.[16]: 4, 20  [17] The question of how a word with a root meaning of "consecrated one" evidently came to be associated with common prostitution[18] continues to be a topic of ongoing discussion.[16]

Two different words describing places in the

Kadesh, a place in the south of Ancient Israel, mentioned in Numbers 13:26 and Deuteronomy 2:14
.

Root: Q-D-Š (קדש‎): meaning "holy" or "set apart"
Hebrew[Note] Transliteration Lexical category Gender Definition
קֹדֶשׁ‎ qodesh noun masculine holiness
קִדֵּשׁ‎ qiddesh verb to sanctify; to make kiddush
נתקדש‎ nitqadesh (
Talmudic
) to be betrothed, to be married
מִקְדָּשׁ‎ miqdash noun masculine temple
מְקֻדָּשׁ‎ m'qudash adjective holy, sacred, sanctified
מֻקְדָּשׁ‎ muqdash dedicated, devoted
קִדּוּשׁ‎ qidush noun masculine (Jewish ritual) Kiddush
קַדִּישׁ‎ qadish (Jewish ritual) Kaddish
קְדֻשָּׁה‎ q'dusha feminine sanctity, purity, holiness ; (Jewish ritual) Kedushah
קָדֵשׁ‎ qadesh masculine (pagan ritual) male cult functionary; later considered a male prostitute
קְדֵשָׁה‎ qdesha feminine meaning disputed, describes either cult prostitute or other cultic functionary
קֶדֶשׁ‎ qedesh (Canaanite village) Kedesh
קָדֵשׁ‎ qadesh (Place in the south of
Kadesh

Arabic

The verb form of Q-D-S in Arabic (qadus) means "to be holy" or "to be pure, immaculate".

Aramaean word for "temple" (qōdšā).[21][22] The Turkish word for Jerusalem, Kudüs, derives from the Arabic name.[23]
Two other names for Jerusalem also derive from the Q-D-S root: Bayt al-Muqqadas ("the holy house") and Bayt al-Maqdis.
Christian Bible is known in Arabic as al-Kitāb al-Muqaddas.[24] Muqaddas in Arabic means not only "holy" and "sacred", but also "hallowed, sanctified, dedicated, consecrated."[24]

Al-Quds also appears in Arabic as part of a phrase to refer to the

Ruh meaning "spirit".[25]
This phrase appears in the
Qur'an a number of times, where it is thought to refer in some cases to the angel Gabriel.[26]

The concept of Rúḥu 'l-Quds is also discussed at length by the

sirr ['secret'], which is his origin" and is "illuminated" by it, whereas the aqdasi ("most holy one") is one who is actually united with this Essence.[25]

Qudsi is also used in Arabic to refer to a Jerusalemite, or a native/resident of Jerusalem.[27] It and its derivatives, such as Maqdisi and al-Muqaddasi are used in Arabic surnames or as appellatives assigned to those who come from or live in Jerusalem.

The religious terms Hadith Qudsi ("holy

Qur'an.[28]

Other derivatives of Q-D-S in Arabic include qudus, which means "purity", "sanctity", "saint" or "holy", and qadas, which is used to refer to a "small cup or plate", often used to put forth offerings at holy sites.[20] Taqdis means to "purify, sanctify, consecrate to God," taqqadus is to "be purified, sanctified, consecrated," and taqâdus means to "play the saint". Istiqdas means "to deem holy."[20]

Maltese

The root Q-D-S in Maltese is used in a religious sense, and means "holy, sanctified, saintly", its use is very similar to that of Christian Arabs, as the Maltese language uses mostly Arabic terms and even some Muslim terms in religion. Some examples are qaddis (holy, saint), tqaddis (sanctification), qdusija (holiness, saintliness), maqdas (temple, place of worship), mqaddes (sacred, hallowed) and quddiesa (mass), amongst many more.

See also

Look up Appendix:List of Proto-Semitic stems in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

References

  1. ^ a b c d e van der Toorn et al., 1999, p. 415.
  2. better source needed
    ]
  3. ^ Köhler, Ludwig; Baumgartner, Walter; Richardson, Mervyn Edwin John; Stamm, Johann Jakob (1994), The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament, vol. 3, E.J. Brill, p. 1076
  4. ^ a b c Albright, 1990, pp. 121–122.
  5. ^ Hadley, 2000, p. 49.
  6. ^ Johanna Stuckey (2007), The "Holy One", MatriFocus, archived from the original on 2008-01-31, retrieved 2008-11-18
  7. ^ a b van der Toorn, et al., 1999, p. 416.
  8. ISBN 1-59333-210-6
  9. better source needed
    ]
  10. ^ Joosten, 1996, p. 123.
  11. ISBN 0-8146-2298-4
  12. ^ Budin, S, The Myth of Sacred Prostitution in Antiquity, Cambridge University Press, 2008
  13. ^ Beard, M. and Henderson, J., "With This Body I Thee Worship": Sacred Prostitution in Antiquity, in Gender and the Body in the Ancient Mediterranean, ed. M. Wyke, 56–79, 1998
  14. ^ Mayer Gruber, Hebrew Qedesha and Her Canaanite and Akkadian Cognates, Ugarit-Forshungen 18 (1986) 133-148, (repr. In Mayer Gruber, The Motherhood of God and Other Studies, South Florida Studies in the History of Judaism, 57, 1992)
  15. ^ David A Glatt-Gilad, "Qedeshah", in Berlin, Adele, ed., The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion. Oxford University Press, 1997/2011
  16. ^
    doi:10.1163/15685330-12341300
    .
  17. JSTOR 1510077
    .
  18. ^ In particular in the context of Genesis 38:15-24. In verses 15 and 24 Tamar is reckoned for a zonah, a prostitute or loose woman; in verse 21 she is sought out as a qedeshah.
  19. ^ a b c Hillenbrand, Carole (2000), The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives, Routledge, p. 301,
    ISBN 0-415-92914-8
  20. ^
    ISBN 81-206-0855-0
  21. ISBN 3-515-07901-7
  22. ^
    ISBN 1-58595-365-2
  23. ^
    ISBN 0-7864-1814-1
  24. ^
    ISBN 0-7486-2392-2
  25. ^
    ISBN 0-7007-0278-4
  26. ISBN 81-206-0672-8
  27. ISBN 0-9759726-0-X
  28. ^ Glassé and Smith, 2001, p. 383.

Bibliography

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